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LITERATURE, ETC., IN 1876.

authors named, our novel-readers have absorbed tales by Mrs. Alexander, Miss Braddon, Rhoda Broughton, Robert Buchanan, Beatrice May Butts, H. M. Cadell, Mrs. Annie Edwards, Juliana Horatia Ewing, B. L. Fargeon, May Agnes Fleming, R. E. Francillon, C. C. Fraser-Tytler, P. G. Hamerton, Mary Cecil Hay, Ellice Hopkins, Mrs. Linn Linton, Lord Lytton (a posthumously published fragment), Justin McCarthy, George Macdonald, F. Marryat, Susan Morley, James Payn, F. W. Robertson, John Saunders, Anthony Trollope, Edmund Yates, and several anonymous fictions.

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In history and biography, we have received "Lord Macaulay's Life and Letters" (Harpers); History of the United States," by John A. Doyle, with a statistical map by Francis A. Walker (Holt); C. K. Paul's "William Godwin, his Friends and Contemporaries" (Roberts); Rev. G. W. Cox's "General History of Greece" (D. Appleton & Co.); "King and Commonwealth: a History of the Great Rebellion," by B. Meriton Cordery and J. S. Philpotts (Coates); "Memoir of Norman Macleod, D. D. (Scribner); "Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel" (D. Appleton & Co.); "Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France," by Charles Duke Yonge (Harpers); the volumes, for the most part admirably compiled, of a series entitled "Epochs of History," "Epochs of Ancient and of Modern History" (Scribner), and the compact and lucid History Primers (D. Appleton & Co.); "Fifty Years of My Life," by the Earl of Albemarle (Holt); the seventh and concluding volume of D'Aubigné's "History of the Reformation in the Time of Calvin ” (Carter); “ Village Communities in the East and West," and other essays, by Sir Henry Sumner Maine (Holt); "Life," etc., of Benjamin Robert Haydon (Gill); "History of French Literature," by Henri Van Laun (Putnams); History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century," by Leslie Stephen (Putnams); "Brief History of Painters of All Schools," by Louis Viardot and others (Lippincott); H. R. Fox Bourne's "Life of John Locke " (Harpers).

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Of books of travel, poetry, art, and general literature, may be mentioned "Etching and Etchers," and "Round My House in Peace and War-Time," by Philip Gilbert Hamerton (Roberts); "The Orphan of Pimlico, and Other Sketches, Fragments, and Drawings," by Thackeray (Lippincott); Songs of Religion and Life," by J. S. Blackie (Scribner); "The Habitations of Man in All Ages," by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, translated by B. Bucknall (Osgood); "The Sylvan Year," and "The Unknown River," by Hamerton (Roberts); "Stray Studies from England and Italy," by John Richard Green (Harpers); new edition, revised to date, of Chambers's "Cyclopædia of English Literature, edited by R. Chambers and R. Carruthers, Volume I. (Lippincott); Gladstone's "Homeric Synchronism" (Har. pers); "Philosophy of Law: being Notes

LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. 463

of Lectures delivered during Twenty-three Years in the Inner-Temple Hall," by Herbert Broom, LL. D. (Baker, Voorhis & Co.); Lord Dufferin's "Letters from High Latitudes, a Yacht Voyage to Iceland," etc. (Lovell); "Essays in Literary Criticism," by Richard Holt Hutton (Coates); "The Comedy of the Noctes Ambrosianæ," selected by John Skelton (Lovell); "Speeches of Lord Erskine," with memoir, etc., four volumes (Callaghan); Tennyson's "Harold " (Osgood), and Morris's "Story of Sigard (Roberts); "Animals Painted by Themselves," adapted from the French of Balzac, Louis Baude, and others, with upward of 200 illustrations from Grandville, edited by James Thompson, F. R. G. S. (Lippincott); the instructive and entertaining series entitled "The Library of Wonders (Scribner); and the supplementary series of "Ancient Classics for English Readers" (Lippincott).

LITÉRATURE, CONTINENTAL, IN 1876. The activity in Continental literature in 1876 will be seen by the following extracts from the correspondence of the London Athenæum:

BELGIUM.-French literature in Belgium has been abundant during the past year. It has been especially rich in works of fiction.

In poetry we have had several works which show good powers of versification, among which the most worthy of mention are “Les Vingt-quatre Coups de Sonnet," by Th. Hannon; "Pechers Nouveaux," by Adolphe Muny, an officer in the Belgian army; and "Les Talismans de Stamboul," a Servian legend, by Ed. de Linge.

Two works in French philology have been published this year, by Auguste Scheler, the royal librarian-"La Mort de Gormand," a unique fragment of a hitherto unknown chanson de geste, discovered in the Royal Library at Brussels, and "Les Trouvères Belges du 12me au 14me Siècle." Scheler has, in this latter work, comprised songs of love, jeux-parties, pastorals, ditties, and fables, by Quenes de Bethune, by Henry III., Duke of Brabant, by Gilbert de Berneville, by Mathieu de Gand, and by other troubadours who are less known.

In the literature of the fine arts, the past year has seen the publication of the tenth and last volume of Alfred Michiel's brilliant "Histoire de la Peinture Flamande," a work altogether worthy of its subject, in spite of certain imperfections which critics have pointed out, while, at the same time, rendering ample justice to the great qualities and merits of the work.

The history of music has been by no means neglected. The discourse of the musical com poser, F. A. Gevaert, upon the origin, the progress, and the necessity of conservatoires of music, deserves to be specially mentioned; as also does the work in four volumes by E. G. J. Gregoir, entitled "Documents relatifs à l'Art Musical et aux Artistes Musiciens."

The history of the sixteenth century, which

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is emphatically the heroic epoch of the Low Countries, is more and more studied every year. We may name, as examples of this, 'Histoire des Troubles Religieux de Valenciennes" (1560-1567), by Ch. Paillard; "Troubles Religieux du XVIe Siècle dans la Flandre Maritime," by E. de Coussemaker; also the excellent collection of "Documents du XVIe Siècle tirés des Archives d'Ypres," collected and annotated by J. L. A. Diegerick. H. Helbig has published a curious "Mémoire concernant les Négociations de la France relatives à la Neutralité du Pays de Liége en 1630." The contemporary history of Belgium has been treated by the indefatigable Théod. Juste, in his "Notices Biographiques sur quelques Fondateurs de la Monarchie Belge." He gives a rapid sketch of the life and labors of Raikem, Claes, Hipp. Vilain XIV., Ant. Barthélemy, and Heunequin. Odilon Périer, in his monograph "Dirk Donker Curtius," has retraced the labors of a Netherlands Minister of State, who, in 1830, vainly endeavored to persuade the King, William I., to make the concessions necessary to appease the insurrection of Belgium, and by so doing to maintain the integrity of the Low Countries. In 1848 he materially aided to obtain for Holland its liberal constitution.

The question of the extension and of the transformation of the maritime undertakings on the seaboard has been ably treated by A. L. Cambrelin, in his "Etude sur les Ports de Mer Belges;" also by A. de Maere-Limnander, in his book "Du Port de Heyst et du Canal Maritime de Gand, avec Embranchement sur Bruges." P. Bortier has dealt with the same subject in his small work "Le Littoral de la Flandre au IXme et au XIXme Siècle." In this he traces back the history of the changes that have taken place in the coast-line from the period of the Romans up to the present day; he indicates at the same time to Government several methods by which the encroachments of the sea may be stopped. We may also point out an "Essai sur l'Industrie et le Commerce Belge, Français et Etranger," by H. Houtain; and also the "Mines et Métallurgie à l'Exposition Universelle de Vienne," by A. Habets. The letters of M. G. de Molinari, upon the United States, are as true as photography, and the work of an economist who is at the same time one of the best writers and keenest intellects which Belgium possesses. In "Notes et Souvenirs," Louis Hymans relates his literary life in so interesting a fashion that the first edition was disposed of in a week.

In the domain of the material sciences, besides some special treatises which do not come within the limits of this article, we must not omit to notice an excellent work by J. C. Houzeau, "L'Étude de la Nature, ses Charmes et ses Dangers." This work celebrates in a vivid and striking manner the spirit of research into Nature which is one of the glories of the hu

man race.

Prof. F. Laurent has again enriched jurispru dence by three more volumes of his excellent work, "Principes de Droit Civil," a noble monument of legal erudition. Prof. J. J. Thonissen has studied the jurisprudence of ancient Athens, and he has produced a work of great authority on the subject in "Le Droit Pénal de la République Athénienne," which is preceded by an étude on the criminal law of legendary Greece.

The publications arising out of the threehundredth anniversary of the Pacification of Ghent form a natural transition from French to Flemish works.

It is well known that, during the religious wars of the Low Countries, the Catholics and Protestants came to a reconciliation between themselves at Ghent in 1576. By a solemn treaty they united against the Spaniards, and suspended the barbarous laws of Philip II. and the Duke of Alva against heretics. The memory of this great event has this year been celebrated by grand fetes; it has also given rise to a passionate polemical discussion throughout the whole of the French and Flemish press. Many works written for the occasion have been published. Among others, we may mention "Les Actes Diplomatiques de la Pacification de Gand," by Léon Verhaeghe, a secretary of embassy-he has studied with impartiality the events of the sixteenth century, and he comments on the principal treaties concluded at that epoch between the Catholics and the Protestants of the Low Countries; "La Pacification de Gand et le Sac d'Anvers en 1576," by Théodore Juste-this work betrays great haste, and lacks all force and color. "Discours contenant le vray Entendement de la Pacification de Gand" is a reprint of 110 copies only, of a pamphlet published in 1579, which maintains that liberty of conscience is the only means by which the religious troubles can be stopped in the Low Countries. The last we will name is "Album van den historischen Stoet der Pacificatie van Gent; " this work, adorned with eleven engravings, is accompanied by a French translation; it is by Paul Fredericq.

Two new works of poetry have appeared this year-the first, "Zomerkrans" ("Crown of Summer"), by K. Bogaerd, who, from being a common workman, has risen to be a distinguished literary man; the other is "Lenteliederen" ("Songs of Spring"), by Theophiel Coopman, a young poet of the brightest promise, but who ought to seek more than he doe after originality.

Romance forms this year the most considerable portion of Flemish literature. Hendrik Conscience is the creator and father of the Flemish novel; he is also the most popular author in all Flanders. His books are read by all, and the most ignorant peasant has learned to honor his name. This year Conscience has written an historical romance, "Gerechtigheid van Hertog Karel" ("The Justice of the Duke

Charles "). It is taken from the history of Duke Charles the Bold. Two reprints also are deserving of mention - the Volledige Werken" ("Complete Works") of Eugeen Zetternam, one of the most fertile and original of the Flemish writers; also the second edition of "Ernest Staas," the witty and bright romance of Tony (Anton Bergmann), which reminds us of the delightful narratives of Toepfer and of the "Camera Obscura" of Nicolaas

Beets.

The most original book of the past year has been the second series of the novels, "Nieuwe Novellen," by Rosalie and Virginie Loveling. These two sisters occupy a very high place among Flemish poets and prose-writers. Death deprived us of the elder sister, Rosalie, in 1875. Her three latest novels were published along with three others by her sister. This last volume of prose adds to their reputation, which was already well established in Holland and Belgium. The stories are remarkable for their good taste, delicacy, an admirable faculty for observation, and a vein of pure and refined thought. The little narative, "Po on Paoletto," by Rosalie, is a gem.

BOHEMIA. Besides the great scientific works of which an account was given last year, and which have been continued, there are novelties to mention. Among technical publications, Horovsky's book, “Ő dobbý vání Kamennehó uhlf," which fills two stout octavo volumes, not counting 142 plates, occupies a prominent place, and is not only fitted to supply a want deeply felt by Bohemians engaged in coalmines, but, as the similar treatises of Combe, Hedley, and Tonneau are, for the most part, already antiquated, a desire has been expressed to make it known through translations to the mining engineers of other countries. A not less important work is the treatise on Geology of Frof. Krejcí, of the Polytechnic School of Prague. The author takes an active part in the gigantic labors of the commission for the scientific investigation of Bohemia, and has repeatedly made extensive journeys to places of geological interest, and is fully acquainted with the literature of his subject. While treating of geology in general, he has given special information regarding the countries where the Czech language prevails, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and North Hungary. About the Silurian system in Central Bohemia, the little known Carpathian range, etc., much is recorded, and the high importance of Bohemia in a geognostic point of view is made fully evident.

In philosophy and education may be mentioned Durdík's "Rozpravy Filosofické" ("Philosophical Essays"), and Zoubek's further contribution to the edition of the works of Comenius, "Komenského Drobnější Spisy" (Comenius's "Minor Works "). J. Amos Comenius, the great pedagogue of the seventeenth century, the recognized reformer of the schools of Europe, was not unknown in EngVOL. XVI.-30 A

land. He was repeatedly invited by Parliament to improve the schools, and as Huss anticipated Luther's movement by a hundred years, so Comenius preceded the German reformers of education by a century. As a writer Comenius belongs to our classics, and, besides his Latin works, composed a good deal in Bohemian.

In philology have been produced Geitler's "Lithuanische Studien," and the same scholar's contribution to the comparative grammar of the Slavonic tongues, under the title "O Slovanský chhmenech na U" ("On the Slavonic roots in U"). A rival to the great dictionary of Jungmann has appeared in the work of Kott, "Grammatico-Phraseological Dictionary of the Bohemian Language," which is intended to contain the whole resources of the language. M. Ionás, editor of the Slavia of Racine, has brought out a "Bohemian and English Dictionary," intended only for practical use, but of interest as an American production, and a sign of life on the part of the Bohemian emigrants to the United States. A larger work, and one of a more ambitious character, is Prof. V. E. Mourek's "Dictionary of the English and Bohemian Languages."

Of the great history of Palacký, which at his death, in May, 1876, had got as far as 1526, a new edition has been brought out, which is styled a popular edition, but hardly answers to its title, for it is a great deal too dear, costing $15. In general history I may mention Sembera's " Dějiny národu Klassickych " ("The History of the Classical Nations"); in travels, "Za Oceánem," a lively account of a tour in America by T. Stolba.

Poetry flourishes as well as could be expected under the circumstances.

On the whole, journals and schoolbooks still constitute the chief products of Bohemian literature. To form a decisive judgment on our efforts will be only possible at a future time.

DENMARK.-To begin this short review of Danish literature of the past year with dramatic productions, I may mention a play by F. Holst, "In the Age of Transition," performed on our national stage. It gives evidence of keen observation of the human mind; perhaps its greatest merit lies in the many psychologically striking remarks in the dialogue, and in the comprehensive gallery of characters represented; there, however, is a lack of unity in the action that weakens the effect of the play.

Of collections of poetry I may mention N. Bögh's "Poems," upon the whole easy-flowing and unpretending, but without any great originality; and "Softened Melodies," by H. Drachmann, illustrated by himself.

Drachmann in the past year has also appeared as a novel-writer; in "A Supernumerary One" he has published his first larger tale. In reading this book one gets the impression that the author has not made quite clear to himself what he really intended to give. The

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central theme of the book is the development of two young men, about at the close of their teens. Such a book as this would be a more valuable representative of Danish novel-writing to English readers than Scharling's comparatively insignificant "Nicolai's Marriage." We, besides, this year have had collections of smaller stories by Carit Etlar, Erik Bögh, Bergsöe, Tolderlund, Budde, Thyregod, and Schandorph.

In history I may mention "Six Lectures on the Antiquity of the North," by our veteran historian, Fr. Barford; "The external Political History of Denmark during the Time from the Peace of Lübeck till the Peace of Prague (1629 -1635)," forming the first volume of a larger work, by Fridericia; a book by A. Thorsöe, on the renowned Swedish historian, "Erik Gustaf Geijer's Lectures on 'The History of Man,' with especial Regard to their Place in the Course of Historical Development."

In philosophy, Höffding, who has before now contributed to that branch of study, has this year published an able work, "Human Ethics," in which he maintains a natural development of ethical ideas, these being law-bound links in the whole existing world of phenomena. The book is written in clear and plain language, free from all technical terms. The author in his views has been influenced by the modern English philosophers, on whom, a couple of years ago, he published a book.

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Among other works of different kinds may be noted the completion of the edition of Höyen's writings; a new volume of Arentzen's Baggesen and Ehlenschlæger;" the conclusion of the seventh volume of the history of "The Danish Stage," by Th. Overskou, after the author's death, in 1873, edited by E. Collin; a philosophical work by T. Paulsen; "The Old and New Society," by Fr. Krebs.

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FRANCE. In one of my letters recently, I mentioned the saying of an old academician who, when he was visited by a candidate for the Academy, whose books he had never read, remarked in a haughty tone: Depuis vingt ans, monsieur, je ne lis plus; je relis." France -which is not at all academic, and laughs at the Academy, except when two men of ability, such as M. Boissier and M. Legouvé, make it smile pleasantly-France is in some degree following the method of the old pedant. She rereads more than she reads, and the literature put before the public is always, if not that which it deserves, at least that which it asks for and pays for; the caterers for the libraries reprint more old books than they publish new ones.

People were much astonished and almost frightened when, fifteen or twenty years ago, the Hachettes began the publication in octavo of "Les Grands Ecrivains de la France." The friends of these honorable and learned publishers asked, not without some show of reason, where the public was to be found who would buy these handsome volumes, the texts of which were edited so carefully and printed

with such perfection. The fact is, that at that very time the chief bookseller in Marseilles said to me in confidence, "Monsieur, je vends à peine un Molière par an, à l'époque des étrennes." It would seem, therefore, that our tastes have happily changed for the better since then, for the first volumes of the Hachette collection are not to be had. The Molière is easily to be got, for the third volume of it appeared in 1876, but if you want the Malherbe, or the Corneille, or Madame de Sévigné, you must wait for the death of some one of the bibliophiles who possess them.

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The prodigious success of an enterprise which at the outset seemed Quixotic has not failed to excite competition. Some men of taste, first and foremost of whom should be mentioned M. Jouaust, a scholar of most refined taste, have set themselves to reprint the classics and the semi-classics, the great masters and the little masters of the national literature. 1876, M. Jouaust has launched the first of the intended eight volumes of his Molière in octavo, with most lovely designs from Leloir, engraved by Flameng. He has produced, at the same time, the first three volumes of a beautiful Rabelais, the second and third of the "Colloquies" of Erasmus, with the vignettes of Hans Holbein, the "Contes" of Perrault, illustrated by Lalauze, without counting interesting curiosities, such as the reproduction of three of Molière's comedies, Sicilien," "Tartuffe," and "M. de Pourceaugnac," after the original editions, and a little classical library, which already includes all Boileau, the dramas of Regnard, the "Satire Ménippée," the first volume of Paul Louis Courier, Hamilton's "Memoirs of Grammont,' " and the "Grandeur et Décadence des Romains," the masterpiece of Montesquieu.

French publishers do not content themselves with reprinting old books; they reengrave old engravings of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. M. A. Lévy, a man pos sessed of knowledge and taste, does scarcely anything else. After having recommenced the work of Du Cerceau on the "Chief Buildings of France," the etchings of Rembrandt, and many other collections which had become very rare, he has just reproduced in colors the very interesting gallery of costumes of the Revolution which belongs to M. Victorien Sardou. All is illustration in this volume except a pretty preface by M. Jules Claretie, the youngest and most fertile of our polygraphs. Three quarto pages comprise the entire letterpress, after which it is the burin that speaks.

The taste for books well made-I mean carefully corrected, printed in handsome types, and on papier de Hollande-has become so keen among the bourgeoisie that they pay no heed to price. A simple octavo issuing from the presses of Jouaust or Clay is sold for thirty francs, or even for fifty, without the public finding anything to complain of in it.

But it is time to speak of original works

written by our contemporaries, and which the general public fights for with meritorious zeal. If the smaller bookshops of Paris and the provinces are doing but a bad trade, it is not so with the business of the great publishers. That is in the heyday of prosperity; and, since people like figures, I shall give you two: In the course of 1876 the chief publishers in Paris, MM. Hachette, have turned over 15,000,000 francs; and the greatest house for readymade garments, the Belle Jardinière, turned over 22,000,000-facts that prove that the French, superficial people as they are styled, are beginning to care for the inner man as well as the outer.

The house of Hachette, founded by a professor dismissed under the Restoration, is an educational firm. Its honorable and lamented head took as his device, "Sic quoque docebo," "I shall teach all the same." "" He kept his word. But not content with offering to the pupils of our schools editions of Greek and Latin authors, printed with an accuracy unknown before his time, he presently aimed at higher game, and worked for grown-up people without abandoning the young. By the side of the school editions of ancient authors, the firm publish learned editions which England and Germany may perhaps rival. But passing over the lexicons and thesauri of Alexandre and Quicherat, one has seen appear in quick succession the "Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie" of Bouillet, and his "Dictionnaire des Sciences, des Lettres, et des Arts;" "Le Dictionnaire Géographique de la France," by Adolphe Joanne; "Le Dictionnaire Historique de la France," by Ludovic Lalanne; the Littré, that incomparable monument of national philology; and the "Dictionnaire des Contemporains," incessantly revised and revised again by Vapereau. Now we have the "Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines," a treasure of archaology, collected and classified by MM. Daremberg and Saglio. Each part, illustrated with one hundred and fifty to two hundred woodcuts, costs five or six months of work, and the book is still at the letter B. Here, again, is the first part of the "Dictionary of Botany," edited by learned M. Ballon, and a whole host of contributors. The work will be completed in I do not know how many years. It will be il lustrated with 10,000 cuts, and carry light into the most minute recesses of the vegetable world. Finally, there is another Vapereau, of which the third part is just out. This is the "Dictionnaire Universel des Littératures," a repository very rich in documents about authors, books, periodicals, and plays, of all times and all countries. The manuscript of this enormous book is finished.

M. Édouard Charton, forty-three years ago, founded the Magasin Pittoresque, the oldest established of our illustrated papers; he it is who for seventeen years past has conducted for MM. Hachette the Tour du Monde, a fine large publication, at least in France unique of its kind.

Our tutors taught us to look upon geography as a cold and mummified subject: in the Tour du Monde is presented to us a living geography.

History, which the MM. Hachette have always made to keep pace with geography, has never failed to sustain the reputation of their house. After finishing the "Histoire de France," as related by M. Guizot to his little children, Madame C. de Witt, armed with the paternal note-books, begins a "History of England" that is equally favorably received by our children.

M. Hetzel, after sundry enterprises and varied fortunes, is at present concentrating all his resources and devoting all his talent to a work which may be summarily entitled "Education and Recreation," his principal fellowworkers being M. Jules Verne, M. Jean Macé, M. Eugène Muller, and M. Stahl, who, entre nous, is none other than M. Hetzel himself. The estimable author - publisher, whom the Académie Française has often crowned, this year gives us "Les Histoires de Mon Parrain," written in his own amiable, clear style; "Le Jardin d'Acclimatation," by M. Grimard; "La Morale en Action par l'Histoire," one of the best works of honest, simple Eugène Muller; "Le Petit Roi," by M. Blandy; the translation of Mayne Reid's "Young Voyagers; "" and "Michel Strogoff," M. Jules Verne's last work. Add to these eight or ten elegant little books, extremely well illustrated, which swell the library of Mdlle. Lili and her cousin Lucien, and you have the list of the productions of the Librairie de l'Éducation et de la Récréation, which reserves all its efforts for the month of December.

At the establishment of Michel Lévy's brother and successor, a crowd of writers have passed, one after the other-writers of every class, serious and light, among whom some are first-rate. "Les Actes et Paroles," by Victor Hugo, vol. ii., “Après l'Exil; " "Les Dialogues Philosophiques," by Ernest Renan; the correspondence of M. Doudan, have, from the first, found a place in the library of every one fond of letters. Amid the numerous novels edited by M. Calman Lévy, from day to day, we must put aside "Etienne Moret" and "Lo Piano de Jeanne," two charming works by Francisque Sarcey; "Mon Oncle Barbasson," by M. Mario Uchard, a fantastic and frequently absurd tale, which is redeemed, however, by the drawing of a most original character, and a very happy opening; and the "Nouveaux Récits Galiciens," by Sacher-Masoch, translated by M. Bentzon. MM. Erckmann-Chatrian have added another to their already long list of popular novels, called "Maître Gaspard Fix," which appeared at M. Hetzel's, like their former productions. M. Plon has issued "Les Deux Femmes du Major," the fourth volume of the "Ménages Militaires," by Madame Claire de Chandeneux, which is not entirely devoid of merit. But, above all, I must congratulate

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