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cine: a choice which coincided with his father's views. The vessel in which he sailed for England was captured by the French* in November, 1761, and he was taken to Bayonne Castle, in the south of France. Five months later he was released from captivity, through the intercession of Dr. Franklin, who was then living in London.

Samuel Bard now proceeded to London, where he became acquainted, through his letters of introduction, with some of the first physicians, and by them was enabled to take a practical hospital course. In September, 1762, he left London and repaired to the great medical school at Edinburgh, where he came under the tuition of the prominent physicians, Cullen, Monro and Ferguson. He was a close student, and very methodical in his habits. His thesis for graduation, which he carefully prepared, was upon the subject of "Opium." To further his study of the drug, and to verify his opinions concerning it, he made experiments with it, first upon himself, and then upon his room-mate, Dr. Saunders, of London, and reciprocated by allowing Dr. Saunders to make experiments upon himself with ammonia; but the latter was a failure, being attended with almost serious results. This thesis was ably defended by Mr. Bard before the faculty, at his examination, and admitted him to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. His diploma was dated September 6, 1765, and it to were affixed the signatures of the two Robertsons, Rutherford, the two Monros, Whytt, Hope, Young, Hamilton, Cumming, Ferguson, Russell, and Blair.

In 1767, Dr. Samuel Bard returned to his home in New York City. The expenses of his education had exceeded one thousand pounds, and his father, owing to unsuccessful speculations, was involved in debt. He, therefore, entered at once upon the exercise of his profession, in partnership with his father, devoting himself to it with his native enthusiasm and faithful perseverance. "For three years he drew nothing from the profits of their joint business, which amounted to near fifteen hundred pounds per annum, beyond his necessary expenses, allowing all the remainder, that he might justly have claimed, to go towards the liquidation of debts which, in honor, he regarded as his own." After thus satisfying all debts and the claims of gratitude, he proceeded, in the year 1770, upon the slender sum of one hundred pounds, to fulfill his engagement of marriage with his cousin Mary, a daughter of his uncle, Peter Bard. It seems that on his return from abroad, he found her still living in his father's household. She was the elder of two orphan sisters. Of his cousin Mary's personal beauty, Dr. Bard, in his animated manner, often drew a pleasing and attractive picture. She is described as showing a calm and dignified beauty, which she retained to a very advanced age. The commencement of her influence upon her cousin Samuel dated from the evening of his return from Europe, and this affection never wavered, through a long and checkered life of fifty-one years of joy and sorrow.

Dr. Samuel Bard had a cousin William, a son of his father's brother Benoist, who had also fallen in love with their cousin Mary; but her indifference to him had driven the disappointed young man into the army, and he was then with his regiment in England. At page 84 of McVickar's "Life of Samuel Bard," is given the following letter from William to his cousin Samuel:

England and France were then at war.
McVickar, p. 88.

Dr. John Bard had living in his family, at various times, Mary, a daughter of his brother Peter; Mary, a daughter of Mrs. Bard's brother, Peter Theodorus Valleau; and Mary Magdalene, a daughter of Mrs. Bard's brother, Peter Valleau.

book.

The younger sister was "Sarah," the Sally mentioned in Dr. Samuel Bard's correspondence, in McVickar's

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My Dear Sam,

"Samford Hall, Feb. 22, 1766.

You lay me under great obligations for the concern you express at my unhappiness; though, at the same time, it is a little ungenerous to torment me by that ironical speech, with regard to our dear cousin, telling me to live still in hopes of being happy with her. Believe me, my dear Sam, I have long given that over. Some other person, [perhaps yourself,] is designed for that blessing, whilst I am reserved for fortune to frown upon. For my future ease, I must endeavour to forget her; how far I shall succeed in that, God only knows. After mustering all my philosophy, I am still as discontented as ever. I am, indeed, very unhappy, and what is worse, believe I shall ever remain so.

Yours affectionately,

W. Bard."

[Author's Note.-This William Bard was in Lord Percy's Regiment, with which he came to America. The natural consequence of such feelings as he displays in his letter to his cousin, was a reckless exposure of himself on the field, which attracted general notice, as he appeared to wish for his death, which he was courting by his conduct. Estranged from his country as well as his happiness, he fell in the attack on Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. His death occurred under such circumstances of bravery, as to draw forth a testimonial to his worth. This testimonial in the form of a poem is given in McVickar's book.]

According to plans conceived early in life, Dr. Bard, within a year after his return from Edinburgh, proceeded to the formation of a medical school, which was united to Kings (now Columbia) College. His official service* in this institution, was as follows: Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, 1767, vacated, 1776; Professor of Chemistry, 1784, resigned, 1785, reappointed, 1786, resigned, 1787; Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, 1785, resigned, 1786; Trustee of the College, 1787, resigned, 1804; Dean of the Medical Faculty, 1792, resigned, 1804.

In the year 1772, Dr. John Bard removed to his country residence at Hyde Park, and his city establishment was purchased by his son, who entered at once into his father's circle of practice. Dr. Samuel Bard gave a public course of chemical lectures, in 1774; caused the establishment of a public hospital, in 1791, of which he was appointed visiting physician, and gave a course of clinical lectures in its wards, to the students, whilst he was Dean of the Medical Faculty; was one of the founders and physicians of the City Dispensary; took Dr. David Hosack into partnership in 1795; and was made President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in 1813.

Towards the close of 1775, Dr. Bard† placed his wife and children under his father's roof at Hyde Park, he himself remaining in New York, until the great question of peace or war between the mother country and her colonies should be

*Columbia College Catalogue, 1826.

†The name of Dr. Samuel Bard appears in "Sabine's List of American Loyalists." He was numbered among many other upright and patriotic men, who could not at once shake off their reverence for the obligations under which they had been born.

decided; many hopes being, even then, entertained of reconciliation. Finding these hopes vain, and the torch of war already lighted, he abandoned the city, previous to Sir William Howe taking possession of it,* joined his family at Hyde Park, and after various removals, took up his residence in the neighborhood of Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Soon after his establishment at this place, he attempted the manufacture of salt from sea water (an article then much wanted), turning, with pliant ingenuity, the versatile powers of his mind to this new employment. "From want of capital, or perhaps of experience, failure ensued in this proposed source of income, and he quickly found himself without the means of support, in a situation where his professional talents were so little needed, or so poorly rewarded, as to be insufficient for the support of his now numerous family."† "Under these circumstances the imperious call of necessity, and the paramount obligation of providing for those whom Providence had made dependent on him, forced him to look to the little property he had accumulated in the city he had just abandoned, and which he heard, by report, was wasting in his absence. The military license also, which pervaded that part of Jersey, rendered it an insecure residence; and in the year‡ following his removal, he returned to the exercise of his profession in the city of New York. Obtaining a pass from the commanding officer, he came within the lines, in company with his friends, Mr. John Murray, of this city, and Andrew Elliot, Esq., uncle to the late Lord Minto. His house he found, like most of those that had been deserted, in other and no friendly hands; and the exercise of his profession it was still more difficult to resume. The government viewed him with suspicion, and his former intimates with a prudent coldness. His father's residence, within the American lines, and his brother's§ holding a commission in the continental army, seemed to justify this caution; while the moderation and candour of his character, which led him to perceive and acknowledge merit on whichever side engaged, were, in those days of hostile zeal, misconstrued or unappreciated. Resting, however, on his conscious integrity and professional skill, he went on cheerfully without a single patient, until, as he himself informed the writer, he was reduced literally to his last guinea. In a melancholy mood, walking down the Broadway, his mind filled with painful forebodings, a wife, two sisters, and three children, all dependent on exertions he had no opportunity to make, he was accosted by a former friend, whom he had not before met; this was Mr. Matthews, then mayor of the city, whose well known loyalty and official standing setting him above all low suspicion, he not only addressed Dr. Bard with accustomed cordiality, but immediately, on some slight pretext, requested his professional attendance at his house. On such a mind as Dr. Bard's, this language of kindness and honourable confidence made a deep impression, and he ever retained a grateful recollection of it. By the warm interference of the same gentleman, he was soon after saved from a military arrest, which would have redoubled all his former difficulties. His frequent letters to his American friends had given colour to a malicious accusation preferred against him of maintaining a treasonable correspondence. The commandant was just issuing an order for his arrest, when Mr. Matthews entering, heard the name of Dr. Bard; he immediately interfered, claimed him as his family physician and friend, pledged himself for the falsehood of the charge, and calling on Dr. Bard, gave him an * The British Army occupied New York City on October 12, 1776.

† McVickar, p. 111.

‡ 1777.

§ His brother John.

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