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1. Erechtheum. 2. Propylaa. 3. Temple of Nike Apteros. 4. Temple of Ares. 5. Sanctuary of Semna. 6. Odeon of Herodes. 7. Theatre of Dionysus. 8. Stoa Eumenea. 9. Monument of Lysicrates.

J.FILMER.

PLAN OF ANCIENT ATHENS.

expressed by Prince Milan in his manifesto of a participation of Greece in the struggle was pronounced to be without foundation. In July, five cannon belonging to Montenegro were found at Corfu. The Turkish Government wished to seize them, but the Greek Government declined to permit it. The general secretary of the Minister of the Interior, who, on an official visit to Corfu about this time, had put himself in communication with Bosnian insurgents, was subjected to an examination on this account.

viz. that of the Greco-Turkish Railroad; that of naturalization, which had been pending for several years; that of the ratification of the Greco-Roumanian trade convention; and that of the adjustment of boundaries. In a short time the question as to the rights of native Greeks residing in Turkey was settled by the concession by the Turkish Government of its position. The Government adhered steadily to the policy which was outlined in the circular of the minister-president. Nevertheless, as the difficulties in the way of the settlement of the questions between Turkey and the great powers seemed to increase, it did not neglect to care for the provision of the country for defense in case of emergencies which should require the exhibition of force. The Cretan Assembly had refused to accept the reforms which had been imposed upon that province by Ali Pasha. The Porte having refused to grant the demands of the Cretans, advice was sought from the Greek Government. It counseled them to appeal to the great powers, and await the result. The recruiting-officers of the Servians were ordered to be arrested if they were found within the Greek territory. No relations or unions were acknowledged between Greece and Servia, and the hope which was

The Chambers were opened in extra session on the 2d of October, but without a speech from the throne, the King not having yet re turned from his visit abroad. It was significantly remarked that his presence was not needed, and on the contrary might have been made use of to the disadvantage of the country by the party of action, who would have made it an occasion for turbulent demon strations. The address of the minister-presi dent at the opening of the Chambers made no mention of the Turkish question. M. Zaimis, the ministerial candidate, was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, by 75 against 54 votes. On the 1st of October a public meeting, attended by about 8,000 persons, was

held at Athens. It was addressed by Professors Pappunigopulon, Cocino, and Damala, who dwelt upon the intolerable position of the Greek provinces of Turkey, and expressed regret that the powers, in their proposals for the pacification of the East, had ignored the interests and just claims of these provinces, thus creating an inequality between them and the provinces inhabited by the Slavs. They maintained that the Greeks had been treated with neglect, as the reward for the services they had rendered at the wish of the powers to the cause of peace, and they urged the Greek nation to complete its preparations and hold itself in readiness for every eventuality. To a deputation visiting him from this meeting, Minister Kumunduros replied, on the 3d, that Greece would act very unwisely if it should now plunge itself into the inevitable dangers attending a participation in the Turkish controversy. When it came to a settlement, Europe would not ignore the rights of Greece. An armament would cost money, and whoever sought it must apply to the Chambers. On the 20th of October the ministerpresident laid before the Chambers the programme of the Government. Without believing that war would come immediately, he would have Greece ready for any event, so far as concerned necessary preparations. He had a bill to lay before the Chambers to perfect a military organization, so that Greece would soon be in a position to demand and defend the rights it claimed. The bill contemplated the imposition of an obligatory military service, and an increase of the regular forces. The military exercises which the youth in the schools had gone through during the year would facilitate this work. Besides, all men between twenty and thirty years of age should be drilled, and if necessary incorporated into the army. By such measures, the Government would soon have a considerable force on a war footing. In regard to internal policy, the minister advised the leaders of the different groups in the Assembly to select a ministry which knew the wants of the country, and go hand-in-hand with it. The bill introduced by Minister Kumunduros provided for a landforce of 200,000 men, of which 120,000 should consist of active troops, and 80,000 should be enrolled as reserves or Landwehr, and for the raising by loan of the sum of 10,000,000 drachmas, to be secured by an increase of taxes. The deputies, shortly afterward, 88 to 77, passed a vote of confidence in the Government, approving its precautionary policy. Nineteen deputies, however, did not vote.

On the 11th of November the Minister of Foreign Affairs, M. Contostavlos, made to the Chamber an address, in which, after expressing his agreement with the views previously expressed by M. Kumunduros, he made substantially the following declarations: We have followed a peaceful policy, and shall adhere to it, unless events compel us to another. In

VOL. XVI.-24 A

asmuch as there exists a probability that we may be embarrassed by the events of a war, we propose designs, but as a measure of precaution. We expect military preparations, not as significant of warlike that Europe, guided by a sense of justice and seeking a permanent peace, will undertake efficient and suitable steps in the East to secure the rights of the Christian people and preserve tranquillity, and will thereby facilitate our adherence to the policy which we have marked out and held to, but for the further observance of which we need a moral support. Indeed, I would be wanting in sincerity if I sought to conceal the fact that continued inactivity when the cerned would be scarcely conceivable, nay, would future of the Greeks subjects of the Porte is conbe impossible, for the kingdom of Greece. What binds the free Greeks and the others is not only community of race, language, thought, and national traditions; it is in a higher degree the consciousness of the obligation that free Greece owes to all Greeks. For the freedom of the Greek kingdom was obtained only by the common struggles of all Greeks, and no power on earth could bind Greece to quiet and inactivity in the face of the perpetration of injustice against the subject Greeks.

The defensive bill passed its first reading in the Chamber of Deputies on November 23d. Subsequently the clause providing for an increase of one-half per cent. in the taxes on articles of consumption, for the purpose of securing the interest and payment of the loan of 10,000,000 drachmas contemplated in the bill, was lost on a second division-82 to 81. Upon this vote Kumunduros and his fellow-ministers resigned. The formation of a new cabinet was undertaken by Deligeorgis. Upon the appearance of the new ministry in the Chamber the deputies, by a vote of 88 to 59, made it understood that it was not acceptable to them. The King seemed to have no resource but to call Kumunduros again to the head of the ministry. Besides the office of minister-president, Kumunduros also took charge of the Department of Justice. Bubulis was appointed Minister of the Marine, and the other ministers of the old cabinet were retained in the posts they had previously held. A proposition made by the newly-organized ministry to refer the bill for defensive preparations to a special committee was adopted by the Chamber, 101 to 57-Zaimis, Trikupis, and Bulgaris, with their followers, voting for it, while only the party of Deligeorgis stood out against it. After that the Chamber approved of the obtaining of a loan of 10,000,000 drachmas for the reorganization of the army and for other especial military measures

Judicial processes were begun, February 7th, against M. Valassapulos, ex-Minister of Worship; M. Nikolapulos, ex-Minister of Justice; and the Archbishops of Cephalonia, Patras, and Messene, for simony. The case was one that attracted great popular interest. The court was held in the new court-room, in which the Chamber of Deputies had sat for three months, and which was capable of holding one thousand men. The President of the Court of Cassation, Balbis, presided over a court of twelve judges. The Chamber of Deputies was represented by five prosecutors chosen from the

body; thirty-five advocates were retained by the defense; one hundred and six witnesses had been summoned for the prosecution, and one hundred and seventeen witnesses for the defense. Special places were assigned for stenographers and journalists, as well as for the diplomatic body and the advocates, while the public occupied the galleries. The first five days were consumed in the hearing of the technical objections of the defense to the competency of the court to try the case. Among the objections to the jurisdiction of the court

was one set up by the inculpated bishops that they were amenable only to a spiritual court. On this it was ruled that the crime for which they were arraigned was a civil crime, of which the civil tribunals could take cognizance. Finally, all of the objections were overruled, and the court asserted its full jurisdiction over the whole body of the offense and over all the accused. The first witness called was Kastorches, Archbishop of Phthiatis, a man of more than ninety years of age. His evidence went to show that bribery with regard to the

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fairs that they were, to use his own language, "quite intoxicated" on the subject.

Autonopulos, Abbot of Egina, testified that before the appointment of his friend Averkios to the see of Patras, Averkios being at the time a candidate for the see, he had gone to see him, and found him very gloomy. He inquired what was the matter, and Averkios confessed to him at length that he had been asked for money in order to get the nomination, and saw no hope of obtaining the see by any other means. The abbot refused to believe this; but finally arranged to go and see the minister, and find out for himself, taking with him the sum demanded. He went accordingly to Valassapulos, and spoke to him about the appointment of his friend. After some conversation, the minister made use of the words, "I must be satisfied." The abbot asked him whether he required money, and, being answered affirmatively, put down a sum and departed. Averkios was consequently nominated to the see of Patras. On the part of the accused, Valassapulos repelled every charge. The Archbishop of Patras, Averkios Lampiris, stated that, during his long residence in Athens, he had had friendly intercourse with the most

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bishop should succeed to his appointment by any other means, and the minds of the clergy had become so familiar with this state of af

prominent men in Greece, especially with Messrs. Bulgaris, Deljannis, and Grivas. After he had been nominated by the synod to the archbishopric he suddenly encountered obstacles, which he was advised to overcome by means of a sum of money. He declared to his friend Anthimus that he would rather lose his appointment than obtain it by such means. Anthimus, however, would not agree to this, and, without consulting him further, and against his expressed refusal to pay any money, had paid to the minister Valassapulos 10,000 drachmas, which had been borrowed for the expenses of his installation. After his nomination he desired to make a present to Bulgaris, but the latter refused it. Kompothekras, Archbishop of Cephalonia, refused to say anything in his defense. The defendants, Charitakis and Oekonomopulos, denied absolutely that they had had any part in the corrupt transactions. The two ministers and the three archbishops were all found guilty of the offenses charged against them, and sentenced, April 13th, as follows: Valassapulos, former Minister of Worship, to one year's imprisonment, deprivation of political rights for three years, and to pay over the sum he had received as a bribe to the poorhouses; Nikolopulos, exMinister of Justice, to an imprisonment of ten months; the Archbishop of Cephalonia to a fine of 10,000, the Archbishop of Patras to a fine of 4,400, and the Archbishop of Messene to a fine of 4,000 drachmas, these being double the several amounts they had paid as bribes. The Synod of the Church also imposed an interdiction of three years upon each of the bishops, during which time their dioceses should be managed by commissioners. The deputy of the King at the synod declined to sign this judgment, regarding it as too severe.

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In Russia, according to the report for 1874 of the President of the Holy Synod, there were 55 dioceses; in the exarchate of Georgia connected with it since, 3 dioceses; in America there is a mission under the Bishop of "the Aleutian Islands and Alaska.” On the 31st of December, 1873, there were 40,364 churches and 13,386 chapels. During the year 1874 there were built 419 churches and 140 chapels, at a cost of 699,591 rubles (about $600,000), a third part of which was given by the Government, about two-thirds from the funds devoted to religious instruction, some little being added from the local revenues of the bishops. The Orthodox inhabitants of the empire at the close of 1873 were reported as 55,777,152. (There were no returns received up to that date from the dioceses of Kamtchatka and Tomsk, or from the army and navy.) The births, marriages, and deaths, in the Orthodox Church (except in the diocese of Kamtchatka and the eparchy of Georgia, concerning which the reports were not in) were: Births, 3,272,414, of which 1,667,949 were males; marriages, 602,427; deaths, 1,223,209 males, 1,155,986 females-in all, 2,379,195 The ecclesiastical educational establishments were 242; 186 being ecclesiastical schools, 52 seminaries, and 4 ecclesiastical academies, these latter being at St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, and Kazan. One hundred and twenty-eight professors and teachers were employed in the academies, 850 in the seminaries, and 1,560 in the schools. The scholars numbered respectively 562, 12,396, and 26,227; 503 in the academies, 6,201 in the seminaries, and 9,430 in the schools receiving aid. The parochial schools numbered 7,722, with 165,839 male scholars, and 27,874 females. During 1874 there were 9,033 converts to Orthodoxy, 1,707 of these from Romanism; 11 had been Armenians, 732 Protestants, 2,890 schismatics from the Orthodox Church, 427 Jews, 747 Mohammedans, and 2,519 idolaters. In 1876 Bishop Bugnion, of the Greek Church, made arrangements with the Government of South Australia for the introduction of 40,000 adults of the same religious faith as himself into the Northern Territory, who were then residing in South Russia, Mauritius, America, and India. The immigrants were to receive grants of land at a small rental, and at the end of ten The proportion of the secular clergy, and years have the fee simple.

Early in January a new convention with the Laurion Mining Company was approved by the Chamber of Deputies, under which the taxation on the clear proceeds of the silver-bearing ores was reduced from fifty-three per cent. to ten per cent.

GREEK CHURCH. The following table gives a statistical account of the clergy of the Greek Church for 1876:

COUNTRIES.

Austria proper..
Hungary.

Russia (inclusive of

Metropolitans and

Archbishops.
Bishops.

12

2

22

Secular Priests.

Monks.

Nuns.

14.707
150
4,076

862

80

8,100

200

Asiatic provinces)... 16

82 50,758 10,862

16 15

4.661

1.830

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Greece.

Roumania..

Servia.

Turkey

Montenegro..

Total..

(?)

The following particulars concerning the missions of the Russian Church in Japan and China are from the last report of the President of the Holy Synod, Count de Tolstoy. The Russian mission in Japan took its rise from the diocese of Kamtchatka in 1870. Last year its personnel consisted of the archimandrite Nicholas, the head of the mission, the monk Anatolius, twelve catechists and thirty catechetical scholars preparing for missionary work under the immediate direction of the missionaries. Two of the catechists, Peter Sasaloff and Paul Savabe, zealously engaged in proclaiming the gospel at Sendae, were prepared for holy orders. By decree of the Holy Synod, in accord with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Paul, Bishop of Kamtchatka, visited Japan. The great importance of the Japan mission, and the work which had been carried on there year after year, demanded an increase of the number of laborers. Wherefore, by a decree of the Holy Synod, Enthymius and Moses, two monks of the Petchersky Lavra at Kiev, were appointed to missionary duty in Japan. With the increased number of missionaries, the need of increased support became evident. The Holy Synod felt it necessary to ask for a grant for the Japan mission of the balance of the Government appropriation for its support. It also permitted the head of the mission to use, for its necessary expenses, what remained of a sum granted for its support from the special funds of the Holy Synod. It was determined also that subscription-books should be sent, by the head of the mission, to St. Petersburg, to individuals, for subscriptions in both the capitals, for the needs of this mission. The work of the Peking mission was temporarily checked in 1873 by the death of two of its members. At present the mission is in charge of the archimandrite Palladius. A monk in this mission, Flavian by name, who was assigned to it in 1874, is very busily engaged in superintending the schools, and in editing new translations for the mission. The organization of the Russian Church is described as follows in "A Brief Explanation of the Seven Holy Mysteries," by Alexander Jeloboffsky, archpriest of the Church:

Those persons who, by the will of God, are appointed to serve in the Church, and to teach men the Holy Faith and a good Christian life, are divided into three orders: 1. Bishops (in Russian episcop, archierie); 2. Presbyters (presvyter, svaistchennike, ierie); 3. Deacons (diacon). The bishops are the principal, the chief, pastors and teachers of the Christian Church. The word bishop (episcop) signifies an inspector, a superintendent; archierie means a chief priest. [It may be considered but another form of the word hierarch, which is of like derivation.] The bishops can celebrate all the seven Christian mysteries. It appertains to them to ordain men to the ministry. Without bishops there could not be priests. On account of their great episcopal dignity, they bless the people with both hands; during the service they wear special robes indicating their office, and, in token of their high authority, they either hold in the hand, or there is carried before them, a pastoral staff. Some bishops

are called vicar-bishops, others archbishops, metropolitans, and, among the Greeks, patriarchs. All these names, however, designate one office, that of the episcopate, and only differ among themselves in dignity and precedence. Vicar-bishops (the term vicar denotes their position and duty) do not have independent sees or dioceses, but assist other bishops, under whom they are placed. On account of with a very large population, or covering a great exthe greatness of some dioceses, for we have some tent of country (there are dioceses five or six hundred miles long, e. g., Novgorod), it would be very difficult for one bishop to acquaint himself with all the churches, clergy, and Orthodox population of these; an additional bishop is given in such cases, as an assistant to the diocesan. An archbishop is a chief bishop. The word metropolitan is not "Russian: it designates a bishop who presides over one they may be called, such as St. Petersburg, Moscow, of the chief cities of the empire;" mother cities" and Kiev. The titles of archbishop and metropolitan are, however, given to a bishop for special services and merits. The metropolitans wear not a black mitre (clobuk), like the other bishops, but a white one, ornamented in front with a cross of precious stones. Consecrations to the episcopate are performed not by one bishop, but by several. When there occurs a vacancy in the episcopate, the Holy Synod nominates to the see several worthy archímandrites, and presents their names to the Emperor for confirmation. On his designation, one of these candidates is chosen.

The second, the most numerous order of the ministry, is that of presbyters or priests. These are ordained by the bishops, and receive through them, from the Lord God, authority to instruct the people teries except that of orders. in the Christian faith, and to celebrate all the mys Priests lay hands on priests, but they cannot ordain. As a bishop with us is always celibate, so, on the contrary, the priests, like their people, living in the world, and with lay men, themselves also lead a family life. It is only conceded to a priest to marry before ordination. Very high and holy is the priest's office, and he who is hallowed by it, and joined to the Saviour, ought not afterward to be affianced to any human being.

As bishops, on account of special services and worth, are given the honorary titles of archbishop and metropolitan, so worthy and honored priests are distinguished by the titles protierie and protopresvyter. The name presbyter, signifying an elder, is given to them.

The senior priests who are set over the army them is the "Superior Priest of the Guards and chaplains are called glavnie svaistchennikie. One of Grenadiers," and the other the "Superior of the Army and Navy." These appoint the clergy in their departments, watch over their zealous and faithful service, guide and instruct them in their various difficulties; in a word, their duties in regard to the army chaplains closely resemble those of the bishops with their clergy. To their high positions these honored priests are appointed by the Holy Synod, subject to the Emperor's confirmation. The third, the largest order of the ministry, consists of the deacons. The name signifies one who serves. Such a name is given to the deacon because he does not and cannot celebrate any mystery, but only serves (assists the priest) in the celebration of the mysteries. Every divine service can be celebrated by the priest without a deacon, none by the deacon without a priest. Ordinations to the diaconate, as well as to the priesthood, are performed by the bishops. Some deacons, serving bishops, or connected with an imperial chapel, on account of their special dignity, are called by the name of protodiacon.

These three orders, bishops, priests, and deacons, make up the Christian hierarchy-the pastors, the teachers, the stewards of things spiritual. Ordina nation to each of these is a mystery, and is solemnly

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