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LETTER XL.
Knowledge.-Commerce. - Money. - Cotton.- Business is King. — Politi-
cal Business. - Politicians.-Statesmen. Genuine and Bogus Politics. -
-
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County Court. Representative.
ness. -
Commander Maury's Letters. - Dead Sea. - Telescopes. Camels.
Whales. Patents. Patriotism. Hard Times. High Salaries.
Scarcity of Talent. — Consolidating Cities. - Political and Private, or
Free Non-political Business. — What it is. - French Emperor.- Pennsyl-
vania selling State Works. - General Welfare. - Canals. - Competition.
- Railroads. —Public Debts. - National Political Business.- Congress.
Representative System. - Municipal Political Business. - State Legis-
lature. Executive. - Judiciary. — Organizer. — Subdivisions. - Coun-
ties. — Towns. — Representative. — Counties. — Political County Busi-
ness. Legislative. - Executive. -Judicial. Overseer.- Supervisor.—
Townships. - Political Town Busi-
Threefold. Mayor. - Aldermen or Selectmen. - Democratic
Representative. - Working Districts. State Failure. Self-taxation.—
Hamburg. Cities. - Villages.Size of States, Counties, Towns.
Philadelphia. New York. Centralization. - Mutual Control.- Euro-
pean Large Places. — Monarchy. — Its Philosophy and Substance. - Japa-
nese Cities.
- Commodore Perry's Report. Hakodadi.- Political Arith-
metic and Geometry. - Measure for Private Affairs. -- Crisis. - Crash
of the Largest Business Concerns. Size of State Confederations. -
Congress meddling with Non-political and Municipal Local Business.
- American Ladies.. Character of Free Non-political Business.
Science, Arts, Culture, Religion, Commerce. - Society Progressive.
States Protective. Monroe Doctrine. - Licenses. - Liberty of Industry
in China, Japan, European States. - Publius. - Cantons in Switzerland.
Republics, when consolidated Monarchy. - Great Britain consolidated
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales. - Mr. D'Israeli. - Napoleon III. —
Missouri Compromise. - Division of States. -Stability of Govern-
Election Impulses. - Social Movements organized in the United States,
Health producing. Social Movements in Europe destructive. — Famine,
Gold, Conquest, Religion, Liberty. — Main Social-Impulses. —Liberty-
Impulse of the Republican Party. - American Party acting unimpulsive.
- Dear Union-Impulse of the Democratic Party.
LETTER XLII.
.158
Declaration of Independence. — Defining of the Position of the Young Na-
tion. Explanation of the Sentence, "that all men are born equal." -
Jefferson's Letter explaining it..
Federalist.
LETTER XLIII.
.161
Hamilton.- Monroe. - Jay. - Washington's Circular Letter
to the Governors of the several States. — Articles of Confederation a loose
Wickerwork. Enviable National and Political Condition of the Citizens
of America. - Civilization. —A Compact Indissoluble Union, a Sacred
Regard to Public Justice, a Proper Peace Establishment, a Good Friendly
Mutual Feeling among the People, the Four Essential Things to the Well-
Being, Existence, and Independent Power of the United States. - Liberty
is the Basis of the Whole. Crisis, Political and Monetary...
...166
- Standing-Ar-
Conquest.
Vain-glory. Universal Peace. - Dualistic Nature of Man. — Farewell
Orders to the Armies by Washington. Review of the Past Struggle. -
Conduct for the Future....
..170
LETTER XLV.
Washington elected President. Organization of the General Government.
- Retires from the Presidency. - His Farewell Address to the People of
the United States, Sept. 17, 1796..
LETTER XLVI.
...173
The Prince by Macchiavelli. - Parallel between the Farewell Address and
the Prince. - Prof. Lieber. - Anti-Macchiavelli by Frederick the Great.
-The Barbarians in Italy. - Difference between the American and Euro-
pean State-systems. - Legitimacy. - Congress of Vienna......
...191
PART. II-MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.
LETTER I.
Object of a State Constitution.-Introduction to the Constitution of the
State of New York. — Preamble. — Union-Slighting.
LETTER II.
...203
Bill of Rights.- Peers. -Jury. - Disagreeing. - - Acquittals.- Liberty of
Conscience and Worship. - Habeas Corpus.-Injunctions. - Bail.
Grand Jury. Protection of Private Property. - Pauperism. - Char-
ity.....
LETTER III.
..206
Compensation for Private Property when taken for Public Use.—Roads.
Liberty of the Press. -Libels. - Assembling and Petition Right..
Divorce. Lottery.-Escheats.-Feudal Tenures.- Allodiums.-Leases
of Land.-Fines. - Quarter - Sales. -Indian Land - Sales. - Common
Law. - Colonial Law. - Royal British Grants. - Property Laws.-
American Common Law. - Rights of Self-Government. - Prohibition
of Foreign Laws.-The Church Poor-Laws. State Scholars.......213
LETTER IV.
Elective Franchise. Restrictions. - Citizenship. -Ballot. - Family voting
right.Woman.
Christianity. - Polygamy.- Utah.
Kansas Scandals.
Connecticut.
.219
LETTER V.
Legislature. Senate. - Districts. - Census. - Apportionment.
bly Districts. Compensation. — Civil Appointment. -- Congressional Of-
ficers. Election Time.. Quorum.-Journal. — Originating of Bills. -
Enacting Clause. -Majority. - Private Bills. - Legislative Powers of the
Supervisors. County Election District. - Family Census. - France. -
Connecticut. Aristotle. - Greeks.....
..223
LETTER VI.
Executive. - Governor's Duties. - Legislative Committees. - Lieutenant-
Governor. Eligibility.- Commander-in-Chief. — Messages. — Salary.
Navy. Army. - Execution of Laws. - President of the Senate. - Re-
prieves. Pardon. - Impeachment. - Veto...
Administrative. Secretary of State.- Comptroller. Treasurer.
torney-General.- Election. - Salary. -English Circumlocution.-Proper
Administrators. - American System. Representative and Non-Repre-
sentative Officers.- State Engineer. Surveyor.- Canal Commissioners.
Canal Fund.- Local In-
-State-Prison Inspectors. Land Office.
spectors..
..238
LETTER VIII.
Judiciary.-Impeaching.-Court of Appeals. -Supreme Court. - Judi-
cial Districts. Salary. -Election. - Testimony. - Removing. - Vacan-
cies. Modes of appointing Judges.....
LETTER IX.
243
County Judge. Webster. - Surrogate. - Local Officers. - Inferior Courts.
-Justices of the Peace. - Clerks.-Files to be sent into the Court of
Appeals.- Publication of Statutes. Code of Procedure. - Tribunals
of Conciliation. Revising Laws. - Systems of Judiciary...
Remarks on the Organization of the Judiciary in States, Counties, and Towns
in general.-English Judiciary,- Bad Legislation. - Daniel O'Connell.
District, Circuit,
- Aula Regis. — Reform by the Federal Constitution.
and Supreme Courts. — Municipal Judicial Business, Civil or Criminal. —
Its Distribution among Towns, Counties, and States. - Abolition of the
present Single Judicial Offices. - Reasons for it. - Webster. - Moses.-
Solon. Justinian. - Napoleon I.- Frederick II. -Joseph II. - Russell.
- Thompson. - Brady.-Law.....
LETTER XI.
..251
Finance.-Revenues of the State Canals.- Sinking Fund. - General Fund
Debt. State Stock Loaned to Incorporated Companies. Selling
Canals..
256
LETTER XII.
Salt Springs.Appropriation Laws. - State Credit.-Borrowing Money.
Invasion. - Debt Laws. - Voting upon....
LETTER XIII.
Taxes. Voting on Debt and Tax Laws.....
LETTER XIV.
..260
..262
Corporations. General Law. Banking Corporations.- Suspension of
Payment. Registry of Bills. - Paper Money. -Insolvent Banks.-
Boards. Conflict of State Laws, and the Federal Constitution, respecting
Banks of Issue. Paper and Metallic Money. Credit System. -Agri-
culture. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine.....
.263
LETTER XV.
Cities. - Villages. - History. Superceded by a Judicious Organization of
Towns and Counties. - Saving of Taxes....
...270
LETTER XVI.
Education. -Funds. - Instruction. - Communes. - Girard. - Peabody. -
Cooper. Popular Education. - Popular Sovereignty..
LETTER XVII.
Their Election. - Vacancies.
.272
Local Officers. Sheriffs' Clerks. County, City, Town, and Village Offi-
cers. -
Vacant Offices.-Metropolitan Police Law....
Militia.
cers.
LETTER XVIII.
Religious Denominations. - Higher Law. -Appointment of offi-
Major-Generals.
LETTER XX.
Amendments.- Miscellaneous. -Election Results in Regard to Migration. —
Governor Hammond's Speech. -Bound and Free Labor. - Vox Populi
- Franklin....
284
LETTER XXI.
Prisons. Penal Colonies on the Western Plains, in the Rocky Mountains.
-Police. - Prison Associations. - Missionary Societies. - Bible....289
LETTER XXII.
Large Cities. Baltimore, Maryland. - Political History. - The People
One Assembly.-First Constitution, 1650.- Extract. - Voting. - Slav-
ery. - Abolition. - Divided Legislature. - Trouble.- Revolution.- Con-
stitution of 1776. — Amended. —Judiciary Appointed. - Constitution of
1851. Elective Judiciary. -Executive elected by Districts.- City and
Country Jealousy. - Cities Republics of the Middle Age. -Feuds with
the Country Nobility. - Free Cities of Germany. Switzerland. - Large
American Cities. Their Separation from the Country. More such
Separations. Apathy and Disgust with the City Affairs. New Orleans.
- Baltimore Vote on the Amending the Constitution. - Hanse Towns. -
Crimes of English Law. - Macaulay.— Atlantic Telegraph States....294
LETTER XXIII.
Morals. Virtues and Vices. - Material of History, Arts, Novels, Dramas,
Tragedies. Washington. Citizen Government.
ment. Priest Government.
Military Govern-
Mexico. - The Canadas. - British North-
west Territory. The Lord's Prayer. — Conclusion.
...300