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In the election of October, 1867, Diaz was an unsuccessful candidate against Juarez for the presidency of the republic; and in the revolutions which successively marked the five years immediately following, he and his partisans were the chief actors. It was during that interval that Diaz paid a short visit to the United States. He again came forward as candidate against Juarez in 1871, but with no better fortune than before. After the death of the Indian President, Diaz offered no opposition to the candidacy of Lerdo; nor did any warlike movement on his part intervene between that time and the publication, in 1876, of the plan of Tuxtepec, and the beginning of the revolution which ended in the flight of Lerdo and Iglesias from the republic, and assumption of the supreme power by General Porfirio Diaz.

MICHIGAN. The following is a summary exhibit of the financial transactions of the

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STATE SEAL OF MICHIGAN.

Manistee..

1,458,492 19

2,000,000 00

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100,000 00

State Treasury during the fiscal twelve months Mason.

Marquette.

8,061,123 50

4,000,000 00

1,181,608 90

closing on September 30, 1876:

2,000,000 00

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2.500,000 00

Menominee.

1,868,819 88

Gross receipts into State Treasury.

1,500,000 00

Balance in Treasury October 1, 1875..

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899,692 00

1,500,000 00

Missaukee...

1,262,220 35

1,025,000 00

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9.500,000 60

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Montcalm.

Gross expenditures during same time...

4,294,979 00

4,500,000 00

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Alpena.

Muskegon.

8,412,245 00

Balance September 30, 1876...

4,000,000 00

$1,064,005 30

Newaygo..

2,415,062 00

2,200,000 00

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Oakland.

9,635,778 00

26.250,000 00

As stated above, the gross Treasury receipts

Oceana..

1,680,201 00

2,500,000 00

were......

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785,962 51

This covers the price of State swamp-land expended in the construction of swamp-land State roads, being not cash..

Ontonagon..

942,977 00

Osceola...

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1,845,486 00 Attached to 651.759 00

800,000 00

700,000 00 2,000,000 00 Alcona.

650,000 00 7,500,000 00

750,000 00

750,000 00

$581,560 63

And from refunding and reimbursements..

Saginaw, Sanilac..

8,085,072 00

16,000,000 00

3,109,686 00

8,050,000 00

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832,649 10

800,000 00

2,682.764 00

9.250,000 00

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4,601.025 00

8,250,000 00

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St. Joseph.. Tuscola.. Van Buren.

8,302,436 00

18,025,000 00

2,160,790 00

4,000,000 00

9,094.458 00

11,000,000 00

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From trust-funds..

97,250,000 00

72,775 15 $1,075,924 59

Wexford.

Miscellaneous.....

1,295,545 89

1,000,000 00

71,890 10

Total ordinary revenue receipts.....

Totals...

$374,841,031 23

$630,000,000 00

$1,147,814 69

The following is the valuation of the several State institutions:

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62,700

220,000

539,000

School in fact: "The bars and iron doors have disappeared, the high fence that walled it in is $488.500 kindling-wood. And the results are, no cor252.800 poral punishment, no escapes since its open158.380 ing, less destruction of State property, a gen438.000 eral tone of comfort and cheerfulness in all its 1,405,280 surroundings, and a brighter, better look on 245,340 the faces of the boys. The general outfit of 111,000 the school is greatly improved. The table and furnishing, the clothing, etc., are better than heretofore, and all tend toward lifting this the higher plane of a school." Average numinstitution out of the prison-mire, and on to ber in the school, 230; average age when received, thirteen and a half years. The Board of Control recommend that boys over eight may be received from their parents without be fixed at eighteen instead of twenty-one, as commitment, and that the limit of confinement at present. Governor Bagley says:

$3,910,500

The State bonded debt was reduced during
the year $53,000, and during the four preced-
ing years $851,142.81. Of this amount $389,-
142.81 were matured bonds, and $462,000
bonds not matured, which were taken up in
advance on payment of a premium of $6,043.45.
The cash remaining in the Treasury applicable
to the payment of the bonded debt was $485,-
168.82. Deducting this from the existing
bonded debt leaves $906,980.99. The trust-
fund debt of the State is as follows:
Primary-school fund..

Five per cent. primary-school fund.
University fund.

Agricultural College fund..

Normal School fund.

Railroad and other deposits..

Total........

$2,259,282 01

299,676 59
844,855 78
118,827 68
58,301 82
8,403 33

$3,079,346 71

The lands now belonging to the State are:

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Acres.

869.919.18

49,178.29 25.699.11 162,400.84 2,398.40

In the provision made by the State regarding vagrant, neglected, and dependent children, through the State Public School, and for criminal children through the Reform School, it has followed the old idea of institutional life; but by far the wisest, most economical, natural, and humane of all its endeavors in this direction is the work being done by the county agents of the State Board of Charities, under the law of 1873 and 1875. The duties of the county agents are, to investigate the case of every child arrested for crime, and to advise with the magistrates as to the disposition to be made of it, to visit children adopted or indentured from the Public or Reform School, to procure homes for children, and generally to keep watch and ward over these waif's who seem to be deserted by every one but the State. They have attended to 252 cases of arrests for crime1,815.63 224 boys and 28 girls-that were disposed of as follows: 182 were discharged under suspended sentence and returned to parents or guardians, 57 were sent to the Reform School, 11 were sent to the House of Correction, and two were fined. The average age of children arrested was twelve and three-fourths years; 86 are reported as having lost fathers, and 57 as having no mother. Of the 182 discharged, 12 were sent to the State Public School, six to poorhouses, and homes were found for six. The children for whom homes were found from the State Public School-117 in number-have all been visited and their situation reported upon to the school. The total expense of this work up to September 30, 1876, was $474.45. In addition to these formal duties required by law, they have been of incalculable service in preventing crime, preserving peace in families, restraining cruelty, and in many other ways. If the work of these agents was to be estimated by simply dollars and cents, the amount of money saved the State by keeping boys out of institutions would be found to be very large.

280.00 680.00 1,080.00 200.00

98.25
160.00
880.31
8,850.90
2,405,017.98

46,713.12
3,868.00

8,073,239.91

In the Insane Asylum, at Kalamazoo, there were, on September 30th, 618 inmates, an increase within two years of 137. Weekly cost of support per patient, $4.87. Number of insane in the State according to reports of Superintendent of the Poor, 1,193. A new asylum at Pontiac is in course of construction, and will be nearly or quite ready for reception of patients within a year.

The State Public School, at Coldwater, constructed to furnish homes and education for children who are objects of bounty, has received since it was opened 412 children, of whom 255 still remain. The most of these were taken from the poor-houses of the State. Places are found for these in private families as rapidly as opportunities offer.

The State Reform School for Juvenile Offenders, at Lansing, is reported as in a very satisfactory condition. Governor Bagley, in his retiring message, reports it as a Reform

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1,672,710 92 The number of pupils in the Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, is: Mutes, 178; blind, 42: total, 220. Cost per head of maintaining them, $177.33. Very few are reported

in the State as needing such an institution who have not been gathered in here.

The cost of maintaining jails for the year is estimated at $102,767.60. The condition of jails is said to be wretched beyond description, though not exceptional as compared with those of other States. A large majority of the prisoners are innocent in point of law, nothing, as yet, having been proved against them; they are accused only; they are forced into the society of hardened criminals. The promiscuous association of all classes of accused prisoners, with no possible employment or occupation, is declared to be demoralizing in a high degree, and the question is asked: "If the State, while it has a right to punish, has no right to contaminate, may not the prisoner claim protec tion from such contamination, and especially if he be innocent, as nearly all in jails are in point of law, may he not claim of the State protection from the criminal contagion to which the jail system exposes him? If he is but accused of wrong, shall he be placed in circumstances where nothing tends to repress crime, but all instrumentalities are active to generate it? Accused persons are, in fact, held by the State as but hostages for justice. The State has no right to impair the security, him to such damage that, after having failed no right to take an innocent man and expose to make out a case against him, it returns him have appeared if simply guilty of the accusato society a worse man actually than he would

tion against him.”

The State-prison is reported as greatly overThe gross amount of taxation levied in the crowded. Number contined at end of the year, Bagley at $15,000,000. The indebtedness of State for all purposes is estimated by Governor 835; increase within the year, 47. Of those received within the year 77 per cent. were inthe incorporated cities is $6,584,590.48. No temperate. The State-prison is more than self-report is made of other municipal indebtedsupporting, the net earnings for the last two The following reference is made in the years being about $20,000. message of the retiring Governor to the liquortraffic of the State:

The report of the Board of Commissioners on Charitable, Penal, Pauper, and Reformatory Institutions estimated the number of persons receiving aid or wholly supported by the State and counties to be as follows:

In county poor-houses....
Temporarily relieved outside.
State Public School..

Asylum for Insane.

Institutions for Mutes and Blind
Harper Hospital, Detroit.

Detroit House of Correction..
State-prison, Jackson..
Reform School...

County jails...

Total.....

5.582 35,240

ness.

The law of 1875 providing for the regulation and taxation of the liquor-traffic has been in operation nearly two years. It was the purpose of the friends of this act not only to regulate but to restrain the traffic in strong drink that had grown to be, under other laws, the greatest evil of the day. For the purpose of ascertaining what has been accomplished under it, I addressed the treasurer of each county, 1,016 asking for full details of the operation of the law in their respective counties. A tabulated statement of the replies, together with a report made by the Auditor General for 1875, by the same officers, is pub1,094 lished herewith. The information is somewhat in7,256 complete, but is probably as near correct as could be expected.

255

250

51

2,836

330

54,210

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In 1875 the number assessed, as reported to me, was 4,974. Of these, 4,215 paid the tax, amounting to $461,462.92. It is altogether probable that those who have not paid have retired from the business. In 1876 the number assessed was 4,553. Of these, 3,385 are reported as having paid the tax, amounting to $384,387. The collectors of internal revenue report the number of persons assessed in 1876 by the General Government as dealers in liquors as 5,338, but this includes druggists, who, as a rule, are not assessed under the State law; while in 1874 the number assessed was 6,444, showing a decrease of 1,106 in two years. It is evident, therefore, that the act of 1875 has decreased the number of places where liquor is sold very largely. As many of the persons assessed have retired from the business, and others

have been assessed for periods less than a year, I estimate from the reports that there are about 4,000 places for the sale of liquors in that State. The official reports of the police-officers of the cities of Detroit, Grand Rapids, East Saginaw, and Jackson, report 3,974 arrests for drunkenness in 1874, 3,232 in 1875, and 2,228 for 1876. This decrease of drunkenness, and of places where humanity is made barter of and dollars traded for degradation, must be gratifying to every citizen.

The reports show very generally that behind this law there stands a public sentiment that says, Enforce it. There are counties, however, as shown by the reports of 1876, in which it has not been properly enforced. This is notably the case in Bay, Hough ton, Ingham, Jackson, Kent, Lapeer, Marquette, St. Clair, Saginaw, and Wayne Counties. Some of the officers whose business it is to enforce the law have lost sight of the restrictive and restraining idea underlying it, and, rather than close up the business, have fostered it by accepting monthly payments on account. I find this system in vogue quite extensively. There is no time fixed in the law for the collection by the sheriff, or for return of warrant by him. I suggest, therefore, that the law be amended, giving the Treasurer a certain specified number of days in which he may receive the tax, giving to the sheriff not exceeding thirty days in which to collect, and five days additional in which to make his return. When his return is made, he should be required to furnish a copy of it to the prosecuting attorney of the county, whose duty it should be to commence proceedings at once in all cases where the tax has not been paid.

The general business of the State was greatly depressed during the whole year. In the lumber-regions it was especially dull, though mills were kept in operation to an extent that decreased steadily the stock of lumber remaining on hand at the places of manufacture and at points of storage. The iron and copper interests were characterized by no activity. Report of production for taxation—copper, 15,164 tons; iron, 739,645 tons. In the manufacture of salt it was different. The report of inspection for the year shows the following result:

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This would amount in bushels to 7,313,645, an increase of 1,904,320 bushels or 380,864 barrels over the preceding year. The manufacturers were pretty effectually united in a combination, and nearly all the salt sold passed through the hands of an association which allowed on receiving it a certain price, and sold in its discretion. The amount in the hands of the association at the end of the year was very large. In fish-culture since December 1, 1874, the State has expended $23,057.20. Of white-fish, 12,400,000 have been placed in the waters of the State; of salmon, 1,470,000; of lake-trout, 150,000. The results thus far are very satisfactory. Salmon are occasionally caught, and promise finely. A large stock of eggs of salmon and white-fish is on hand and being hatched in the Detroit and Pokagon hatcheries. In respect to education, as there was no

session of the Legislature, there is little to report beyond the usual statistics of the primary schools. The State University had its usual prosperity, modified somewhat by the very determined opposition of a portion of the "regular" medical profession, growing out of the establishment of an homoeopathic school. This diminished the attendance of medical students somewhat, but not so greatly as was anticipated. The two medical schools had no connection whatever, except that students in the new school were admitted to some of the lectures in the old. The Agricultural College had a year of prosperity, with the exception of the accidental destruction of one of the dormitories by fire. Number of students, 166; number graduated, 17. The college held in January a series of six institutes in different parts of the State, which were largely attended by farmers, and at which papers were discussed. About one-half of these were presented by farmers. The State Normal School was attended by 722 students, an increase of 236 in two years. Its condition under the management of Principal Estabrook is in every respect prosperous. The statistics of primary schools, so far as yet received, are the following:

Number of children between ages of five and twenty. 457.785 attending public schools..

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of school-houses....

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843,947

5,917

419,662

12,900

$9,382,270 00

4,128,707 00

1,674,175 00

214,360 83

A convention of the Republican party of Michigan, to appoint delegates to the Republican National Convention at Cincinnati, was held at Grand Rapids on May 10th. The following delegates at large were chosen: Henry P. Baldwin, William A. Howard, Silas S. Tyler, and Jonathan J. Woodman.

The following resolutions were adopted by the convention:

We, the Republicans of Michigan, in convention assembled, in this Centennial year of the nation's life, reiterate our firm and abiding faith in the principles of the Republican party as enunciated in former national platforms, while we point with pride to the party's glorious record of grand achievements in behalf of freedom, equal rights, and good government. We exult in the reflection that from the day of the party's organization within the borders of this State to the present time the people of Michigan have attested their steadfast fealty to the party's true views and purposes. In the unbroken line of Republican victories we recognize the fact that no past achievements or declaration of principles, however just and patriotic, will deserve or can alone secure success without candidates of known ability, integrity, stability, and character. Therefore

Resolved, That the delegates this day chosen to represent us in the forthcoming National Convention be requested to act in the convention with harmony and as much unity among themselves as is possible; that they extend all proper courtesy to other delegations, and treat with deference the opinions of those representing States less reliably Republican than our own; but under no possible cir

cumstances may they yield anything of Republican principle. While we are willing to waive personal preferences, our delegates must never consent to commit Republican principles to any standard-bearer of doubtful position, or to one who does not, in his own character, afford an assurance of practical economy, honesty, and purity, in all matters of administration.

The convention of the Democratic party, to appoint delegates to the Democratic National Convention at St. Louis, assembled at Lansing, on May 24th. A majority and a minority report were made by the Committee on Resolutions. The majority report was adopted by a vote of 157 to 70. The report was as follows:

The Democrats of Michigan in convention assembled, considering that, by a departure from the principles on which our nation was formed, the Government of the country is being changed from a Federal Union of States to a centralized oligarchy; that the powers and trusts conferred by law, instead of being used for the benefit of the whole people, are used by officials for their private and personal benefit; and with a view, so far as is in our power, of correcting these evils, declare that we recognize the following as principles held by the constit

NEW STATE CAPITOL AT LANSING.

uency we represent, and we personally pledge ourselves to labor for their general adoption, viz.:

1. That the officers under our system of government have and should exercise only such powers as are conferred upon them by law, and these should be used only for the good of the whole people, without reference to party.

2. We utterly repudiate the idea that there can be any spoils of office for victors in an honest administration of the Government.

3. We repudiate the idea that candidates have a right to manipulate conventions and thrust themselves into nomination.

4. That the use of money to influence elections is demoralizing to the people, and any candidate who will seek by the use of money to influence nominations or elections is unworthy of support.

5. That while political parties are necessary agencies in administering the Government, yet the love of party should always be subordinate to patriotism, and if unfit persons are nominated such action is not binding.

6. That no party deserves success at the polls except upon the basis of unselfish devotion to the best good of the whole people.

7. Leaving details to legislators, we reassert that coin is the only money recognized by the traditions of the Democratic party as warranted by the Constitution.

8. That when a party has been in power so long that the principal part of its office-holders have become corrupt, it is impossible to obtain genuine reform within the party.

9. We recommend to all local Democratic conventions to place in nomination such men only as are known to be honest, capable, and efficient men, who have the confidence of the community, and who, if elected, will strive to lessen the burden of taxation on the people.

10. That we have confidence that our delegates to the National Convention will support only those who are proper representatives of the foregoing principles, and we leave them free to exercise their discretion as to the choice of men best fitted to bring about thorough reform in the administration of our national affairs; that in the interest of pure government outraged, free institutions imperiled, and to

redeem the American name from the stigma attached to it by the corruptions of the party in power, we cordially invite the cooperation of all honest men, irrespective of former party affiliations.

The Republican Convention to nominate candidates for State offices assembled at Lansing, on August 3d. The following nominations were made: For Governor, C. M. Croswell; Lieutenant-Governor, Alonzo Sessions; Secretary of State, E. G. Holden; State Treasurer, W. B. McCreery; AuditorGeneral, Ralph Ely: LandCommissioner's Office, B. F. Partridge; AttorneyGeneral, Otto Kirchner; Superintendent of Public Instruction, H. S. Tarbell. The resolutions adopted were substantially as follows:

The first affirms allegiance and fidelity to the declarations of principles and the nominees of the Republican National Convention, and declares that the letters of acceptance of the candidates are a sure guarantee that the party's record in the future, as in the past, will be distinguished for the preservation of the Union, faithfunless of its financial engage ments, protection to all in the equality of civil and political rights, and a prompt and efficient reform in the Government service.

The second resolution declares that the history of the party appeals to the patriotism of to-day; that, with a Treasury exhausted in 1861, it created unlimited financial credit; that, with eleven States defying the national authority and a gigantic rebellion inaugurated, it boldly met the crisis with a patriotism and energy unequaled in history; that,

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