JAMES CALDWELL

James Caldwell was born in Baltimore, Maryland, November 30, 1770; received a liberal education; moved with his father to what is now West Virginia in 1772, and located on the present site of Wheeling; moved to St. Clairsville, Ohio, in 1799; merchant, and subsequently a banker; member of the constitutional convention which framed the first constitution of Ohio; clerk of court of Belmont County, Ohio, 18061810; captain in an Ohio regiment in War of 1812; member of the State Senate, 1811-1812; elected as a democrat to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth congresses (March 4, 1813, to March 3, 1817); again member of the State Senate, 1819-1824; resumed banking and mercantile business in St. Clairsville, Ohio; died in Wheeling, Virginia, in May, 1838; buried at St. Clairsville, Ohio.

EPHRAIM CUTLER

Ephraim Cutler was born at Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, April 13, 1767. He was the son of Manasseh Cutler and grandson of Hezekiah Cutler who was born in Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1707. Manasseh Cutler, the father of the subject of this sketch, was a graduate of Yale, a minister of the Gospel, a Revolutionary soldier, agent of the Ohio Land, Company and member of Congress. Ephraim and his brother Jervis were taken to Killingly, Connecticut, when they were both quite young, and were left there in the care of their grandparents. Ephraim grew up on a farm but did not realize his grandfather's ambition by graduating at Yale. Lack of funds prevented this and his work was needed on the farm to support his aged grandparents. He had private instruction, was a great reader and acquired a good practical education.

On June 15, 1795, with his wife and children he left Killingly for the Ohio country. On the way he joined Col. Israel Putnam, Israel Putnam, Jr., and their families. After a long and sorrowful journey, on which he lost a son and a daughter and a number of the company were seriously ill, he reached Marietta on September 18, 1795. In October of the same year he moved with his family to Waterford on the Muskingum above Marietta and engaged with others in making salt for the settlements at the springs near that place.

Early in May, 1799, he moved to the new settlement of Ames, in what is now Athens County, Ohio. In September, 1801, he was elected a representative in the legislature of the Northwest Territory and later was chosen a delegate to the convention that framed the first constitution of Ohio. In the latter body he was one of the most active and influential members. He was, perhaps, the most radical of the little group of federalists in the convention and was the only delegate that voted against proceeding to form a constitution. On every roll call, when the issue was presented, he voted to accord to the negro the rights vouchsafed in the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the original abolitionists of the state and defended with persistence and vigor the anti-slavery clause in the Ordinance of 1787. After the convention he worked at surveying and farming. "Democracy was in the ascendant," he writes, "and I soon found myself nothing in the political drama but simply the justice of the peace for Ames township." In November, 1807, his wife died. On April 15, 1808, he was married to Miss Sallie Parker of Newburyport, Massachusetts.

He was a member of the House of Representatives of Ohio, 18191822 and state senator, 1823-1824. In both of these bodies, as in the constitutional convention, he was active and influential. His son, William P. Cutler, was a member of the second constitutional convention of Ohio and a representative in Congress from Marietta district.

Ephraim Cutler left a journal and many valuable manuscript papers which form the basis of a substantial volume entitled "Life and Times of

Ephraim Cutler," by his daughter, Julia Perkins Cutler. This is a valuable source book of information on early Ohio history and matters of national interest. He died July 8, 1853.

ISRAEL DONALSON

Israel Donalson was born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, February 2, 1767. The family later moved to Cumberland County in the same state, where young Donalson received a fair education. In 1787 he left his New Jersey home for the West. He first located in Ohio County, Virginia, where he remained until the spring of 1790. He farmed, taught school and on occasion took part in the Indian wars. He formed the acquaintance of Gen. Nathaniel Massie and in the spring of 1791 went to live in the stockade at Manchester. He aided Massie in making surveys. Near Wrightsville he was captured by the Indians and carried to the camp of their tribe. Here he was dressed after Indian fashion, had his hair decked out with feathers and a ring of tin put in his nose. A few days later by gnawing off the thongs that bound his limbs he escaped from the Indians and finally reached Fort Washington, the military post where Cincinnati now stands. In 1798 he married Miss Annie Pennyweight. In 1802 he was elected a delegate to the convention that framed Ohio's first constitution. He was postmaster of Manchester from 1801 to 1813. He served in the War of 1812. He was a devout member of the Presbyterian Church and lived till February 9, 1860, when he died at the advanced age of ninety-three years. He was a last surviving member of the constitutional convention of 1802.

JOSEPH DARLINTON

Joseph Darlinton was born July 19, 1765, on his father's plantation near Winchester, Virginia. He was the fourth in a family of seven children. He had a fair education. After the surrender of Burgoyne, a prison camp was established on his father's plantation where British prisoners of war were kept until the close of the Revolution. He was greatly interested in what he learned from some of these of the outside world and longed to travel. His wish was in a measure gratified. He went to Philadelphia, thence by sea to New Orleans and back by boat by way of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. On this trip he met Miss Sarah Wilson at Romney, Virginia, and afterward married her. She was heir to extensive lands and a number of slaves. Later he and his wife moved to Fayette County, Pennsylvania. While here he was elected county commissioner. In 1794 he moved to Limestone, Kentucky. In 1797, believing that the county seat of Adams County would be at Washington, below the mouth of Brush Creek, he moved there. He was appointed probate judge by Governor St. Clair. In 1803 he moved to West Union. He was a member of the Territorial Legislature, 17991802; delegate to the convention that framed the first constitution of Ohio; state senator, 1803; was an associate judge of Adams County; clerk of the Court of Common Pleas and of the Supreme Court; recorder of Adams County, 1803-1810, 1813-1834; brigadier-general of militia, and known as General Joseph Darlinton. He died August 2, 1851.

FRANCIS DUNLAVY

Francis Dunlavy was of Spanish Protestant ancestry. His forefathers fled from Spain to France and thence finally to Ireland. His father, Anthony Dunlavy, came to Virginia and settled near Winchester in 1745. Here Francis Dunlavy was born in 1761. The family moved to Washington, Pennsylvania. While here Francis, at the age of fourteen, volunteered to take the place of a neighbor who was in poor health and had been drafted to serve in the Revolution. From 1776 to 1782

the lad was almost continuously in the service of his country. In the latter year he was in Crawford's defeat.

After the close of the Revolution he was sent to Dickinson College to prepare for the ministry and continued his studies under his uncle, Rev. James Hoge. He finally concluded not to preach and became a teacher, conducting a classical school for some time in Virginia. In 1792 he came to Columbia, in Hamilton County, and taught school there with John Reily. He was a member of the Legislature of the Northwest Territory in 1801; a member of the convention that framed the first constitution of Ohio; state senator, 1803. He was president judge of the Court of Common Pleas 1803-1817; continued actively in the practice of law for twelve years. The later years of his life were devoted to study and the reading of books, chiefly religious. He became an active opponent of American slavery. His death occurred November 6, 1839.

SAMUEL HUNTINGTON

Samuel Huntington was born in Coventry, Connecticut, October 4, 1765. He was the adopted son of Samuel Huntington, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, president of Congress and governor of Connecticut. The subject of this sketch was graduated at Yale in 1785; was married in 1791 to Hannah, daughter of Judge Andrew Huntington; was admitted to the bar and practiced law in Norwich, Connecticut; moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1800; appointed by Governor St. Clair lieutenant colonel of militia in 1802; was delegate to the convention that framed the first constitution of Ohio; state senator and speaker of the senate, 1803; judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, serving. 1803-1808; governor of Ohio, December 12, 1808-December 8, 1810; moved to Painesville, Ohio, in 1805. He died June 8, 1817.

Samuel Huntington was considered a staunch federalist when he was elected as delegate to the constitutional convention of 1802. The federalist delegates from Marietta expected substantial aid from him. In this they were disappointed. On most of the issues before the convention he voted with the anti-federalists. When the subject of the rights of negroes was up before that body he seldom recorded his vote with that of his party colleagues. The anti-federalists, however, were also much divided on questions relating to the status of the negro and a number of them voted with the federalists from Marietta under the leadership of Ephraim Cutler and Gen. Rufus Putnam. Huntington's subsequent political preferment in the new state may have been the result of his attitude in the convention.

THOMAS KIRKER

Thomas Kirker was born in Ireland in 1760. At the age of nineteen years he came with his father's family to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. After the death of his father he moved from Lancaster County to Kentucky, shortly after his marriage to Sarah Smith in 1790. In 1794 he moved to Adams County, Ohio, and settled in Manchester. Two years later he moved to Liberty Township, Adams County. He was a member of the first Court of Quarter Sessions held at Manchester in 1797. He was elected delegate to the convention that framed the first constitution of Ohio; was state representative, 1803, 1817; state senator, 18031814, 1821-1824. During most of his service in the Senate he was speaker. He was also speaker of the House of Representatives from December 15, 1816, until January 28, 1817. Before the close of the term of office of Governor Edward Tiffin in 1807 he was elected United States Senator. This left a vacancy in the governorship which was filled by Kirker as speaker of the Senate. Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., received the most votes for governor in 1807, but did not serve because he was declared ineligible to the office at that time. Thomas Kirker suc

ceeded to the vacancy thus created. He was a candidate to succeed himself, but was defeated by Samuel Huntington. He served as associate judge in Adams County for a little less than one year, 1821. In 1824 he was presidential elector and voted for Clay. He reared a family of thirteen children, and his descendants live in many states. He died February 20, 1837.

JOHN MCINTIRE

Among the early builders of cities in Ohio was John McIntire, "founder, patron and benefactor" of Zanesville. He was born at Alexandria, Virginia, in 1759; learned and practiced the trade of shoemaker; moved to Wheeling, Virginia, (now West Virginia); at the age of thirty-five years he married Sarah Zane, daughter of Col. Ebenezer Zane, whose "trace" through the wilderness between Wheeling and Maysville, Kentucky, became the basis of the National Road and Maysville Turnpike; aided his father-in-law in blazing Zane's Trace; was given a half interest in the mile-square tract of land granted to Zane, where the "trace" crossed the Muskingum River and where the City of Zanesville now stands; in 1799 moved with his wife from Wheeling to a comfortable cabin on the site of Zanesville; established a tavern there, the first in the town, which became famous in its day; delegate to the convention that framed the first constitution for Ohio; devoted his energies to the upbuilding of his town; headed an unsuccessful movement to have the state capital located there; launched the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company and a project which included the construction of a dam. across the Muskingum and a canal for manufacturing sites; died July 29, 1815, before a number of the improvements that he had planned were completed.

He left a large estate and careful provision for the completion of his larger projects. The provisions of his will were faithfully executed and his estate increased in value. He had provided generously for his widow and his adopted daughter, Amelia, stipulating that in case of the death of both, the estate was to be devoted to "the support of a poor school in the Town of Zanesville."

Amelia McIntire died at the age of twenty years. In 1836 the "poor school fund" had grown to a sum sufficient for the erection of Zanesville's first free school-the McIntire Academy, which was finally absorbed in the free school system of the state. The McIntire bequest was then used for the erection of the McIntire Children's Home, which is a living monument to the founder of Zanesville.

NATHANIEL MASSIE

Nathaniel Massie was born in Goochland County, Virginia, December 28, 1763. He was of cavalier-English ancestry. His grandfather, Charles Massie, came with three brothers from Chestershire, England, to Virginia about the year 1690. His father, Nathaniel Massie, Sr., married Elizabeth Watkins in 1760. The subject of this sketch was their first child.

His grandson and biographer, Hon. D. Meade Massie, of Chillicothe, tells us that but little is known of his early years. He had three brothers and a sister. When he was eleven years old his mother died. His father two years later married again and he had "a large number of half brothers and sisters." He had a good education as evidenced by the correct English of his correspondence and the accuracy of the numerous land surveys that he made in the Virginia Military District of the Northwest Territory.

His father was a captain of militia and saw active service in the Revolution. The son, young Nathaniel, at the age of seventeen years, served in the militia of his county in the campaigns against the British

under Tarleton, and may have been present at the surrender of Burgoyne.

In 1783, at the age of twenty years, he moved to Kentucky, where Daniel Boone had located lands for his father. Here he spent much of his time locating and surveying claims for others. He made his first expedition into the Northwest Territory in 1788. He was appointed deputy land surveyor of Virginia military lands in 1790.

Preparatory to extensive surveys of lands north of the Ohio, Massie established a station on that side of the river in 1790 opposite the lower of the three islands, about twelve miles above the present Village of Maysville, Kentucky. This was first called Massie's Station and afterward Manchester. It was enclosed by a strong picket defense with block houses at the angles. From this point Massie's surveying expeditions were conducted.

He was actively engaged in surveying land in the Virginia Military District north of the Ohio from 1791 to 1793. His surveying party had a number of engagements with the Indians, one of the most serious near the falls of Paint Creek early in the year 1795, after which surveying in the Scioto Valley was abandoned for the remainder of the year. With his party he returned and between Paint Creek and the Scioto laid out the Town of Chillicothe in the spring of 1796. On April 1st of that year he commenced erecting the first cabins of the town, and those who came with him with their thirty plows turned the sod of 300 acres of prairie land and planted it in corn. The treaty at Greenville ended the Indian wars in this section and the town grew rapidly. He laid out the Town of Bainbridge in 1805 and other towns at different dates numbering in all about fourteen. His brother, Henry Massie, founded Portsmouth in 1803.

Nathaniel Massie was not, at the outset of his activities in the Ohio Valley, interested especially in politics, except as the attitude of those in authority affected his interests and rights in the field of his residence and business ventures.

When Adams County was organized, Massie was eager to have the Town of Manchester made the county seat. Governor St. Clair decided in favor of Adamsville, and as the Ordinance of 1787 was silent on the authority to name county seats, the people seemed not disposed to recognize either as the seat of justice.

In 1798 the first Legislature of the Northwest Territory was chosen. Massie was interested in the result. He and Joseph Darlinton were elected to represent Adams County in this first popular Assembly that convened within the present limits of Ohio.

When the Legislature met the following year a bill was passed fixing the seat of justice for Adams County at Manchester. Other bills were passed creating additional counties and fixing the seats of justice. At the close of the session these were all vetoed by Governor St. Clair and the foundation was laid for differences between him and the representatives of the people-especially those from Virginia and Kentucky-and the bitter struggle that resulted in the admission of Ohio into the Union and the lighting of the fires of partisanship in the Ohio country was inaugurated. The biographer of Edward Tiffin describes this as "a war to the knife and the knife to the hilt."

As the breach between St. Clair and his opponents widened, Massie became the most relentless of the Virginians in his hostility. St. Clair was a federalist and his opponents very naturally became anti-federalists. With not a few of them that was sufficient reason for their party allegiance. If St. Clair had been an anti-federalist they would probably have been federalists-so thoroughly had the personality of St. Clair become the basis of the contest.

Massie was elected to the Second Territorial Legislature and as delegate to the convention that framed the first constitution of Ohio, under which he served as state senator and speaker of the Senate in