Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian SerfdomHarvard University Press, 1 Mar 1990 - 534 halaman Two massive systems of unfree labor arose, a world apart from each other, in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The American enslavement of blacks and the Russian subjection of serfs flourished in different ways and varying degrees until they were legally abolished in the mid-nineteenth century. Historian Peter Kolchin compares and contrasts the two systems over time in this magisterial book, which clarifies the organization, structure, and dynamics of both social entities, highlighting their basic similarities while pointing out important differences discernible only in comparative perspective. |
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... standards of living ; over that century Russian serfs experienced increasing division of labor and constituted a declining proportion of the population . In both Russia and America the masters ' attitudes toward bondage underwent X PREFACE.
... increased with the number of years ( up to four ) they had lived on the land they were leaving . These provisions , reiterated in the code of 1550 , confirmed a principle that was apparently already widely accepted in fact : peasants ...
... increased , new cities burgeoned , trade and small - scale artisanry flourished . A strong , centralized government facilitated commerce , and territorial expansion was accompanied by a concomitant growth in the area of land tilled as a ...
... increased threefold between 1500 and 1539 , from about 5 percent to 15 percent of the total cultivated . Farther south , where land was more fertile and the climate milder , the proportion of land under seigneurial cultivation was ...
... increased labor and obrok payments from them to compensate for the loss of those who fled . In many cases whole villages were entirely deserted . Estate inventories , surveys , and land grants typically described villages as either ...
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1 | |
47 | |
PART II The Bondsmen and Their Masters | 193 |
The Crisis of Unfree Labor | 359 |
Bibliographical Note | 377 |
Notes | 385 |
Index | 505 |