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electoral ticket. The following resolutions were adopted:

Resolved, That we hereby reaffirm the platform adopted by the Republican State Convention at Lancaster in 1875, and, in view of recent events at Washiington, we emphatically indorse that part of it which demands honest men in office-men with brains enough to know dishonesty when they see it, and courage enough to fight it whenever they find it. The Republican party is committed by its origin, its traditions, its history, and its duties, to an intrepid and honest administration of public affairs, and wherever in national, State, or municipal life maladministration has existed, or does exist, we demand that it be exposed, corrected, and the guilty punished, and to this end we pledge the full measure of our support as citizens and as voters.

Resolved, That we look to the Cincinnati Convention to give us candidates for President and VicePresident who are above suspicion, and in whose personal integrity the nation can most surely trust, and that we also look to our friends throughout the State to make sure that in presenting the candidates for Congress and the Legislature they secure those only who are known to be honest, capable, and faithful to the Constitution.

Resolved, That the Republicans of Pennsylvania, having nothing in their past history which they wish to blot out, or to apologize for, or would have the nation forget, arraign the Democratic leaders in Congress, and their abettors, for the preference shown to deadly principles and for the subserviency shown to the defiant leaders of the late Confederacy, now dominating for the removal from office of Union soldiers, and the appointment of Confederate soldiers; for the repeated indications of their purpose, only controlled by fear, to open the Treasury of the nation to alarming and unjust pecuniary demands from the insurrectionary States, for the persistent effort to force amnesty upon men too proud or unrepentant to ask it, or too guilty to deserve it, and for the combined recklessness and cowardice of their course on the final question, and the recklessness which mischievously holds out a threat to overthrow existing laws and a cowardice or incapacity to originate a substitute for them, all of which exposes the Democratic party as without national instinct or an unsectional impulse, or an affirmative policy, and as unfit to be trusted by the country, as, when last under their control, they madly hurried it into the vortex

of civil war.

Resolved, That recent events in the late slave States clearly expose a purpose on the part of the Democratic party to seize them all and wield them as a unit in the next presidential election, and to this end brutal and bloody conspiracies have been made to coerce voters, and base legislative conspiracies are at this moment in operation in order that an unprincipled and fraudulent majority may deprive the properly-chosen officers of their rights; and as

against these outrages we take an appeal to the peo

ple of the nation.

Resolved, That the common safety demands that our public schools shall not only be free to all, but shall be preserved from all special or partial control. All attempts to divide the school-fund for any purpose whatever, or to divert any portion of it into a channel not under popular control, is to be frowned upon and resisted with unyielding firmness. The recent defeat in the Democratic Legislature of Maryland of the constitutional amendment to secure the common-school fund of that State against division reveals at once a great danger, and its source, and, with other like facts, makes plain the duty of Congress to submit such an amendment to the Constitution of the United States as, when adopted, will effectually defend the common-school system from all enemies, open or covert.

Resolved, That the attempt of the Democratic House of Representatives at Washington, in the

face of the depressed condition of American industry, to inflict upon the nation a free-trade tariff, is an insult to the intelligence of the people, and an evidence of the inability of the Democratic party to meet the present wants of the country. The remedy for our suffering is in a higher, not a lower tariff.

Resolved, That the neglect of the public business of the State by the present majority of the lower branch of a Legislature, and the plainly apparent purpose of the majority to prolong the session, with the sole object of thereby increasing their pay, is worthy of the strongest censure, and must, it persisted in, awaken the just indignation of the outraged people.

Resolved, That the uniform policy of the Republican party of Pennsylvania in keeping down the taxation burdens while steadily reducing the publie debt should be persistently maintained. When the debt is wiped out, the public expenditures should be confined to the civil expenses of the State govern ment, the support of her public institutions, and the soldiers' orphan-schools, and efficiency of her reformatory and penal institutions.

Resolved, That the recommendation by Governor Hartranft of a uniform system of municipal government throughout the State, and of the adeption of effective measures to prevent a further increase of municipal indebtedness, is worthy of all con mendstion, and should be carried into practical operation at as early a day as possible.

Resolved, That in recognition of the eminent services, both in the field and cabinet, the rare executive ability and unswerving rectitude of Governor John F. Hartranft, the Republicans of Pennsylvanis, with great pride, present his name to the consideration of the Republicans of the United States for nomination to the presidency of the United States, in the full confidence that the great qualities which have rendered his administration of State affairs a model, even by the confession of political foes, will insure as wise, as capable, as unflinching, as honest, and as successful a conduct of the vast and varied interests of the nation; that the delegates from Pennsylvania in the National Convention are hereby instructed to present Governor Hartranft's name to the convention as the choice of Pennsylvania, and to give him an earnest, constant, and united support. and upon all questions to be brought before or aris ing in the convention to cast the vote of Pennsy vania as a unit, as the majority of the delegation shall direct.

At the election, on the 7th of November, the whole number of votes cast for presidential electors was 758,869, of which the Republican candidates received 384,122, the Democratic candidates 366,158, the "Greenback" ticket 7,187, the Prohibitory ticket 1,819, and the Anti-Secret Society ticket 83. The Republican plurality over the Democratic vote was 17.964: majority over all, 9,375. Of the 27 members of Congress chosen, 17 were Republicans and 10 Democrats. The State Legislature chosen at the same time consists of 31 Republicans and 19 Democrats in the Senate, and 120 Republicans and 81 Democrats in the House of Representatives. The Republican majority is therefore 12 in the Senate and 39 in the House, or 51 on joint ballot.

The total vote of the city of Philadelphis for presidential electors was 139,218, of which 77,075 were for the Hayes and Wheeler ticket, 62,110 for Tilden and Hendricks, 23 for Smith and Stewart, and 10 for Cooper and Cary. The Republican plurality over the Democratic vote was 14,965; majority over all, 14,932.

try and Surveying " (1851); and "Plane and Solid Geometry" (1854).

PÉRIER, AUGUSTE CASIMIR VICTOR LAURENT, a French statesman, born at Paris, August 20, 1811; died July 6, 1876. He was the PERRONE, GIOVANNI, an Italian priest, oldest son of the celebrated minister of state, born in 1794; died August 28, 1876. He who died in 1832. At twenty years of age he studied theology in Turin, then went to Rome, entered the diplomatic career, and was suc- and there entered the Society of Jesus in his cessively secretary of legation at London, twenty-first year. After his ordination he Brussels, and at the Hague, was chargé d'af taught for some time in the Collegium Rofaires at Naples and St. Petersburg, and min- manum, became rector of the College of Ferister plenipotentiary in Hanover. In 1846 he rara in 1839, returned after some time to the was elected to the Second Chamber, and at Collegium Romanum, went to England at the the Revolution of 1848 he retired to his private time of the Revolution of 1848, and in 1850 estates. In 1849 he was returned from the was appointed rector of the entire Collegium department of Aube to the Legislative As- Romanum. He was the author of "Prælecsembly, where he voted with the party in tiones Theologica" (9 vols., 1835), which has power, and was made a member of the perma- gone through more than thirty editions; "Prænent commission which was intrusted with lectiones Theologica,” abridged from the above the revision of the Constitution, and sustained (4 vols., 1845; thirty-first edition, 1864); “Sythe policy of the Elysée up to the formation of nopsis Historiæ Theologiæ cum Philosophia comthe ministry which preceded the coup-d'état, paratæ " (1845); "De Immaculato B. V. Mariæ against which he protested. Brought on De- Conceptu, an Dogmatico Decreto definiri poscember 2d to Mont Valérien, he was detained sit" (1847; reedited several times, and translated but a few days, and then returned to private into French, Dutch, and German); "Il Herlife. From 1845 to 1851 he was a member of mesianismo" (1838); "De Divinate D. N. Jesu the Council-General of Aube, and was re- Christi" (1869), etc. He was considered one elected in 1861. In 1869 he was a candidate of the most learned Italian theologians of the for the Corps Législatif, but was defeated. In nineteenth century. 1846 he was created grand officer of the Legion of Honor, and in 1867 was elected a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. When Thiers became President of the Republic in 1871, he appointed Périer Minister of the Interior on October 12. His brief stay in the Home-Office was marked by a mixture of rigor and conciliation. He was popular with his prefects, and retired from his position because of lack of harmony between him and M. Thiers on financial questions. He resigned on February 5, 1872, was again appointed on May 17, 1873, but went out with the entire Thiers government a week afterward. He was the author of "Le Traité avec Angleterre" (1860), "Les Finances de l'Empire" (1861), Le Budget de 1863" (1862), "La Reforme Financière" (1862), "Les Finances et la Politique" (1863), "Les Sociétés de Coopération" (1864), and "L'Article 75 de la Constitution de l'An VIII sous le Régime de la Constitution de 1852" (1867).

PERKINS, GEORGE ROBERTS, died at New Hartford, Conn., August 22, 1876. He was born in Otsego County, N. Y., in 1812. He was self-educated, and at the age of eighteen was employed in the Slackwater Survey of the Susquehanna River. He was a teacher of mathematics in the Liberal Institute at Clinton, N. Y., from 1831 to 1838, when he became Principal of the Utica Academy. In 1844, at the opening of the State Normal School, he was chosen Professor of Mathematics, and four years later was elected principal. In 1852 he resigned and superintended the erection of the Dudley Observatory. He published a series of arithmetics (1840-'51); "Treatise on Algebra (1841); "Elements of Algebra " (1844); "Elements of Geometry" (1847); "Trigonome

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PERSIA,* a country of Asia. Reigning sovereign, Nasr-ed-Din, Shah of Persia, born 1830, succeeded his father, Shah Mohammed, September 10, 1848. Heir-apparent, Muzaffered-Din, born in 1850. The area of Persia is estimated at 636,000 square miles. The population, which for some time had been on the decline, is now reliably reported as again increasing, and amounting to from 6,000,000 to 7,000,000.

The ministry formerly consisted of only two functionaries, the Vizier-i-Azem, or grand-vizier, and the Ameen-ed-Doulah, or lord-treasurer; but in more recent times it has been divided into a larger number of departments, after the European fashion. In 1876 it consisted of the following members: HusseinKhan, formerly grand-vizier, Minister of Foreign Affairs and War and Commander-in-chief of the Army; Mirza Yussuf Khan, Minister of the Interior and of Finances; General Ali Kuli Khan, Minister of Telegraphs; Mirza Ali Khan, Minister of Posts; Mohammed Rahim Khan, Minister of the Royal House; Ali Riza Khan, Minister of Justice; Hassan Ali Khan, Minister of Public Works; Mirza Abdul Wahab WahabKhan, Minister of Commerce.

The Persian army, according to official returns of the Minister of War, numbers about 105,000, of whom one-third, or 30,000 men, constitute the standing army. According to a new law issued in 1875, the soldiers will no longer serve, as heretofore, for lifetime, but only for twelve years, and the right of providing substitutes is granted.

The aggregate length of the electric telegraph

*For an account of the religious statistics, the political PADIA for 1874. divisions, and the imports and exports, see ANNUAL CYCLO

lines in 1876 was 3,966 kilometres; that of the wires, 7,646 kilometres. The number of offices was 46.

Reports from Persia agree in representing that the Shah was strongly impressed by the views of Western civilization which he gained during his travels in Europe, and has been actuated, since his return home, by a desire to secure the enjoyment of some of its benefits for his country. For this purpose, he has attempted to introduce several measures of reform; but, partly because of his own want of experience, as well as of his lack of comprehension of the true nature of the measures of reform that are needed-partly on account of the unsettled and impoverished condition of the country and the deficiency of means of communication-in greater part on account of the impossibility of enforcing any considerable

governor, Bekil-el-Mulik, was allowed to pay from his own private funds. As he is the richest landowner in the province, it is supposed that he will, in the end, find measures to recover at least double this amount from his tenants. A petition was sent to the Shah from Bushire, asking relief from the excessive tax on grain. The Shah replied by telegraph; but the director of the telegraph, who was in the interest of the collector of taxes, refused to deliver the dispatch, except for a granting of 200 tomans; and the people were not permitted to forward any new complaint by telegraph.

In February the Shah appointed a State Council of 25 members, to consult concerning reforms and adopt measures for introducing them. The subjects of coining money and the establishment of a postal system were especially confided to them.

The new council seems to have performed its functions in a satisfactory manner, till the news reached Persia of the deposition of the Sultan Abdul-Aziz of Turkey by a council of ministers, and his subsequent suicide. The fact that the downfall of the Sultan had been brought about by a council such as he had only recently established gave the Shah muel: anxiety, and induced him to adopt precautions lest a similar fate should befall himself from his council. He ordered that the council should do its business by committees of four members each, of which degree of accountability upon the local officers, only one committee should sit at a time, his efforts have so far met with but little suc- and that these should go out by rotation cess. The "justice-boxes" which were ordered monthly. Afterward he adjourned the meetto be placed in all the towns for the reception ings of the councils for six months, or, as anof complaints, and which were to be sent with other account has it, ordered that a full meettheir contents monthly to the capital (see AN- ing of the council should be held only twice NUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1875), were at first reg- a year, and that the body should sit only in ularly well filled; but the local officers, for the presence of the Shah. Provision has been whose interest it was that complaints should made for the coinage of Persian money with not reach the court, stationed spies near the an apparatus which has been bought in Paris. boxes, who drove away all who would deposit A beginning has been made of the establishcomplaints in them, and thus defeated the object ment of a postal system. The department has of this effort. The full amounts of the taxes been organized under the superintendence of are rigorously collected, whatever may be the an Austrian postal officer, Herr Niederer. The circumstances of the people. In the province first route was opened on the 12th of February, of Ghilan, where the silk crop had partially from Teheran to Tauris, in the northwestern failed for two years in succession, the same part of the kingdom, and thence to the Rus amount of impost was demanded as in more sian boundaries at Djoulfa and Resht Enzeli. prosperous years, and the petitions of the in- The service is performed by six couriers, who habitants for relief received no answer. In make the journey of 94 farsachs, or 80 Austrian the province of Kerman a deficiency of 20,000 miles, and back, in eighty hours. Provisions tomans was shown in the revenues, resulting have been made in connection with the postal from the shortness of the crops, which the route for the negotiation of bills of exchange

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between Teheran and Tauris, and similar facilities will be afforded, as soon as safe arrangements can be made with the local Persian merchants, for the intermediate towns on the route. The rate of postage is 25 centimes for a single letter within Persia, and 55 centimes to any part of Europe, an arrangement having been made with the Russian postal authorities by which letters bearing the Russian as well as the Persian stamp will be forwarded to their European destination. Herr Niederer reports that postal enterprise is popular, and its use is increasing. He contemplates, as soon as practicable, establishing other routes to the south and to Bagdad.

The country on the Russian border at Merv was disturbed at the beginning of the year by the irruptions of the Tekke, the most predatory tribe of the Turkomans. These people were in straitened circumstances for food, and made frequent raids into the Persian territories for cattle and sheep, and occasionally carried off some prisoners. A force was sent from Meshed to pursue one of these bands, and overtook them at Kelati Nadiri, where it totally defeated them with the loss of 500 dead and wounded and 500 horses.

A force of Turkish Kurds having entered Persian territory near the city of Ushua and committed heinous outrages on property and person, the Governor of Urina crossed the boundaries into Turkey, August 13th, with five regiments of infantry and eight guns, to give them wholesome chastisement.

On the birthday of the Shah, March 6th, his Majesty gave a reception to the diplomatic corps. The Austro-Hungarian minister presented an address of congratulation on behalf of the foreign representatives, to which the Shah made an appropriate reply. He afterward spoke especially to each of his guests. The Shah entered upon the thirtieth lunar year of his reign in December. As thirty years in the Persian reckoning mark a cycle, or karn, considerable importance was attached to this event, and it was decided to celebrate it with extraordinary festivities. The celebration was, however, postponed till January, 1877, in order to hold it in connection with the great religious festivals of Korban and Kaddir.

The Presbyterian Church in the United States of America has a mission in Persia, with its headquarters at Urumiah, the labors of which have been directed chiefly to the Nestorian Christians. At the annual meeting of the mission held at Urumiah, October 18, 1876, action was taken in favor of beginning work among Mussulmans for their conversion to Christianity. The missionaries expressed themselves aware of the hostility that this step would excite from the Government, but decided that while they would, as far as possible, avoid a direct issue with the authorities upon the matter, they could not avoid what they considered to be a duty.

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In the absence of official returns concerning the foreign trade of Peru, we can merely say that the exports, consisting mainly of guano and cubic nitre, are of a mean annual value of 38,000,000 soles; the value of the imports being somewhat over that figure. The guano shipped to Great Britain in 1875 was of the value of $5,342,850 (86,042 tons), and the cubic nitre of the value of $8,965,550 (2,979,876 tons). Both these commodities are Government monopolies. General Prado, then President-elect of the Republic, proceeded to England in March, 1876, for the purpose of contracting for the shipment of guano on an extensive scale; and on June 13th the following telegram was received at Lima:

On 8th instant, signed contract with Raphael & Sons, Candamo & Heeren, for consignment of 1,900,000 tons of guano; fixed expenses at £4 158., if freight does not exceed 70s.; if over, Government pays excess. Loading, 108. per effective ton; annuity, £700,000, beginning with January last. The debt to Anglo-Peruvian Bank to be deducted from first installment; excess for bondholders; interest both ways, five per cent.; Dreyfus guaranteed; other clauses improved. Approved of by English bondholders. Am discussing the manner of arranging debt service. The Government may draw for £100,000 on Raphael & Sons.

PRADO.

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A revolutionary movement, under the leadership of Don Nicolás de Pierola, in October, was put down within the month. At the end of the year the republic was in a state of perfect peace; an improvement was apparent in financial matters; exchange ruled at easier rates; money was obtainable on better terms; and a healthier tone prevailed, both in financial and commercial circles.

PEUCKER, EDUARD VON, a German general, born January 19, 1791; died February 10, 1876. In his eighteenth year he entered the artillery; took part in the Russian campaign of 1812, in the army corps furnished by Prussia, and returned from this campaign as adjutant in the artillery of this corps. In the campaigns against Napoleon that followed he held a similar position in the corps of General von York. After the conclusion of peace he received an appointment in the Ministry of War, where he soon gained a prominent posi tion by his extensive knowledge, and made himself specially known by his plans for the improvement of guns. In 1822 he was appointed major; in 1834, lieutenant-colonel; in 1842, major-general; and in 1848, military commissioner for Prussia in the Federal Military Commission in Frankfort. In the same year he was appointed Minister of War for the empire by the Reichsverweser (regent of the empire), and in 1849 had command of the troops operating against Baden. Having advanced to lieutenant-general in 1849, he was appointed in the following year a member of the Central Federal Commission, and remained in that body up to its dissolution. In 1854 he was appointed inspector-general of the military edu cation of Prussia, and in 1858 became general of the infantry. His most important act as inspector-general of military education, which position he retained up to his death, was the reorganization of the military schools of the kingdom. He was the author of "Das deutsche

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