would be instantly pacified as soon as the direct rule of the Turks should cease there. This pacification ought therefore to be intrusted to Servia and Montenegro; and in order that the pacification might be a permanent one, and as a consideration for the services rendered, Servia should receive Bosnia and Montenegro the Herzegovina. The prince of Servia was to remain entirely, and the prince of Montenegro only as far as the Herzegovina was concerned, a vassal of the Sublime Porte, and both princes were to pay tribute from the newly-acquired territory. These demands were brought to the notice of the great powers by a special envoy sent for that purpose to Ems. But the European diplomatists were decidedly opposed to a war of the two principalities against Turkey. On the other hand, a great enthusiasm for the war began to show itself among the Russian people. This, together with the fact

that a decided change had been gradually taking place in Western Europe in the feeling toward Turkey, led the Servians to regard the objections of the diplomatists as of secondary importance.

On June 23d the entire Servian forces were placed under arms, and on June 29th the Servian agent in Constantinople delivered a memorandum containing the demands of Servia and Montenegro, mentioned in a preceding page. They were rejected by the Porte, as had been expected, and the declaration of war followed immediately, and M. Magazinovitch, the Servian agent, was recalled. On the same day Prince Milan left Belgrade for the army, and on his way published an address to the Servian people. In this address he said that he had had the intention of sending an embassador to Constantinople, in order to come to an agreement with the Sublime Porte. But

the latter showed in every possible manner that it did not desire an agreement, and continued to send troops to the Servian frontier, ready to devastate the country with fire and sword. This danger Servia must avert, and must even invade the neighboring provinces now in insurrection to restore to them peace and order. The Prince of Montenegro had given as the cause for his declaration of war the fact that the Turks completely blockaded the southern boundary of the principality; had shown themselves hostile toward it; had interrupted communication in the country; and had not been able to introduce or carry out the reforms which they had promised. On July 2d the prince announced to his troops, at Cettigne, that he had declared war against Turkey, and placed himself at their head in order to invade the Herzegovina.

The troops at the command of the belligerent parties at the opening of the war were as follows: In the Herzegovina, on the northern boundary of Montenegro, Mukhtar Pasha was in command of an army corps of about 20,000 men. The troops in Scutari and Podgoritza, south of Montenegro, amounted at the time to one brigade of 4,000 to 5,000 men only. The second army corps-that of the Danube-was in command of Eyub Pasha, and was composed of about 50,000 men. In Northwestern Bosnia, toward the Drina, Ali Pasha was in command of a strong division; and in Southwestern Bosnia Mehemet Ali, with a large brigade, occupied Sienitza, Novibazar, and Nova-Warosch, making in all 14,000 to 15,000 men. Another division was posted on the railroad from Salonica to Mitrovitza. These troops could be immediately reenforced by Bashi

Bazouks, which represented the unorganized Mustafiz or Landsturm. In addition to these forces, 30,000 regular troops had been moved in May from Constantinople to suppress the Bulgarian insurrection, of which Abdul-Kerim, the Minister of War, had himself taken command. When the declaration of war came, the Porte not only called out the redif of the first, but also that of the second ban, and even drew a large number of troops from all the Asiatic corps. The troops already in Bulgaria were ordered to march still further north, and Abdul-Kerim Pasha was made commander-in-chief of all the troops operating against Servia.

In Servia, parts of the first ban had been called out as early as April. In the latter part of June the entire first ban was called out, and early in July the entire second ban was also ready for action. To these regular forces of Servia there were added volunteer corps of varying strength, which increased in time, of these some, however, could be employed at the outbreak of hostilities. These were mostly composed of Bosnians, Servians from Hungary, Bulgarians, and members of other Slavic tribes. Other countries were represented only in a few cases; even the Russians, who afterward took part in the war to such a considerable degree, were represented at the beginning in a few isolated cases only. The first ban was immediately moved to the frontier, and, together with the regular army, was divided into four armies, to which the second ban was afterward added. In order to prevent the Turkish gunboats on the Danube from attacking Belgrade and other cities on this river, the Servians intended to place torpedoes at the mouth of the Timok. Austria, however, interfered, and obtained from the Turks the assurance that they would not ascend the river with their gunboats above the mouth of the Timok, thus removing the necessity for the use of the torpedoes.

The four Servian armies were as follows: 1. The Army of the Drina, composed of the first and second bans of the first division, and numerous volunteer corps, principally composed of Bosnians. It numbered about 20,000 men, infantry and cavalry, and was under the command of General Alimpitch. 2. The Army of the Ibar, composed of the first and second bans of the division Western Morava, and volunteers from Southwestern Bosnia (Rascia), under the Archimandrite Dutchitch; this army also contained about 20,000 men. 3. The principal army, the Army of the South, was placed under the command of General Tchernayeff. It was composed of the first and second bans of the division Southern Morava, and of the first ban of the divisions Danube and Shumadiya, and had in all about 45,000 men. 4. The Army of the Timok was under the command of General Lieshanin, and consisted of the first and second bans of the fourth division, and several volunteer bodies, in all about

20,000 men. This left available the second ban of the fifth and sixth divisions (Danube and Shumadiya) and the entire reserve. On the morning of July 3d General Alimpitch crossed the Drina with fifteen battalions, leaving the second ban to guard the right bank of the river from its mouth to Liubovia, a distance of eighty kilometres. The column of the right wing landed at Popovo, put the Turkish advanced guards to flight, and was afterward attacked in a neighboring woods. The column of the left wing moved toward Janja, while the centre marched directly toward Bielina, soon encountering the Turkish fortifications, against which it brought to bear the artillery and infantry. The other two columns did not arrive until two o'clock in the afternoon, when the centre had been under fire for three hours. The fire was kept up until five o'clock, when the Servians proceeded to storm the town. The right wing succeeded in entering the fortifications, and, without making any provisions for holding the captured posts, pursued the retreating Turks into the streets of the city. Here the Servians were received by a well-directed fire from the houses; disorder began in their ranks, and they in turn were driven out. The disorder communicated itself to the centre, and Alimpitch was forced to retreat. He succeeded in restoring order, however, and retained a firm footing on the left bank of the Drina. Here he began to fortify himself, and gradually pushed his outposts nearer and nearer to Bielina. He received in his camp large numbers of fugitives from Bosnia, among whom were a great many capable of bearing arms. It was reported, although probably with some exaggeration, that up to July 12th he had organized 6,000 Bosnians. The Turks at this time abandoned Little Zvornik, which was immediately occupied and fortified by the Servians, thus placing them in complete possession of the right bank of the Drina. Alimpitch remained quiet in his camp, and by constant drilling succeeded in bringing his division to a high degree of military useful

ness.

On the Timok, General Lieshanin assumed the offensive on July 2d. The first ban of the Timok division, and the “Holy Legion,” a volunteer body, were concentrated in and around Saitchar, while the second ban held the entire Timok line. On the morning of the 2d General Lieshanin crossed the Timok, with 6,000 men, into the Turkish territory, leaving over 7,000 men behind. He immediately took up the line of march for Widin. In the neighborhood of Karaul he encountered the enemy; and as his troops displayed great difficulty in being managed, they were soon put to rout, and in the evening he returned to Saitchar with considerable loss. On the following morning Osman Pasha crossed into Servian territory, and immediately began to deploy his troops. This the Servian cavalry sought to prevent, but were forced to retire into Sai

tchar. Lieshanin, who feared to have his line of retreat cut off, finally ordered the fortifications on the right bank of the Timok to be abandoned. The Servian loss on these two days was said to have been over 1,800 men, a great number of whom were killed, while the loss of the Turks is estimated to have been far greater-by some as much as double that of the Servians. But although Osman Pasha continued to harass the Servians, even as far south as Belgradshik, he did not intend to, nor could he, follow up his victory in the proper manner; for the principal Turkish army was as yet by no means in the condition to sustain him in any forward movements that he might make, and, besides, he was expecting a large addition to his forces. General Lieshanin had received, as early as July 7th, a full brigade as reënforcements.

General Zach, on the Ibar, crossed the boundary on difficult mountain-paths at Javor, intending to march upon Sienitza; on his right, Dutchitch was to disturb the region of NovaWarosch, while on his left Colonel Antitch was to capture Novibazar, and, if possible, to threaten Mitrovitza, the terminus of the railroad from Salonica. On July 6th General Zach encountered a Turkish brigade under Mehemet Ali Pasha, who occupied a very strong position before Sienitza. He boldly attacked the Turks, although having considerably less men at his command than the latter; but his losses were very great, and he himself was wounded, so that he was finally forced to retire to Servian territory. Colonel Antitch advanced as far as Novibazar, fortified himself opposite to it, and then began to bombard the city and its works, without, however, effecting much; but as Novibazar was but poorly garrisoned, he succeeded in maintaining his positions. On his left flank he had sent out a scouting-party toward Mitrovitza. This party, although disturbing the country considerably, was too weak to capture Mitrovitza, or to prevent the disembarkation of Turkish troops at this point. Dutchitch had during this time accomplished little more than taking a few old barracks called forts, each containing but a few men. General Zach took his disaster at Sienitza very much to heart. Suffering from the effects of his wounds, he fell dangerously ill, was relieved of his command, and was replaced by Colonel Tcholak Antitch.

In the south, General Tchernayeff had left the division South Morava at Alexinatz and Deligrad under the command of Colonel Milan Ivanovitch, with directions to cross the border on the left bank of the Morava and to threaten the fortress of Nissa. With the greater part of his army Tchernayeff marched to the left, to Bania and Gurgussovatz, and then, leaving Nissa on his right, intended to cross the border and march on Ak Palanka and Pirot. Ivanovitch, on July 2d, marched with two brigades, in two columns, toward Mramor and into the valley of the Toplitza. Here he

had a short engagement with the enemy, and seemed to have been successful in drawing the attention of the garrison of Nissa. Tchernayeff moved the greater part of his army on the road from Gurgussovatz to Ak Palanka, while a small detachment was ordered to advance to the right upon Nissa by way of Gramada, to watch it also on the right bank of the Morava, and thus impress the Turks with the idea of an intended siege of this fortress. A detachment on the left of the main army was ordered to march toward Pirot. On July 4th Tehernayeff appeared before Ak Palanka and Pirot, and, after a short engagement before the former city, entered them on the 5th. As, however, he did not receive the aid from the Bulgarians that he had expected, and as the misfortunes of Lieshanin on the Timok had cast a decided gloom over the Servian operations, Prince Milan ordered him to return to Servia; and on July 10th he left Ak Palanka and Pirot, and set out on his march back to Servia.

The Montenegrins, at the beginning of the hostilities, were divided into two corps: the one on the southern frontier, opposite the Turkish positions of Medun, Podgoritza, and Scutari, kept itself strictly on the defensive; while the other, on the Herzegovinian frontier, and openly allied with the insurgents, inmediately took the offensive, and marched upon Stolatz in several columns. One column on the right, under Sotchitza, had marched toward Gatchko, taken several works before the city, and tried to surround it. Selim Pasha left the necessary garrison in it, and then marched with two battalions toward Nevesigne, intending to go from there to Mostar, where he was to meet Mukhtar Pasha. On the 11th he was attacked by a body of Montenegrins, and was only able, after several hours' sharp fighting, to continue on his way to Nevesigne, where he was reenforced. On July 11th the central column, said to have been led by Prince Nicholas in person, appeared before Stolatz, and, after a short engagement, occupied it, as well as the surrounding forts.

A very fortunate affair for the Montenegrins occurred at this time. The Austrian Government closed the port of Klek to the Turks, thus cutting off their shortest route to the Herzegovina. It helped them, however, but little; their forces continued to be scattered, even more so than at first. On the 16th they attacked Selim Pasha at Nevesigne, and forced him to retire to Blagui, where they defeated him again on the 17th. But now Mukhtar Pasha came up from Mostar with reserves, and on the 19th found before him but four Montenegrin battalions, which he defeated after a brave resistance. After this event the entire Montenegrin forces retired toward Grabovo.

With July 10th the offensive movements of the Servians came to an end, and their forces retired into Servia. The Turkish movements

did not begin until the last days of the month. During the three weeks that intervened comparative quiet prevailed, but few engagements occurring, and no movements of any account taking place.

In the latter part of July a combined action of the Turks against the Timok line began. The troops participating in this action were the corps of Achmet Eyub Pasha, from Nissa, reenforced on its right wing by the newly-arrived division of Suleiman Pasha and the strong division of Osman Pasha from Widin. The two principal points of the Servians on the Timok line were Gurgussovatz and Saitchar, with their surroundings. Eyub Pasha marched against Gurgussovatz. On his right wing Suleiman Pasha advanced on the line Pirot-Pandiralo, while on the left wing Hafiz Pasha led the advanced guard on the line Gramada-Derwent; this was followed by the reserve under Achmet Eyub himself. The entire force of Eyub Pasha at this time was estimated at 33,000 men, of whom, however, at least 10,

OCO remained in Nissa, while the mobile reserve, to an equal number, was posted along the road from Nissa to Gramada; so that, for the attack on Gurgussovatz, only 13,000 men were at the disposal of the general, who was afterward but slightly reënforced from the reserve. Osman Pasha commanded the operations against Saitchar, having at his disposal about 18,000 troops of the regular army. For the attack on the Timok line the Turks had, at the most, 35,000 men of the regular army, to which were added thousands of Bashi-Bazouks. On July 28th Osman Pasha attacked the advanced post of Lieshanin at Weliki Iswor, forcing it to retreat to Saitchar. Large numbers of the inhabitants of this city now began to leave, and, after a short engagement on August 5th, General Lieshanin ordered the city to be abandoned. The remainder of the inhabitants then left, and in the evening General Lieshanin, with the garrison, retreated toward Paratchin. He did not, however, go as far as the valley of the Morava, but made a

halt in the defiles of Bolyevatz and Lukovo, his rear guard even at Planinitza, only thirtyfive kilometres west of the Timok. On the 6th the Turks entered Saitchar, and, as there were no inhabitants on whom to practise cruelties, they contented themselves with burning nearly the whole town. While these events were occurring on the lower Timok, Hafiz Pasha, on July 29th, attacked the Servians at Gramada. The latter defended themselves bravely here, and at Derwent, on July 30th and 31st, but were forced to retire on Gurgussovatz; all the more so since Suleiman Pasha had also entered Servian territory by way of Pandiralo, and could be prevented from marching on by Horvatovitch only with the greatest difficulty. On August 2d Horvatovitch was forced to abandon all his advanced positions on the border, and then assembled his entire forces, about 6,000 men, in the position of Tresibaba, south of Gurgussovatz. Hafiz and Suleiman Pasha now united their forces, and Achmet

Eyub himself came on to assume the chief command of the troops in the attack on Tresibaba. Horvatovitch continued to defend this position on the 3d and 4th, but was forced on the latter day to abandon it to the vastly-superior enemy, as well as, on the 6th, Gurgussovatz, where he would have been in danger of being completely surrounded in case of longer delay. He retreated to the defiles of Bania, and left his rear-guard at Tchitluk and Zerovitza and entered into close communication with the camps of Alexinatz and Deligrad. During these events on the Timok, Tchernayeff, on August 5th, had dispatched a division of the troops in Alexinatz against Mramor, and into the Toplitza Valley. At Mramor this division encountered the forces under Ali Sahib and the garrison of Nissa, and was forced by them to retreat. The Turks, however, having gained this advantage on the Timok line, did not follow it up, but soon after abandoned their positions again; so that, on August 18th,