fact that the spindles taper throws more of the weight on the inner parts. Then the spokes are usually nearer the inner rim of the hub than to the outer rim. 2. A wide-tired wheel will not be so apt to slip as a narrow one, because there is greater friction between the tire and the ground, but that does not cause any increase in the draft.

KENTUCKY AND IOWA STATE DITS, KIMBALL, D. T. To settle a dispute, please give through Our Curiosity Shop the State indebtedness of Kentucky. A prominent politician here claims that Kentucky is as tree from debt as Iowa. W. & W.

Answer.-Your politician is about right this time. The amount of funded State debt of Kentucky Oct. 10, 1881, was $180,394 at 6 per cent interest; unfunded debt, $300,000; amount in Treasury, $174,000. Iowa funded debt Deoember, 1881, amounted to $245,435.19-due to the permanent school fund at 8 per cent, and irredeemable; otherwise it would have been paid off. Both States are practically out of debt.

"NONE BUT AMERICANS ON GUARD."

8. C. 8., Dubuque, Iowa-The countersign, "Put none but Americans on guard to-night," is

attributed by some to General Putnam, by

others to General Washington.

OLEANDERS IN DWELLING-ROOMS.

CHICAGO, Il.

I have two quite large oleander trees that I keep in the house during winter. Are they detrimental to the health of the family? A. GUEST.

Answer-Oleanders in bloom and other flow ering plants of strong, pungent odor are not wholesome, particularly in sitting-rooms and bed-rooms. A few small plants of delicate odor may be kept in dwelling-rooms without injury to health. They may even be beneficial to the air by absorbing the carbonic acid gas, and warning occupants by their drooping leaves whenever air is overheated, but no one should live in a conservatory of flowering plants.

SEED FOR CALICO PRINTERS.

A. M. W., Osage, Iowa-Clover seed is said to be used by calico printers for finishing, as it contains about 10 per cent of starch. We do noknow that timothy seed is used in any of the mechanical arts.

FIRST PRINTING IN AMERICA.

SEYMOUR, Ind. Where was the first printing press set up in the new world and what was the first publication issued? When and where? You will find that G. P. Quackenbos, in his "American History for Common Schools," States that the first printing press in the new world was set up in Mexico. John C. Ridpath, in his "History of the United States of America," on page 282, says "As early as 1704 the Boston News Letter, the first of publications in the new world," &c. C. A. BURKS.

Answer.-You have unintentionally misquoted Mr. Ridpath. His exact words are: "As early as 1704 the Boston News Letter, first of periodicals in the New World, was published in the elty of the Puritans." There is a marked difference between the word you use, "publications," and the word used by Mr. Ridpath, "periodicals." The former includes the latter and much more. It is generally conceded that the Boston News Letter was the first periodical-that is, publication appearing in numbers at regular stated periods-printed in the North American Colonies.

It is often declared that it was the first periodical published in America; but this is not so certain, although it is generally believed to be se The first printing press set up in America was established in the City of Mexico in 1535, under the direction of the first Mexican Viceroy, Don Antonio Mendoza. "The Spiritual Ladder," a school manual, was printed there 104 years before a printing press was set up in the United States. If this was not the first book printed in America, as is claimed by good authorities, it must have been very near the first. Printing was introduced into Peru the same century; and before the year 1600 at least ninetythree books had been published in Mexico and seven in Peru. The first printing press within the present bounds of the United States was set up by Stephen Daye, at the house of Nathaniel Eaton, in Cambridge, Mass., in 1639; Eaton being then the oonductor of Harvard School. Its first publication was "The Freeman's Cath," its second an almanac, its third the old "Bay Psalm Book." Subsequently Mr. Daye received from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts a grant of 300 acres of ground "because he was the first There printer in the North American colonies.” was a newswaper started by Benjamin Harris at Boston, Sept. 25, 1690, but it was suppressed after the first issue.

THE REBEL DEBT.

W. F. Richardson, Cresco, Iowa-The debt of the Confederacy could not be paid, nor the Southern soldiers receive pensions without an amendment to the Constitution

LOSSES BY FIRE IN 1883. CHICAGO, Ill. What was the total loss by fire in the United States in 1883? E. ULRICH. Answer-It is not certainly known, but from the best data procurable the editor of one of the leading insurance papers estimates the total fire losses of this country last year at something over $100,000,000.

FURNITURE POLISH.

AURORA, Ill. Please give your lady readers a recipe for a good fur niture polish. HOUSEWIFE. Answer-For French polishing cabinet-makers use: Pale shellac, 1 pound; mastic, 1 2-5 ounces; alcohol of 90 per cent standard, 1 to 1 1-5 pints. Dissolve cold, with frequent stirring.

CEMENT FOR RUBBER BOOTS.

L. D. Nickerson, Appleton, Wis.-A good cement for rubber boots is made by dissolving crude rubber in bisulphuret of carpon, making the solution rather thin. Put the cement upon the patch and the boot, heat both, and put them together.

FINEST HARBORS ON THE GLOBE. SPEARFISH, D. T. Which is the finest harbor in the world? Please name a few other great harbors. W. E. MASSIE. Answer-San Francisco may fairly claim to have the most capacious natural harbor of any of the world's great trading marts. It is also one of the very safest. It is entered through the Golden Gate, a passage a mile wide and thirty-five feet deep at low tide-admitting the largest ships afloat without danger of grounding. The land

locked bay of which this harbor is part is fifty miles long and averages five miles in width. There all the shipping of the entire globe could anchor in perfect safety. Port Philip Bay, the chief harbor of Victoria, Australia, is larger than the bay of San Francisco, being about thirty-eight miles long by thirty-three broad, but its very breadth with its surroundings leaves it exposed to storms from certain quarters. Port Jackson, on which Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, is located, is a magnificent harbor, completely landlocked, extending inland in some places fully twenty miles, and having ample depth of water for vessels of the heaviest burden. The harbors of New York City, Rio Janeiro, Brazil, and Havana, Cuba, are capacious and secure. Next come those of Boston, Norfolk, Va., Portland. Me., Halifax, N. 8., Copenhagen, Constantinople, Hong Kong, Yokohama, and Nagasaki. The great ports situated on the banks of rivers, such as London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Lisbon, Philadelphia, New Orleans, Quebec, Shanghai, Canton, Calcutta, etc., are not included in the definition of harbors as here considered.

HIGHEST SINGLE FOUNTAIN JET.

Subscriber, Galesburg, Ill.-It is claimed that the highest single fountain jet in the world is on the estate of 200 acres given by the late Trenor W. Park as a Home for Destitute Children and Women, at Bennington, Vt. This jet rises to the height of 198 feet.

EUGENE ARAM. HAZEL GREEN, Wis. Please give a sketch of Eugene Aram. J.C.SIMMINS. Answer.-Eugene Aram, whose story has been immortalized by Thomas Hood and Sir Bulwer Lytton, was born at Ramsgill, in Yorkshire, in the year 1704. At an early age he married and continued his work as a teacher, living first at Netherdale, and later at Knaresborough. In the latter town the sudden and mysterious disappearance of a shoemaker named Clark caused som › excitement, and finally the conviction of foul play became prevalent, the more because Aram's wife frequently dropped remarks to the effect that Eugene and a man named Houseman knew more about the affair than they cared to admit. In 1759 a skeleton was exhumed near Knaresborough, which was supected to be Clark's, and Houseman was at once confronted with some of the bones; but he denied vehemently that they were Clark's. Finally, upon Houseman's testimony that Aram and Terry were the murderers, the former was arrested, after the skeleton of Clark had been found in a place designated by Houseman. Aram ably defended himself, and eloquently denounced the practice of conviction on circumstantial evidence, but nevertheless he was sentenced to be hung three days later. Before his execution he confessed his guilt to a minister.

OLDEST AMERICAN NEWSPAPER.

CLINTON, Пl.

I have in my possession an original copy of the Boston News-Letter, volume L., No. 1, April 17, 1704. Do you know of anything older in the way of a paper? A. L. H.

Answer.-There are older European newspapers in existence, and there is on file in the

State Paper Office, London, a copy of the first and only issue of the first colonial paper published in this country, entitled, Public Occurrences-Both Foreign and Domestic, dated Boston, Thursday, Sept. 25, 1690. The editor and publisher was Benjamin Harris. The paper was immediately suppressed by the authorities, who forbade "anything in print without license first obtained from those appointed by the government to grant the same." The copy in question is believed to be the only one now in existence. All the authorities now before us-three of the leading cyclopedias and "Hubbard's Newspaper Directory of the World"-agree in the declaration that the first copy of the Boston News-Letter was dated April 24, 1704, a week later than the copy you put forward. If you can substantiate the genuineness of yours, it will show that the generally accepted statement is erroneous-something worth knowing.

FREEMASONRY.

UNION, Iowa.

How old is Freemasonry? Why are ladies not admitted? How many of our Presidents were Free Masons, and who were they? A READER. Answer.-Some of the traditions of the Masonic order ascribe its origin to the time of Solomon, and even earlier-to the days of the flood. It is Freemasonry certain, however, that modern

sprang up during the Middle Ages, probably about the tenth century, when certain craft-guilds were formed. It served important purposes in the erection of the great cathedrals of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, when masons and other craftsmen required in the erection and decoration of these buildings, collected from different parts of Europe, dwelt in huts around them, and established chosen masters at the head. The adjective "free" was prefixed to the name of the order because its members were exempted by papal and royal edicts from burdens imposed upon other laboring classes. Like other guilds, the masons were bound to certain religious observances. Modern Freemasonry originated in England and Scotland; it was introduced into France in 1725, into Russia in 1731, and into Germany in 1740. Now Grand Lodges exist in almost every city and town of civilized and semicivilized countries. In later times Freemasonry became obnoxious to the Romish Church, and it has been prohibited by the Pope in Austria, Poland, Russia, and Spain. Ladies were excluded from the order in its early history when none but men following the masonic craft and actual workmen were admitted, and the force of custom debars them still. Four Presidents have been Masons-Washington, Jackson, Johnson, and

Garfield.

LEADING CHEESE STATES. CHICAGO, III. Please tell me which State mauufactures the most cheese. EDDIE STANLEY. Answer.-According to the census report of 1880, New York leads the States in the manufacture of cheese, having produced during that year 108,722,852 pounds, in which production the value of material was $6,375,566, and the value of products was $8,720,490. No other State at all compares with that, Ohio standing

next, with 17,808,191 pounds; value of materials, $1,013,663: value of products, $1,361,124. Close upon Ohio comes Wisconsin, with 16,806,994 pounds; value of materials, $932,808; value of products, $1,340,860.

BORNEO AND CELEBES.

LE MARS, Iowa. Please give a brief history of the islands of Borneo and Celebes. Under what forms of government are they? Has gold ever been discovered in Borneo? JAMES CARTER.

Answer.-Neither of these islands has any coherent history, as the native population is divided into isolated tribes, knowing little of each other, and caring nothing for anything beyond their own boundaries. Borneo is divided into three parts, in each of which 3 sultan is the native ruler, having the government of numerous tribes, each subject to a chief, who is allowed to rule much as he pleases, though the sultan may at will exercise his absolute authority in disposing of men, women, or property. Celebes is practically in the hands of the Dutch Government, but it exercises direct authority over but a small portion of the island, the rest being in the hands of petty princes, who govern as it suits them. There are Dutch residents at Ternate, Manado, and Boni. The written history of these islands consists chiefly of an account of European settlements and conquests. Borneo was discovered by the Portuguese in 1512 or 1526, and these were the only traders until 1573, when the Spaniards appeared to contest their claims. The latter would have had little success had not the Sultan found it necessary to ask their assistance, in 1580, to retain his throne. This at once lifted them to power, but, as in other countries, they and their predecessors failed to hold their footing before the Saxon. In 1604 the Dutch opened trade upon the western coast, and followed five years later by the English. ter two centuries of varying fortune, in 1841 Sir James Brooke, an Englishman, obtained from the Sultan of Bruni the highest authority in Sarawak, supplemented six years later by the promise that no settlement should be made within the Sultan's domain without the consent of the English Government. Meanwhile, in 1844, the Dutch protectorate of Kuti was recognized, and later Passir was placed under the same government. This island has an area of 300,000 square miles, and a population of about 2,000,000. Being divided by the equator, it abounds in tropical fruits, spices, choice woods, and birds of rare plumage. The principal minerals are diamonds, gold, coal, and iron. How much gold is obtained annually is unknown, but in the year 1870 $5,789 were shipped from Bruni alone.

were

Af

In the same year with the discovery of Borneo the Portuguese landed on the island of Celebes and began negotiations with the natives. In 1609 the English followed. The Dutch appeared about the end of the sixteenth century or the beginning of the seventeenth, and at once outstripped all rivals. In 1507 they formed a connection with the Macassars, the most powerful people on the island; in 1611 the Dutch East India Company received the monopoly of trade; in 1660 Macassar was subjugated; and in 1667 the treaty of Banga

recognized the Dutch protectorate. Then followed other conquests: the northeast in 1683, Manado in 1703, and Boni in 1824. Manado has been financially the most successful dependency. Celebes contains 708.000 square miles and a population of 2,000,000, approximately. It is remarkable for the peculiar varieties of animals found there. Little attention has been given to agriculture, but the native vegetation is rich and abundant. Gold and salt are the chief minerals. Cotton, sugar-cane, bamboo, rattan-palm, Spanish pepper, sandal-wood, ebony, and tobacco are among the other products.

FUNDING AND REFUNDING PUBLIC DEBT. BELVIDERE. Neb. Please explain what is meant by "funding" and "refunding" public debt? G. E. MARK. Answer.-"Funding public debt" is converting floating debt into bonds usually bearing interest, payable at stated times or after specified notice. "Floating debt" is anything of the nature of unsettled accounts against the government, municipality, short time scrip, and similar forms of indebtedness. "Refunding" is the operation of selling new bonds to take up older ones, as the United States does when it sells bonds bearing a low rate of interest to redeem and buy up bonds bearing a high rate.

or

ILLUSTRIOUS MEN AND WOMEN. TUSCOLA, n. Please give a list of twenty-five of the greatest men and a like list of the greatest women known to history. J. R. B.

Answer.-It is not likely that any two persons would agree as to who are entitled to the first fifty places on the roll of great men and great women. The chief use of such a list would be to direct young readers. Using "great" in the sense of eminence in their professions, of great military commanders the following are among the chief: Sesostris, the Egyptian conquerer, who is represented as having subdued all Asia to the Oxus and the Ganges, Ethiopia, and a part of Europe; Cyrus, the Great; Alexander, the Great; Hannibal; Che-Hwanti, who reduced all the kingdoms of China and Indo-China to one empire, and constructed the Great Wall; Cæsar; Genghis Khan, the Tartar chief, who overran all Asia and a considerable part of Europe; Napoleon Bonaparte; Ulysses S. Grant, and General Von Moltke. Among the most illustrious benefactors of mankind, as statesmen, law-givers, and patriots, stand Moses, David, Solon, Numa Pompilius, Zoroaster, Confucius, Justinian, Charlemagne, Cromwell, Washington, and Lincoln. Eminent among the philosophers, rhetoricians, and logicians stand Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Seneca, the two Catos, and Lord Bacon; among orators. Pericles, Demosthenes, Cicero, Mirabeau, Burke, Webster, and Clay; among poets, Homer, Virgil, Dante, Milton, and Shakespeare; among painters and sculptors, Phidias, Parrhasius, Zenxis, Praxiteles, Scopas, Michael Angelo, Raphael, and Rubens; among philanthropists, John Howard; among inventors, Archimedes, Watt, Fulton, Arkwright, Whitney, and Morse; among astronomers, Copernicus, Galileo, Tycho Brahe, Newton, La Place, and the elder Herschel. Here are sixty names of distinguished men, and yet the

great religious leaders, excepting Moses and Zoroaster, have not been named. Among these stand Siddhartha or Buddha, Mahomet, Martin Luther, John Knox, and John Wesley. Then the great explorers and geographers of the world have not been noticed, among whom Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny, Vasco de Gama, Columbus, and Humboldt barely lead the van.

Of eminent women there are Seling, wife of the Emperor Hwang-ti, B. C. 2637, who taught her people the art of silk-raising and weaving; Semiramis, the Assyrian Queen; Deborah, the heroic warrior prophetess of the Israelites; Queen Esther, who, with the counsel of her cousin, Mordecai, not only saved the Jews from extermination, but lifted them from a condition of slavery into prosperity and power; Dido, the founder of Carthage; Sappho, the eminent Grecian poetess; Hypatia, the eloquent philosopher; Mary, the mother of Christ; Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra; the mother of St. Augustine; Elizabeth of Hungary: Queen Elizabeth of England: Queen Isabella of Spain; the Empress Maria Theresa; Margaret the Great of Denmark; Catherine the Great of Russia; Queen Victoria; Florence Nightingale: Mme. de Stael; Mrs. Fry, the philanthropist: among authoresses Mrs. Hemans, Mrs. Sigourney, Mrs. Browning, "George Sand," "George Eliot," and Mrs. Stowe: and among artists Rosa Bonheur, and our own Harriet Hosmer.

DENMARK-SPITZBERGEN.

MILFORD, Iowa.

Give a short history of Denmark. Do Spitzbergen and Jan Mayen belong to Denmark? What are the possessions of the country? Is "o" the Danish word for island? .KATE EMERSON.

Answer.-The earliest inhabitants of Denmark were probably Celts, and their land was known to the Romans as Thule 300 years before the beginning of our era. Much later came the Sarmatic invasion of Goths, Lapps, and Finns from Asia, and the conquered people became subject to the mythical Odin's son, Skjold. The country was divided among a number of chieftains, called "smaa-kongar," or litttle kings. The islands were likewise under different leaders, but all owed allegiance to the King of Lejre, a city of Zealand. The people were of two classes, freemen and bondsmen: the former pirates and warriors, the latter hunters, fishers, and tillers of the soil. The gods worshiped were the Esir heroes of the Sarmatic invasion, whose deeds are recorded in the eddas of Norse literature. The early language spoken was the Danish tongue, which was changed for the Norse speech during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Christianity wis introduced into Denmark 923, but paganism did not wholly disappear until the twelfth century. Gorm the Old the first authentic King, who flourished A. D. 860 to A. D. 936, united under his rule not only Denmark, but also Schleswig, Holstein, Skaania, and some provinces in Norway. He even made conquests in Russia, Germany, and France; but upon his death the country fell into anarchy, and was disorganized until the reign of Valdemar II., in 1202, revived its glory and made the Baltic "little more than an inland sea." Meanwhile, in the twelfth century, the feudal system entered

in

Denmark and a powerful nobility sprang up. Valdemar's brilliant reign was followed by another season of decadence, but some of his conquests were regained by his great-grandson, Valdemar III., and held during the long and prosperous reign of Margaret, his daughter, who for the only time united under one ruler Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, by the famous act known as the union of Calmar. Erick, her successor, lost first his allegiances and later his crown, and died in obscurity. In 1448 the nobles exercised the right of election to the throne and chose as their king Christian of Oldenburg, who became the founder of the royal line that terminated with Frederick VII.. in 1863. In 1533, under Christian III., the Schleswig and Holstein Duchies were united to the throne of Denmark. During the reign of Frederick III. the people rose against the nobles, and gave the supreme power into the hands of the King in 1680. Christian VII. abolished serfage in 1767. A liberal constitution was granted by Frederick VII., and his generous policy quelled the disaffection that existed in Denmark proper, but did not satisfy the Duchies. In 1864, therefore, Schleswig and Holstein passed to Austria and Prussia, and three years later were united into one province, and incorporated with Prussia. The present king, Christian IX., was Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Glucksborg. Spitzbergen and Jan Mayen do not belong to Denmark. The former is claimed by Russia. Denmark's colonial possessions are the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and the Danish West Indies. The last consist of the Islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John. The islands in the Baltic, incorporated with Jutland as provinces of Denmark, are Zealand and Moen, Bornholm, Lolland and Falster, Funen, Langeland, and several smaller islands. Yes, "œe" is a Darish word for island.

DELTA OF THE MISSISSIPPI-CHINESE.

CAMBRIDGE, Wis.

1, Give some description of the delta of the Mississipi, noucing especially the vegetable remains and the conditions under which they were deposited. 2. Can a Chinaman be naturalized? JOHN H. COLLINS.

Answer.-One of the most important effects of igneous agencies in modifying the forms of continents and islands is the gradual (not violent) elevation and depression of the earth's crust. This force extending over a vast area is so slow in its action as to be imperceptible to an ordinary observer. For instance, the rate of depression of the delta of the Nile is estimated at three and a half inches in & century. The delta of the Mississippi has been studied more carefully than any other, and is a good example of the changes which occur in other large areas of similar formation. This delta, formed by the fine sand and clay which have been deposited where the rapid current of the river entered the still waters of the Gulf, now covers an area of 12,300 square miles, and is advancing at the rate of a mile in sixteen years. The evidence or the slow depression of this great plain is found in the presence of fresh water shells and vegetable deposits, or dirt-beds. A cross section of the delta shows, below the present forest plain, strata

SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH CABLES. BELVIDERE, Neb. How many ocean telegraph cables are there? Is there one connecting South America and Africa? G. E. MARK.

Answer.-There are now 228 submarine telegraph cables, all told; some of them merely connecting islands with the main shore, or crossing narrow straits and arms of the sea, others thousands of miles in length. There is no direct cable between Africa and South America, but messages can be sent between these portions of the globe via Cuba or the United States and Europe, or in some cases simply via Portugal through the Brazilian and South African cables.

CITY LETTER-CARRIER SYSTEM.

SPARTA, Wis. Why does the General Government collect and deliver mail matter in cities instead of compelling the cities themselves to bear the expense of the carrier system? H. M. HULBURT.

Answer.-Because it pays to do so. Additional postage is charged on all drop letters or circulars intended to be delivered within the city where such matter is mailed, otherwise they are delivered only at the postoffice. Whereas it costs but one cent to send a circular from Bangor, Me., to San Francisco, it costs two cents to have the same circular delivered by the city carrier next door to where it was written. Whereas a drop letter costs but one cent in a town without the carrier system. it must pay two in one that has carriers or they do not deliver it. The average cost of distribution is much less therefore, and the amount of letter and circular postage is much greater in proportion to the number of miles traversed in the case of local city correspondence than in the general correspondence of the country. The excess of postage per capita paid by the merchants and manufacturers of the cities and large towns which enjoy the carrier system increases the total revenue of the general postoffice far beyond the cost of the carrier system, leaving out the extra postage paid on drop letters, so that the government can not only well afford to maintain the carrier system,

but considering, in addition to anything already said, the large increase in the number of letters sent by mail since postoffice boxes have been set up on nearly every street corner to collect mail matter, and letters are delivered at people's residences and offices, it could, without loss and without injustice to the general public, dispense with the extra cent charged on city drop letters.

THE PROFESSIONAL TRAMP'S SIGN LANGUAGE. MT. VERNON, Iows. Is it true that tramps are banded together in companies, and have a sign language? STUDENT. Answer.-There is no good reason to dispute that there are professional tramps-itinerant beggars, who seem to have a constitutional hatred for honest labor, and prefer to sleep in hay-ricks or dilapidated out-houses, and subsist on crusts and other table leavings, if they can get nothing better, rather than earn and enjoy an honest livelihood. Many of these habitual tramps seem to have a sort of organization-not so complete as the beggar guilds of China, which have regularly appointed "kings," and are recognized by the laws of the land as established organizations, with certain legal privileges-but nevertheless a social body, banded together for mutual assistance, and with a cipher language peculiar to themselves. With these creatures the term "lurk" is said to signify a guild or class of beggars. Beggars who feign sickness are said to belong to the "sick lurk;" those who feign deafness, to the "deaf and dumb lurk:" those who claim to have suffered the loss of everything through some conflagration (such as a great fire in Eastern Michigan some time ago) to the "fire lurk," and so on. For common use these lurks have not only a sign language by means of which they can converse without honest people around them even suspecting it, but a number of written symbols, such as the following, which are claimed to have been revealed by a professional tramp, as among their cipher communications left on doors, fences, barns, and gate-posts for the guidance of other members of the profession: I, good for a meal; ¶, this road is better than the other; X, no good: §, these people have had too many tramps, t, will have you arrested, t, beware of these folks, they will hurt you, or have you imprisoned. The city tramp guilds in some places even resort to drug stores, hotels, and other places where directories are kept for public use, and set over against the names there such marks as these: *, very good, likely to give: -, not called on before, or doubtful. Other signs might be given, but these are enough to illustrate their secret vocabulary.