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States, on the 10th inst., passed the following pre- to give as against conspiracy, because of any that he amble and resolutions:

Whereas, The right of suffrage prescribed by the constitutions of the several States is subject to the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which is as follows:

ARTICLE XV., SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

"SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this artiele by appropriate legislation."

and

And whereas, The right of suffrage, so prescribed and regulated, should be faithfully maintained and observed by the United States and the several States and citizens thereof; Whereas, It is asserted that the exercise of the right of suffrage is in some of the States, notwithstanding the efforts of all good citizens to the contrary, resisted and controlled by fraud, intimidation, and violence, so that in such cases the object of the amendment is defeated; and

Whereas, All citizens, without distinction of race, or class, or color, are entitled to the protection conferred by such article: therefore, be it

Resolved, by the House of Representatives, That all attempts by force, fraud, terror, intimidation, or otherwise, to prevent the free exercise of the right of suffrage in any State, should meet certain, condign, and effectual punishment; and that in any case which has heretofore occurred, or that may occur, in which violence or murder has been or shall be committed by one race or class upon the other, the prompt prosecution and punishment of the criminal, or criminals, in any court having jurisdiction, is imperatively demanded, whether the crime be one punishable by fine or imprisonment, or one demanding the penalty of death.

The President directs that, in accordance with the spirit of the above, you are to hold all the available force under your command, not engaged in subduing the savages of the Western frontier, in readiness to be used, upon call or requisition of the proper legal authorities, for protecting all citizens, without distinction of race, color, or political opinion, in the exercise of the right to vote as guaranteed by the fifteenth amendment, and to assist in the enforcement of certain, condign, and effectual punishment upon all persons who shall attempt, by force, fraud, terror, intimidation, or otherwise, to prevent the free exercise of the right of suffrage, as provided by the laws of the United States; and have such force so distributed and stationed as to be able to render prompt assistance in the enforcement of law. Such additional orders as may be necessary to carry out the purpose of these instructions will be given you from time to time, after consultation with the officers of the Government.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. D. CAMERON, Secretary of War. On September 4th Attorney-General Taft issued the following circular of instruction to the United States marshals in the election dis

tricts:

SIR: The laws of the United States having made it my duty to exercise general direction over the mar shals as to the manner of discharging their offices, I have prepared for their use this circular letter of instructions as to the coming elections, intending the same also as a reply, once for all, to numerous applications in like connection from private citizens in various States. In the present condition of legislation the United States occupy a position toward voters and voting which varies according as the election is for State and other local officers only, or for members of Congress and presidential electors. In elections at which members of the House of Representatives are chosen, which by law include elections at which the electors for President and Vice-President are appointed, the United States secure voters against whatever in general hinders or prevents them from a free exercise of the elective franchise, extending that care alike to the registration lists, the act of voting, and the personal freedom and security of the voter, as well as against violence on account of any vote he may intend

may already have given.

The peace of the United States, therefore, which you are to preserve, and whose violation you are to suppress, protects, among others, the rights specified in the last paragraph; and any person who by force violates those rights breaks that peace and renders it your duty to arrest him, and to suppress any riots incident thereto, or that threaten the integrity of the registration or election, to the end that the will of the people in such election may be ascertained and take effect, and that offenders may be brought before the States, which recently and in an unusual manner courts for punishment. Notorious events in several have been publicly reprobated, render it a grave duty of all marshals who have cause to apprehend a violation of the peace of the United States, connected as above with the elections to be held upon the Tuesday pared to preserve or to restore such peace. As the after the first Monday in November next, to be prechief executive officer of the United States in your district, you will be held responsible for all breaches of peace of the United States which diligence on your part might have prevented, and for the arrest and security of all persons who violate that peace in any of the points above enumerated.

Diligence in these matters requires, of course, that you be and continue present in person or by deputy at all places of registration or election at which you have reason to suspect that the peace is threatened, and that, whenever an embodiment of the posse comitatus is required to enforce the laws, such embodiment be effected. You will observe that the " special" deputies mentioned in section 2021 of the Revised Statutes have peculiar duties assigned to them-duties which otherwise do not belong to deputy-marshals. Such "special" deputies can be ap pointed only in cities of 20,000 inhabitants or upward. But the duties assigned to marshals and their deputies by section 2022, or other like statutes, belong to all duly appointed deputies, whether they be general or "special," within the meaning of that and the preceding section. Deputies to discharge this latter class of duties may be appointed to any number whatever, according to the discretion of the marshal in all States in which sheriffs have a similar power. Section 2030 has no practical bearing upon this point in States where no limit is imposed upon the appointment of deputies by sheriffs, because in such States the laws of the United States "prior to the 10th of June, 1872," left marshals also unlimited as to the number of their deputies.

In discharging the duties above mentioned, you will doubtless receive the countenance and support of all good citizens of the United States in your respective districts. It is not necessary to say that United States mainly rely in their endeavor to enit is upon such countenance and support that the force the right to vote which they have given or have secured. The present instructions are intended only to counteract that partial malice, wrong-headedness, or inconsideration, which sometimes triumphs

at critical moments over the conservative and in

general prevailing forces of society, and to which the
present and passing condition of the country gives
more than ordinary strength, and therefore requires
the Government to particularly observe and provide
against. In this connection I advise that you and
each of your deputies, general and "special," have
and quelling disorder,
a right to summon to your assistance, in preventing
66 every person in the district
above fifteen years of age, whatever may be their
occupation, whether civilians or not, and including
the military of all denominations-militia, soldiers,
marines-all of whom are alike bound to obey you.
The fact that they are organized as military bodies,
whether of State or of the United States, under the
immediate command of their own officers, does not
in any wise affect their legal character. They are
still the posse comitatus." I prefer to quote the above
statement of the laws upon this point from an opinion

any State

by my predecessor, ex-Attorney-General Cushing, because it thus appears to have been well settled for many years. 16 Opinions, 466, May 27, 1854.) I need hardly add that there can be no State law or State official in this country who has jurisdiction to oppose you in discharging your official duties under laws of the United States. If such interference shall take place-a thing not anticipated-you are to disregard it entirely. The laws of the United States are supreme, and so, consequently, is the action of officials of the United States in enforcing them. There is, as virtually you have already been told, no officer of a State whom you may not, by summons, embody into your own posse; and posse already embodied by a sheriff will, with such sheriff, be obliged, upon your summons, to become part of a United States posse, and obey you, or your deputy acting virtute officia. The responsibility which devolves upon an officer clothed with such powers, and required to guard the highest rights of citizens, corresponds in degree with those powers and rights, and exacts of such officer consideration, intelligence, and courage. It is proper to advise you that, in preparing this circular, I have considered recent important judgments given by the Supreme Court of the United States upon acts of Congress which regulate this general topic.

I have founded the above instructions upon such acts as are affected by those judgments. I need in this place add no more than that these judgments do not concern State elections. You will find appended, in full or by reference, such statutory provisions as it seems important that you and your deputies shall in this connection read and consider. In matters of doubt, you are of course entitled to the advice of the United States Attorney for your district. These instructions have been submitted to the President, and have his approval.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

ALPHONSO TAFT, Attorney-General. On September 7th, General Sherman, under the direction of the preceding letter of the Secretary of War, issued a general order for the guidance of the Army. It embraced the above instructions of the Attorney-General to the marshals, and then called the attention of all officers of the Army to section 5522 of the Revised Statutes in regard to interfering with supervisors of election, marshals or deputies, and also to an extract of a letter of the Secretary of War to General Meade, dated August 25, 1868, heretofore issued as the instructions of the department, which extract is as follows: The obligation of military individuals, officers, and soldiers, in common with all citizens, to obey the summons of a marshal or sheriff, must be held subordinate to their paramount duty as members of a permanent body. Hence troops can act only in their proper organized capacity under their own officers, and in obedience to the immediate orders of those officers. The officer commanding troops summoned to the aid of a marshal or sheriff must also judge for himself, and upon his official responsibility, whether the service required of him is lawful and necessary, and compatible with the proper discharge of his ordinary military duties, and must limit his action absolutely to proper aid in the execution of a lawful precept exhibited to him by the marshal or sheriff. If time will permit, every demand from a civil officer for military aid, whether it be for the execution of civil process or to suppress insurrection, should be forwarded to the President, with all material facts in the case, for his orders; and in all cases the highest commander whose orders can be given in time to meet the emergency will alone assume the responsibility of action. By a timely disposition of troops where there is reason to apprehend neces

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He further called attention to the proclamation of the President of the United States of May 3, 1871, in regard to the enforcement act, in which the President enjoins upon all good citizens, and especially upon all public officers, to be zealous in the enforcement thereof, and warns all persons to abstain from committing any of the acts thereby prohibited. The following paragraphs of the general order publishing that proclamation for the guidance of the Army were published in this order of September 7th:

The President directs that, whenever occasion shall arise, regular forces of the United States stationed in by the aforesaid act, approved April 30, 1871, may the vicinity of any locality where offenses described be committed, shall, in strict accordance with the provisions of said act, be employed by their commanding officers in assisting the authorized civil an thorities of the United States in making arrests of the persons accused under the said act; in preventing the rescue of persons arrested for such cause in breaking up and dispersing bands of disguised marauders, and of armed organizations against the peace and quiet or lawful pursuits of citizens in any State. Whenever troops are employed in the manner indicated in this order, the commanding officer will operations to the proper superior authority. at the earliest opportunity make a full report of his

The election took place on the 7th of November, and the following are the official returns of the popular vote:

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The votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, giving Hayes a majority, were disputed by the friends of Tilden, and the reader is referred to those States respectively.

The Constitution of the United States makes it the duty of Congress to canvass the electoral votes and to declare the name of the person elected. But as the Lower House of Congress was Democratic by a large majority and the Senate Republican, and as the Democrats of the House denied the correctness of the returns from the three States above mentioned, it became probable that the two Houses would not agree in declaring the result; therefore neither candidate could hold the office of President as a result of the election.

To avoid the uncertainties and excitement of the country in prospect, an arrangement was made, under the legislation of Congress, which resulted in uniting the two Houses in declaring Rutherford B. Hayes as the successful candidate. But the history of all these proceedings forms a part of the record of 1877, which will be found in the next volume of this series. (For the commerce of the United States, see COMMERCE; for the condition of the military and naval forces, see ARMY and NAYY; for the foreign relations of the United States, see DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE; for the financial affairs of the Government and the people, see FINANCES; for civil and internal affairs, see the States respectively.)

UNIVERSALISTS. The following is a summary of the statistics of the Universalists in the United States and Canada, as given in the Universalist Register for 1877:

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13

180

252

825

190

2

9

500

408

7

2

S76

764

18

49

56

8

47

2

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Number of State conventions, 22; of associations, 69; of Church organizations, 656; of Sunday-schools, 640; of teachers and pupils in the same, 59,463; of church-edifices, 756; total valuation of church property above indebtedness, $7,465,495. The fourteen Universalist theological schools, colleges, and seminaries, reported for 1876 a total of ninetynine professors and teachers, 1,036 students, and $2,385,000 of assets. The total net assets of the Universalist Publishing House at Boston were $30,000. It also published six periodicals. The entire list of Universalist periodicals includes five general weekly papers, one biweekly paper, four Sunday-school papers, one monthly magazine, the Universalist Quarterly, and the annual Register.

The

The General Convention of Universalists in the United States met at Rochester, N. Y., October 18th. The Rev. Henry W. Rugg, of Rhode Island, was chosen president. The treasurer reported that the present value of the Murray Centenary fund was $12,742.54. Defaults in interest had occurred on two loans, of $6,678.75 and $9,000 respectively. The principal of the John G. Gunn Memorial fund remained at the amount of $8,000. Gifts to the amount of $600 had been granted during the year from this fund. The debt of the convention had been reduced $4,300 during the year, and was reported to be now $25,200. The total amount of moneys passing through the hands of the treasurer on general account during the year had been $42,884.33. Board of Trustees reported that the actual income of the general fund for the year had been $20,655.88, and the actual expenditures, $19,639.34. Forty scholarships had been in force during the year, and ten beneficiaries of the convention had been graduated. amount of the aid rendered by the convention to students had been $7,200, and $1,092 had been received in repayment of former loans on this account. There had been expended in this department, since the establishment of theological scholarships by the convention, $50,280, of which sum $5,520 appeared as a free gift, and $540 had been remitted or canceled by the Board of Trustees, leaving $44,220 as the amount of loans which had been made in accordance with the existing rules.

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The General Convention called the attention of the State conventions to the desirableness of electing a class of officers called State super2 intendents, and advised the trustees to define for these officers their relations to the General Convention, and their duties in connection with It recommended the appointment of a committee of six persons in Western missionary work, to be made by the convention on i nominations by the united delegates to the 7 convention each year from west of the Alleghany Mountains; the committee to report to 5 the Trustees of the General Convention, and work in harmony with them, and with the General Secretary, and to be the agents of the 82.947 706 trustees in disbursing such sums as may be ap

8

propriated for missionary work in the West. A resolution was adopted recommending the churches to organize and sustain conference and prayer meetings. A motion was adopted to endeavor to complete the Murray Centenary fund during the year.

URUGUAY (REPÚBLICA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY), sometimes also called La Banda Oriental, an independent republic of South America, extending from 30° to 33° 55′ south latitude, and from 52° 40′ to 58° west longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul, on the east by the South Atlantic, on the south by the Rio de la Plata, and on the west by the Argentine Republic.

In an official statistical table for the year 1875, the area of the republic is set down at 72,170 square miles; and the population for 1874 at 450,000, against 221,248 for 1860. In the department of Montevideo, the most important of the thirteen which constitute the territorial division of the country, there were 127,496 inhabitants, comprising 70,609 Uruguayans, 16,761 Italians, 16,352 Spaniards, 7,829 French, and 15,945 of other nationalities. The President of the Republic is Colonel L. Latorre, invested with dictatorial powers from March 11, 1876, to March, 1877.

The cabinet is composed of the following ministers: Interior, J. M. Montero; Foreign Affairs, A. Velazco; Finance, A. Vasquez; and War and the Navy, E. Vasquez.

The consul general of Uruguay for the whole United States is Señor E. C. B. Garsía, resident in New York.

In the budget for 1875 the expenditure was estimated at $5,902,350, exclusive of the national-debt service; and in that for 1876 at $4,552,571. The national revenue yielded, in 1873, the sum of $9,904,617.49; and in 1874 that of $8,739,131.

It was estimated that for the fiscal year 1876-'77 the revenue, including the yield of the new imposts decreed in 1875-'76, will not fall short of $9,000,000. In this case there would be a considerable surplus to apply upon the payment of the national debt, which payment the Government proposes to resume as soon as circumstances permit.

The following table shows the amount of the debt at the beginning of the year 1875: Twelve per cent. home debt..... $15,750,498 42 2.652,408 18 7,293,647 SO

Nine

Six

66 66

Total home debt.

Foreign debt..

International debt.

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Total national debt.........

$25,696,554 40 14.874,560 00 3,121,150 00 $43,692,264 40

The foregoing figures include the titles for interest corresponding to the year 1875-say, $1,814,097.60.

afflicted; but there was no interruption in the service of the international debt. In the absence of official data, it is impossible to give here a statement of the floating debt.

Owing to the rescission of the contract made in 1875 with the bank of Mauá & Co., the Government, by decree of April 26, 1876, assumed the charge of the emission of that bank, engaging, however, not to emit any unconvertible paper-money, and setting apart for the sinking-fund of the notes the yield of various imposts, estimated to amount to $1,200,000. The proceeds of direct taxation in the department of Montevideo alone, for the seven years 1869-'75, were as follows:

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The interests of public instruction are sedulously attended to in Uruguay. In the year 1875 there were in the republic 227 primary municipal schools, with an attendance of 15,564, including both sexes; and 142 private schools, with an aggregate of 7,114 scholarsthat is to say, a total of 22,678 (12,001 males and 10,677 females) attending school throughout the country-or one out of every nineteen inhabitants.

The value of the foreign commerce for the years 1872, 1873, and 1874, was as follows:

COMMERCE.

Imports..
Exports..

Total..

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$34,966,188 $37,877,218 $82,602,000

It should be remarked that the figures for 1874 are only approximate, the commercial statistics not having been completed before the time of the publication of the report already referred to.

The shipping movement at the port of Montevideo for the year 1875 comprised 3,385 vessels, with an aggregate of 1,927,887 tons; and the coasting-trade at all the ports for the year 1874 was carried on by 13,208 vessels, including all craft.

In 1875 the total number of miles of railway completed was 235. The branch of the Central Railway from Santa Lucia to San José was opened to traffic on May 20, 1876.

The city of Montevideo has six lines of horse-cars.

The following table recapitulates the reports of the Emigration Board for the years therein expressed:

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The interest and sinking-fund services of the 1871 home first, and afterward of the foreign debt, were suspended in 1875, owing to the political 1874 and financial crises by which the country was

1875

VENEZUELA (ESTADOS UNIDOS DE), UNITED STATES OF, a republic of South America, extending from 1° 8' to 12° 16' north latitude, and from 60° to 73° 17′ west longitude. Its boundaries are: the Caribbean Sea on the north, the Atlantic Ocean and British Guiana on the east, Brazil on the south, from which empire it is separated by the Pacaraima Mountains, and the United States of Colombia on the west. Its maximum length from east to west is about 900 miles, and its maximum breadth from north to south, 770. The area is variously estimated at from 403,000 to 431,000 square miles, including the islands. The republic is divided into twenty States, one Federal District, and one Territory, which, with their capitals and the populations of both in 1873, are as follows:

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making considerable progress. The country has several universities, that of Caracas being the most important, with about twenty professors and over two hundred students, a library of more than 25,000 volumes, a physical cabinet, a laboratory of chemistry, and a museum of natural history. It occupies a very handsome, well-built edifice, in the centre of the city. Colleges and preparatory schools exist in all the towns of the republic, and the number of elementary schools has increased very much through the care of President Guzman Blanco, since the issue of the decree of June 27, 1870, which gave a new organization to public instruction. In 1855 there were in the whole republic but 211 schools, with 5,433 pupils; now there are 1,181 schools, and 48,140 pupils; 691 are called federal schools, 209 are municipal schools, and 231 private establishments. The federal schools are maintained at the expense of the Government, and in the last year the expenditure was $264,877.80, part of which ($93,138.86) was supplied by a small tax on bills and receipts for sums of over ten dollars, and collected under the form of stamps (estampillas de escuelas). A number of young men have of late been sent to the United States for the purpose of acquiring, at the expense of the Government of Venezuela, a perfect theoretical and practical knowledge of the best modern methods of teaching.

The destination and value of exports for the year 1874-75 are given in the following table:

COUNTRIES.

Germany.

The President of the Republic is General Guzman Blanco, elected February 20, 1873. The Minister of the Interior and Justice is Dr. D. B. Urbaneja; of Foreign Affairs, General J. Gutierrez; of Finance, Señor S. Goiticoa; of Public Worship, Public Instruction, and Public Works, Colonel J. Muñoz Tebar; of War and Marine, General M. Gil; and of Public Credit, General J. G. Ochoa.

The national revenue for the fiscal year 1874-75 amounted to $5,324,676.16, and the expenditure to $5,100,560.79. About 60 per cent. of the revenue is appropriated to defraying the expenses of the Government, and the remainder is applied upon the national debt. On June 30, 1875, the national debt was as follows:

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Spain.

Colombia.

United States.

France..

England..
Italy..

Danish colonies..
Spanish colonies
French colonies..
Dutch colonies.
British colonies

Total......

Value. $5,449,752 86

896,814 44

505,007 22

8.799,170 81

2,598,033 19

290,975 60 48,618 70 19.512 64 9,868 08

87,667 21

2,642,960 67

1,455,959 48

$17,803,840 90

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France..
Spain..
Italy.

Trinidad.
Curaçon..
Porto Rico.
Canary Islands..
St. Thomas..

Total.....

Value. $1,541,281 94 2,518,847 75

2,656,985 73

1,817,378 77

846,554 00

29.878 75

772.740 89 1,016,882 27

408 00 3,532 00 179,229 07

$10,877,608 67

* The total value may be set down at about $12,000,000.

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