the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their

VALIDITY of contracts or engagements. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into. before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation..

VALUE. Congress shall have power to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign

VALUE in controversy. In suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed

twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, &c. ......

VESSELS. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports
of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another..

VEST. Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior offices as they think proper

in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments
VESTED in the Government. Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be neces-
sary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers
vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department
or office thereof...

VESTED in a President. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States
of America..
VESTED in one Supreme Court. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one
Supreme Court, and in such Inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain
and establish

VESTED in a Congress. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives
VETO power of the President. (See President.)..

VICE President shall have no vote in the Senate unless they be equally divided. The........
VICE President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The
Senate shall choose a President pro tempore in the absence of the...

VICE President. The President shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together
with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: (See Election
of President and Vice President of the United States.)

ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued.

VICE President of the United States. Qualification required as Vice President same as for President of the United States....

VICE President. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation,
or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on
the Vice President; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death,
resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer
shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be
removed, or a President shall be elected.......

VICE President shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. The

VICE President of the United States. Election of Vice President of the United States. (See
Election.)

VICE President. The lists of votes of electors of President and Vice President shall be directed
to the President of the Senate.....

VICE President. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives, open all the certificates of the electors of President and Vice President of the
United States
VICE President. If the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right
of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 4th day of March next following, then the
Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
disability of the President....

VICE President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the
Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed;
and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice President: a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-
thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be ne-
cessary to a choice. But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the office of President,
shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States.......
VIOLATED. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,

against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.. VIRGINIA entitled to ten Representatives in the first Congress......

VOTE. The Vice President shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally divided.... VOTE. Every vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President. (See Resolution.).

VOTES in the two Houses of Congress, on passage of any bill, order, resolution or vote, returned
with objections by the President, shall be taken by yeas and nays
VOTES of electors of President and Vice President. Place and manner of giving the votes; lists
of votes to be made, signed, certified, transmitted sealed to the seat of Government,
directed to the President of the Senate, to be opened and counted by that officer in the
presence of the Senate and House of Representatives; the number necessary to a choice;
the day on which electoral votes shall be given throughout the United States. (See Elec-
tion.)
VOTES taken by States. In choosing the President by the House of Representatives, the votes
shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote..

WAR. Congress shall have power to declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make
rules concerning captures on land and water........

WAR. Congress shall have power to make rules ("rules and articles of war") for the government
of the land and naval forces..

....

WAR. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage in war unless actually invaded,

.......

or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay...
WAR. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in
adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort..
WAR. No soldier shall be quartered in any house in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed
by law.

.....

..........

WAR. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval
forces, or in the militia when in actual service, in time of war or public danger
WARRANTS. No warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma-
tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be
seized

WASHINGTON, President and deputy from Virginia, signed this Constitution. George.

3

ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued.

WE the people establish this Constitution.
WEIGHTS and measures. Congress shall have power to fix the standard of weights and mea-

WITNESSES against him. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused to be confronted with the

1

CHAPTER 2.

THE Confederation having given place to the American Union, under the Constitution of the United States, it was considered unnecessary to insert, in the first and second editions of this book, the Articles of Confederation, which were agreed to by the Delegates of the thirteen Original States, in Congress assembled, on the 15th November, 1777; ratified by eight States, on the 9th July, 1778; and finally ratified by all the States, on the 1st March, 1781; but on further consideration, those articles have been inserted at page 4:1, merely as matter of history, as it were out of place to mingle that inefficient form of government with the present approved and successful system, which has stood the test of more than half a century, and which is destined, under Divine Providence, not only to perpetuate the happiness and safety of the people of the United States, but to be the Great Exemplar of Nations, when governments shall, by the natural and just power of man, be brought to their legitimate purposes and uses-to establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to the people.

The matter contained in this chapter exhibits the deplorable condition of the finances and credit of the government under the old form, and the incompetency of the Congress of the Confederation to raise a revenue, support the public credit, regulate trade or commerce, or to provide for the wants and safety of the country; and it is intended thereby to show the immediate and prominent causes that led to the abandonment of that inefficient form, and the adoption of the present system of government; and, also, to show the official proceedings by which the change was effected and the present Constitution established.

These facts and proceedings may prove a warning against the treasonable suggestions of the evil spirit, whose insidious and alluring temptations are, not unfrequently, directed towards the