dered to use naught but conciliatory means to detach the Sakis from the Renards, had recourse to the same and without letting them know the sorry Plight of his army, which consisted only of 240 men - for The Hurons had left at Ouiatanons, and moreover they had no provisions to allow of their sustaining a siege. He nevertheless spoke to the Sakis as a superior, And told them that their father had sent him solely to tell them that he would forgive them for the affair at la Baye on condition that they separated from the Renards and returned to kindle at that spot the fire that they had abandoned. These savages received the Sieur Desnoyelles's message with much satisfaction, and replied to him that, on account of the men who had been wounded in the skirmish with our 30 men, they were unable to follow him but that he might assure their father that they would return to their old village as soon as they could. 5 of our Settled hurons who had been on the warpath against the Chicachas have reported that 30 of These Sakis were at the River St Joseph, and the remainder at la Baye. This news lacks confirmation; But if It be true, tranquillity will be restored in the Posts, and the remnant of the Renards who are said to be wandering about in the regions of the Mississippi will gradually be destroyed and will not give our savages enough occupation to keep them from hunting. I shall have the honor of writing more particularly about this next year. Moreover, as regards the sieur Desnoyelles's Campaign, I cannot better describe to You the fatigues and the hardships that the long journey on foot and hunger caused him and the party under his command to endure, than to say that I am surprised that Frenchmen should have been able to undergo them. In the skirmish that took place on the 19th of April last, we lost two French and one savage. The enemy had 30 killed, wounded and taken prisoners. Had not the Hurons aban

doned Monsieur Desnoyelles and had the Outawacs of Missilimakinac been able to join him, there would no longer be any question of the Renards at present. No other reason can be assigned for the defection of The hurons except their spirit of independence, in spite of their attachment for the French; And the desire they had to go and eatthus they speak- other Sakis Established at River St. Joseph who are attached to us, but who displeased the Hurons merely because they bear the name of Sakis. It required all the wisdom and all the prudence of the sieur Demuy, the officer Commanding at the River St Joseph, to restrain the hurons and prevent them from attacking Those Sakis. That the Campaign met with no better success did not depend upon the sieur Desnoyelles. This expedition has in any case shown the savages, And they have acknowledged it, that the French are as capable as they of undertaking Marches and of seeking The enemy at the extremities of the Colony.

The Company of the Indies has done well in relaxing the excessive severity of the ordinance that I promulgated on the 4th of January 1733 for the reduction of the price of Summer Beaver which was 10 sols The livre, both green and dry, on condition that it be burned, because the Hatters of the Kingdom could not make use of it as the company wrote to me. But since it has heeded the representations made to It that such reduction might injure its Trade by inducing the savages and even the French to take to the English 24 not only this kind of Beaver, which they accept, but also That of good quality, It has therefore sent orders to its agent to forward to France the Beaver taken in

24 The French were now beginning to complain of the encroachments of English traders upon their fur preserves in both Canada and Louisiana: they looked upon the Anglo-Saxons as dangerous rivals, as an evil which had to be stamped out, and so we find many instances of the plundering and expulsion by the French of these hardy adventurers who had come west from the English

summer, as was practised previous to my ordinance. It has also begged me to raise the price of the same. I considered that it was in its interest to restore matters to their old footing. The Company of the Indies carries on its Trade in good faith, and it would not be proper to suspect it of having asked for The reduction of the price of the Summer Beaver on condition that it be burned, solely in order to obtain it in the future at about the same price as the reduced rate without being obliged to burn it, Moreover, This is a matter of so little consequence that it otherwise deserves no Consideration.

I remain etc.

HOCQUART

colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. After the war by which the French lost Canada to England in 1763, Englishmen became supreme in the fur trade of the Upper Mississippi Valley east of the river and no mean contenders with the Spaniards (to whom France had ceded Louisiana) for products of the trap and chase west of the river. They owed much of their success with the Indians at all times to the importation of liquor.

THE QUAKERS OF IOWA IN 1850

[The following Journal of Robert Lindsey should be read in connection with Dr. Louis T. Jones's volume on The Quakers of Iowa, which has recently been published by The State Historical Society of Iowa. This journal not only furnishes a view of Iowa Quakerism in 1850, but it illustrates the peculiar phraseology and methods employed by the Friends in their religious services.— EDITOR]

INTRODUCTION

Typical of the wanderings of the early itinerant Quaker ministry were the religious travels of the two English Quakers, Benjamin Seebohm1 and Robert Lindsey.2 There was a time when the Quaker preacher, armed with a "minute for religious service" from his Monthly, Quarterly, or even Yearly Meeting,3 free from the modern embarassments of fixed salary or pastoral charge, and in

1 Benjamin Seebohm was born at Friedensthal, Germany, on February 20, 1798. Of Quaker parentage and well educated, while still a youth he traveled through many parts of Germany as interpreter for various Quaker ministers from abroad. In 1814 he went to England, where he was recorded as a minister by Brighouse Monthly Meeting. Ten years later he began his religious travels in the ministry which in time took him to all parts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and finally to America. At the age of seventy-three years he died in England, on June 2, 1871. See Private Memoirs of B. and E. Seebohm, pp. 1-108.

2 Robert Lindsey was born at Gildersome in Yorkshire, England, in 1801. Educated for the medical profession, he turned from that calling and at the age of twenty-four entered business for himself at Brighouse, Yorkshire, as a draper. In business, however, he did not prove successful; but from estates inherited by his wife, Sarah Crosland, he was enabled to take up the, to him, more agreeable work of traveling in the ministry. Before his death in 1863 he, accompanied part of the time by his wife Sarah, journeyed to all parts of Great Britain, twice to America, and to Australia and New Zealand. Travels of Robert and Sarah Lindsey, by their daughter, pp. 1-10, 186-189. 3 Among the Friends, ministers traveling beyond the limits of their own Quarterly Meetings were required to have written statements or "minutes" from their own Monthly Meeting signifying the fact of their recognized position in the Society and that they were properly liberated for religious service.

See

"frank disregard of [all] outward and visible signs",4 traveled far and wide, obedient only to what he believed to be the guidance of the Holy Spirit. But with the gradual disappearance of the old-time Quaker in America and especially in the West this ministerial characteristic has likewise all but disappeared. It is therefore interesting to examine the private journals of two such men and to see Iowa as they saw it in 1850.

Benjamin Seebohm and Robert Lindsey bade farewell to relatives and friends in England on the 19th day of October, 1846, and turned their faces toward America, little knowing when they might return. After a voyage of almost three weeks, on the 7th of November their vessel, the "Britannia", bore Seebohm and Lindsey into the port of Boston, where in 1656 the first Quakers had landed on American shores. From Boston they continued their journey to New York City, and thence to Philadelphia, where at once they came into contact with the Wilburite schism then destroying the unity of the Society of Friends in America. With Philadelphia as a central point these two visiting ministers now traveled far and wide throughout the entire field of American Quakerism. During the first three years of their stay they journeyed to and fro in the Yearly Meetings of To go beyond the Yearly Meeting such a certificate was required from the Quarterly Meeting concerned; and to go beyond seas, the consent of the Yearly Meeting to which the party belonged must have first been obtained. This practice is still generally in vogue.

4 Stephen's Quaker Strongholds, p. 111.

5 John Y. Hoover's Life Sketches or Jesus Only, an account of his own religious labors, is an excellent portrayal of the life of a traveling Quaker minister in the western country.

& Private Memoirs of B. and E. Seebohm, pp. 174, 175.

7 The first Quakers known to have landed in America were Ann Austin and Mary Fisher, who entered Boston harbor on July 11, 1656. See Jones's The Quakers in the American Colonies, p. 4.

8 Hodgson's The Society of Friends in the Nineteenth Century, Vol. II, pp.

113-117.