instead to E. A. Cronin, who had received the next highest number of votes. Three certified lists of electors were accordingly signed by the Governor, bearing the names of W. H. Odell, J. C. Cartwright, and E. A. Cronin, and the great seal of the State was affixed by the Secretary of State, and at noon the candidates of both parties for electors met in a committee-room connected with the Senate-chamber in the Capitol at Salem. The certified list of electors, in an envelope, was handed in by the Secretary of State, and taken by Mr. Cronin, who refused to give it up to his colleagues. Messrs. Odell and Cartwright proceeded to organize the electoral college, and Watts, while claiming to have been duly elected, resigned, and was immediately elected by the other two to fill the vacancy. Three votes were cast by

them for Hayes and Wheeler, and certified in due form, but the certificate of the Governor to the appointment of electors was not annexed, Mr. Cronin persisting in his refusal to give it up. The latter then, assuming that the virtual refusal of the others to act with him caused two vacancies in the legal college, chose J. N. T. Miller and John Parker to fill them, and two votes were cast for Hayes and Wheeler, and one for Tilden and Hendricks. The certificate of the Governor was affixed to these votes. Both sets of votes were sent by messenger to Washington, and delivered in due time to the President of the Senate.

An indignation meeting of Republicans was held at Salem, on the evening of December 6th, at which the following resolutions were adopted:

Resolved, That the conduct of Governor Grover in attempting to rob the people of Oregon of their choice of an elector to whom they had given over 1,100 majority of their votes is a glaring outrage upon their rights; is striking a blow at the fundamental principle upon which the Government rests-the free suffrage of the citizens-is a direct violation of his oath to support the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Oregon and his oath of office,

and for which conduct he has rendered himself unworthy to sit among honorable men as a Senator of criminal, dishonorable, and unworthy conduct, rethe United States, and we request that he be, for fused a seat in that honorable body.

Resolved, That the Democracy of Oregon in attempting to steal the electoral vote of Dr. John W. Watts and transfer it to E. A. Cronin have proved confederates in Louisiana or Florida, and fully justhemselves capable of as great frauds as their rebel tify the charge made by President Grant in his message, that a large percentage of the people remaining in the Union sympathized with the rebellion, and the more honorable enemy in the front. made an enemy in the rear almost as dangerous as

On the 19th of December Governor Grover published in pamphlet form an elaborate argument in support of his action. He took the ground that Mr. Watts, being postmaster at Fayette on the 7th of November, and ineligible to the office of presidential elector, the votes cast for him were null. He maintained that it was his duty to take notice of the facts and the law, and cited numerous authorities in support of his position.

An investigation by a United States Senate committee in January and February, 1877, developed the fact that Governor Grover had been in consultation by telegraph with prominent Democrats in New York prior to his decision, and acted under their advice. The decision of the Electoral Commission in February, 1877, was in favor of the votes of Odell, Cartwright, and Watts. It was maintained before the Commission that Cronin could not be elected by a minority of votes, and that the ineligibility of Watts merely occasioned a vacancy which was to be filled by the other members of the electoral college, and that Watts, when chosen to fill such vacancy, was not ineligible, having resigned the office of postmaster on the 14th of November. It was also claimed that the Governor's certificate was not conclusive as evidence of legal appointment, and should not be regarded unless it was in accordance with the result of the election as shown by the official canvass of votes. This was the ground finally taken by the Commission.

LAFAYETTE GROVER, who has been elected by the Legislature of Oregon to succeed James K. Kelly in the Senate of the United States, was born in Bethel, Oxford County, Me., in 1823. He was educated at Bowdoin College, and afterward studied law in Philadelphia, where he was admitted to the bar in 1850. He soon after went to Oregon, and took up his residence at Salem. He was elected Prosecuting Attorney of the Territory in 1851, and in the following year Auditor of Public Accounts. He also served three terms in the Territorial Legislature, and in 1854 was appointed a commissioner to adjust the claims of citizens against the United States. Two years later he claims arising out of the Indian war of 1855was one of the commissioners to investigate '56. In 1857 he was a prominent member of the convention which framed the constitution

of the State, and was elected the first Representative of the new State in Congress, taking his seat in February, 1859. He subsequently resumed the practice of law, but from 1867 to 1870 was engaged in the milling business. He was elected Governor of the State in 1870, and reëlected in 1874 for the term ending Septem

PALACKY, FRANZ, a Bohemian historian and statesman, born June 14, 1798; died May 26, 1876. He was educated in Presburg and Vienna, and, exposed to Bohemian influences, he received as a boy those impressions which characterized his after-course in literature and politics. In 1818 he published, together with Schafarik, the “ Elements of Bohemian Poetry, ' in Bohemian. The fragments of a "Theory of the Beautiful," which appeared three years later, were succeeded, in 1823, by his "General History of Esthetics," which gained for him considerable celebrity. In 1823 he went to Prague, where, in the employ of a nobleman, he studied the libraries and archives of old Bohemian families, and thus obtained a knowledge of the history of the nobility of that country, which has never been equaled. In 1827 he was appointed editor of the German and Bohemian journals of the National Museum, to which he contributed a large number of valuable articles. This position he retained until 1838, when he went to Italy. In 1848 he obtained a seat in the Government Council of Bohemia. He then took an active part in the Slavic Congress, and was for a time the leader of the Slavic parties in the Reichstags of Vienna and Kremsier. In 1861 he was created a life-member of the Austrian Herrenhaus. He was also for a great number of years a member of the Bohemian Diet. His principal work is the "Geschichte von Böhmen (5 vols., 1836-'67), which he wrote at the instance of the Government. Among his other works are: "Würdigung der alten böhmischen Geschichtschreiber " (1830); "Dobrowski's Leben und gelehrtes Wirken" (1833); "Literarische Reise nach Italien im Jahre 1837, zur Aufsuchung der Quellen der böhmischen und mährischen Geschichte" (1838); “Die ältesten Denkmäler der böhmischen Sprache (together with Schafarik, 1840); and "Die Idee des österreichischen Staates " (1865). He also established (1869) a collection of Documenta" relating to the life and doctrines of John Huss, which is of great importance.

66

PARAGUAY (República del PARAGUAY).* The little official news received from Paraguay during 1876 was of inconsiderable importance, though it gives abundant proof of a gradual coming round. The country now enjoys peace; its industries are receiving new development,

* Statistical details will be found in the volumes of the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1874 and 1875.

ber, 1878. He has always been a Democrat in politics.

Governor Grover resigned his office on the 1st of February, 1877, and it was immediately assumed by Stephen F. Chadwick, the Secretary of State, upon whom it devolved by law until a new Governor should be chosen.

and coffee-planting has been greatly extended. Over 1,000 women were sent to a single plantation, which bids fair to be, in time, one of the finest coffee-plantations in South America. The payment of the interest on the home-loan, or Deuda Interna, has been resumed. The receipts of the custom - house are even larger than those of Buenos Ayres. The present form of government is cheap and economical, and, apparently, better suited to the country than other more complicated systems, too costly for the republic to support, and too weak to maintain law and order. Bondholders regard the change as a happy one for the Banda Oriental, and look forward hopefully to the early resumption of the payment of Paraguayan coupons in London.

He

PATIN, HENRI Joseph GUILLAUME, a French scholar, born August 21, 1793; died February 18, 1876. He was educated at the Normal School in Paris, where he became, in 1815, Master of Conferences of Ancient and Modern Literature. In 1818 he was appointed Professor of Rhetoric in the Collége Henri IV. soon distinguished himself by his method of instruction, while he also gained some reputation as an author by his eulogies on Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1816), Le Sage (1822), Bossuet (1824), and by his "Discours sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Thou" (1827). In 1830 he succeeded M. Villemain in the Sorbonne, and after the death of Lemaire, in 1833, he was appointed to the chair of Latin poetry. Here he showed a profound knowledge of ancient literature, and a decided predilection for the authors of the age of Augustus, and particularly for Horace, on whose works he was considered one of the best authorities. In 1865, upon the death of M. Leclerk, he was elected Dean of the Faculty of Letters. He was elected a member of the French Academy in 1843, was created an officer of the Legion of Honer in 1845, and a commander in 1865. He was the author of "Etudes sur les Tragiques Grecs" (3 vols., 1841-'43), and contributed a number of articles to the Revue Encyclopédique, Revue des Deux Mondes, etc.

PAYNE, JOSEPH, a British educator, born in 1808; died April 30, 1876. He devoted himself early to the cause of education. After having retired for some years from active work, he was appointed, in 1873, to the newlyfounded professorship of education in the College of Preceptors, the first chair in any pub

lic institution in England assigned to that subject. He devoted himself in this position, and also by his writings, to the promotion of education, making the improvement of methods of teaching his special object. He was the author of "Lectures on Education," and numerous lectures and pamphlets on allied subjects. He also took an active part in the work of the Women's Education Union. Mr. Payne contributed several papers to the "Proceedings of the Philological Society, chiefly on English dialects, and the relation of Old English to Norman French. Among his other publications were school-books in English literature, entitled: "Studies in English Poetry" (fifth edition, 1864), "Studies in English Prose" (1867), and "Select Poetry for Children" (fifteenth edition, 1868).

PENNSYLVANIA. The funded debt of the State of Pennsylvania amounts to $22,865, 021.58, and there is $113,929.11 of unfunded debt, making the total indebtedness on November 30, 1876, $22,978,950.69. The assets of the sinking-fund amounted to $9,054,910.92, leaving $13,924,039.77 as the public debt unprovided for. The receipts of the sinking-fund for the year amounted to $2,462,599.28, and the payments from it to $1,622,607.03, leaving a balance of $839,992.25 in cash in the fund. The rest of the fund consisted of bonds of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ($4,914,918.67), and bonds of the Alleghany Valley Railroad Company ($3,300,000). The bonds of the State become due as follows:

Over-due, not presented for payment, and upon
which interest is stopped..

Five per cent. gold loan, payable August, 1877.
Five per cent. gold loan, payable August, 1873.
Six per cent. gold loan, payable August, 1879..
Five per cent. gold loan, payable August, 1882.
Four and one-half per cent., payable August,
1852.....

Six per cent. currency, redeemable February,
1977, and payable within five years.
Six per cent. currency, redeemable February,
1882, and payable within ten years...
Six per cent. currency Agricultural College
Loan, payable 1922..

Total......

$5,921 53 8,245,500 00

273,000 00 400,000 00 895,000 00

87,000 00

7,882,800 00 9,995,800 00 500,000 00 $22,865,021 59

except those on account of the public debt, were $4,670,842.72, and the estimated receipts for 1877 fell to $3,890,251.37. A portion of this is derived from the tax on the stock of corporations. Heretofore one-third of the revenue from this source has gone to the sinkingfund, and two-thirds to the general fund, but an act of February last reversed the proportion, and now the general fund receives but one-third. The receipts of the general fund from the corporation stock tax in 1876 were $1,432,141.58; estimated receipts for 1877, $650,000.

The railway system of the State consists of 5,585 miles of main and branch roads, and 2,748 miles of side-track. There is also 840 miles of projected road, making the total length of track laid and in contemplation 9,1744 miles. There are also 429 miles of street railways in cities, and 425 miles of underground railway in the anthracite coal-regions, not included in this statement. The total length of canals in the State is 784 miles, and of telegraph-wire in use 20,340 miles.

The number of insane persons in this State is 4,625, of whom 1,167 were in April supported in the State asylums. Of these there were three then occupied: that at Dixmont, containing 491 inmates; that at Harrisburg, 416; and that at Danville, 260. The Danville Asylum is not yet completed, and will ultimately have accommodations for 700 patients, and that at Warren, now in course of construction, will have the same capacity. The total capacity of the four asylums, when finished, will be 2,300.

SCHUYLKILL BRIDGE.

The schools for soldiers' orphans, which were established in 1864, have had 8,580 children in their charge, and have cost the State over $5,000,000 for maintenance. The number of pupils remaining in the schools on the 1st of September was 2,641. The annual expense for several years has been about $400,000.

The prison accommodations of the State are reported to be altogether inadequate to its needs. The Eastern Penitentiary at Philadelphia, which has only 580 cells, contained 944 convicts at the close of the year.

The National Guard of the State consists of 870 officers and 8,996 enlisted men.

The annual session of the Legislature began on the 4th of January, and reached a final adjournment on the 5th of May.

The general appropriations for the ordinary expenses of the government, common schools, and interest on the public debt, amounted to about $3,800,000. The principal items were, $1,325,000 for interest on the debt, $1,000,000 for common schools, $510,000 for the judicial department of the government, $475,000 for

the legislative and $175,000 for the executive department, and $95,000 for printing. Besides these there were special appropriations for various purposes amounting in the aggregate to nearly $2,000,000. The largest of these were, $380,000 for soldiers' orphans' schools, $168,000 for the Reform-School at Morganza, $150,000 for the Insane Hospital at Warren, $110,000 for the National Guard, $100,000 for building the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, $96,000 for the Danville Hospital for the Insane, $89,500 for the Dixmont Hospital for the Insane, $83,000 for the support of the indigent deaf and dumb for 1876, $75,000 for the State normal schools in 1875, $62,000 for the support of the indigent deaf and dumb for 1875, $55,000 for the military display at the Centennial Exhibition, $50,175 for the Eastern Penitentiary, $50,000 for the normal schools in 1876, $45,000 for the Philadelphia Blind Asylum, $42,000 for the House of Refuge at Philadelphia, $40,000 for the State Board of Centennial Managers, $35,000 for the Hospital of the Insane at Harrisburg, $33,000 for the

Training - School at Media, $30,500 for the Western Penitentiary, and $25,000 each for the Southeastern Insane Hospital, the Wilkesbarre Hospital, and the Jewish Hospital at Philadelphia.

The general legislation of the session was unimportant. Among the acts passed was one amending and consolidating the laws relating to game and fish; one providing for the refunding and redemption of the indebtedness of counties, cities, towns, townships, boroughs, school-districts, and other incorporated districts; one providing for the punishment of the offense of unlawfully obtaining the keys of bank vaults, safes, and other depositories of money; one establishing a State Board of Agriculture; and one authorizing the Governor to appoint a commission to devise a plan for the government of cities. Among the measures defeated was one providing for an amendment of the constitution of the State, transferring the Capitol from Harrisburg to Philadelphia.

While a bill was pending to regulate the amount of toll, and other charges to be col

lected by boom companies, several members were accused of bribery, and an investigation was ordered. The result was, the expulsion of Emile J. Petroff and Martin F. Lynott from the House of Representatives for conduct unbecoming members.

The committee appointed in 1875 to investigate the accounts of the Treasury made a report, the main points of which were that about $3,400,000 had been diverted from the sinkingfund without constitutional warrant, and that an average monthly balance of $2,100,000 was retained in the hands of the Treasury for a period of twelve years, beginning with 1862, and no money accounted for as interest on the

same.

The commission to devise a plan for the government of cities, authorized by the act already mentioned, was appointed after the close of the session of the Legislature, and carried on its investigations through the rest of the year, but was not prepared to report at the beginning of the session of 1877.

There was no election of State officers this year. A convention was held by the Democrats at Lancaster on the 22d of March, for the purpose of selecting delegates to the National Convention, nominating presidential electors, and giving expression to their political principles. William A. Wallace, Heister Clymer, A. H. Dill, and H. M. North, were chosen as delegates at large to the St. Louis Convention, and Charles R. Buckalew was nominated at the head of the electoral ticket. The platform adopted was as follows:

The Democracy of Pennsylvania reassert their devotion to all the provisions of the Federal Constitution and to a perpetual union of the States; pledge themselves to a rigid fidelity to the public trust; to s pure and economical administration of the Federal, State, and municipal governments; to local self-government in every section; to the honest payment of the public debt, and to the sound preservation of the public faith. They see with humiliation and alarm high places, the distress that prevails, and the widethe evidences of bribery, fraud, and peculation in spread financial ruin that impends over the people of the State, and they charge that these evils are

the direct results of the personal government, unwise legislation, vicious financial policy, extravagance, and corruption of the Republican party. They declare

1. That the civil service of the Government has become corrupt, and is made the object of personsl gain, and infidelity to public trust has become the rule and not the exception. We believe that honesty, capacity, and fidelity, are the only tests of fitness for public station, and that the wholesome penalties of the law should be used with rigor to enforce official accountability.

2. That the recent and repeated exposures of fraud and corruption in the administration of public affairs call for a searching and thorough investigation of the conduct and condition of every branch of the public service, to the end that all corrupt practices inay be brought to light, and that all who have abused and betrayed their public trusts, whatever may be their station, may be exposed and punished; and we urge those in charge of this subject at Washington to a prompt, thorough, and exhaustive examination of their respective fields of labor.

3. That retrenchment and economy are indispensable in the Federal, State, and municipal adminis

tration as an essential means toward lessening the burdens of the people; and we commend the efforts of the majority of the House of Representatives for the reduction of the expenditures of the Federal Government to a just standard, and their determination to lessen the number of useless officials. 4. That general amnesty of all persons implicated in the late rebellion against the Government of the United States who have not already been relieved from disabilities by the action of Congress and of the President would be an allowable and proper exercise of Governmental power in the year of the Centennial celebration of American Independence, and that the recommendation of such measure by President Grant in a public message and its indorsement and passage by a Republican House of Representatives at a former session constitute full proof that such a measure is fit, judicious, and timely. 5. That we approve of those provisions of the State constitution which protect not only the school-funds but other public moneys from appropriation to sectarian uses, and that they fitly illustrate the doctrine of the separation of Church and state, which always has been a cardinal one with the Democratic party.

6. That the statute for the resumption of specie payments on the 1st day of January, 1879, is impossible to execute. It is a deliberate proclamation that at that date the United States will go into bankruptcy. It paralyzes industry, creates distrust of the future, turns the laborer and producer out of employment, is a standing threat upon the businessmen, and ought to be forthwith repealed.

7. That gold and silver are the only true basis for the currency of the republic, and that Congress should take such steps for the resumption of specie payments as will most surely and speedily reach that result, without destroying the business interests of the people.

8. That the present depression of all our national industries, which checks the wholesome flow of capital through the channels of enterprise, and denies to honest labor a decent livelihood, is the direct, inevitable fruit of extravagance, and of reckless and dishonest Republicans tampering with the finances of the country; and we denounce the authors of that legislation as officials who have unsettled the foundations alike of the State and of the home. We VOL. XVI.-42 A

call upon the people to aid us to halt them in this fatal career, and to set their faces in the direction of practical measures which shall eventually enable the Treasury of the United States to keep its plighted faith with rich and poor alike. We demand legislation through the power of the Federal Government which shall give us performances for promises, and restore solvency to the nation by restoring property to the people.

A resolution presenting the name of the Hon. Jeremiah S. Black as the candidate for President was laid on the table, and the delegation was instructed to vote as a unit on all subjects.

The Republican Convention was held at Harrisburg on the 29th of March. Edward McPherson presided, and J. D. Cameron, Wm. R. Leeds, H. M. Hoyt, and R. W. Mackey, were chosen as delegates at large to the National Convention, and fifty-four other delegates were appointed. Benjamin H. Brewster headed the