with the view of securing the common welfare and equal treatment of the various races and religions which are under the authority of the Sublime Porte. Mr. Gladstone spoke at length in criticism of the policy of the Government; after some further debate, the resolution was withdrawn. The debate on the outrages in Bulgaria was continued in the House of Commons, August 7th and 9th. Mr. Anderson spoke strongly against the course of the Government. Mr. Bourke defended the ministry, while he admitted that the outrages had been committed, but ascribed them wholly to the Bashi-Bazouks and independent troops. The Marquis of Hartington affirmed that the reports of the outrages had been substantiated, and declared that it was impossible for the Government to address Turkey in terms too strong for the occasion. Mr. Bourke stated that repeated and strong statements had been made to the Porte on these outrages, and that a British consular agent had been sent to Philippopolis, so that the Government might be placed in direct communication with the scene of the outrages. On the third reading of the appropriation bill, August 11th, Mr. Evelyn Ashley called attention to the delay in obtaining official information regarding the outrages, and the want of prompt and energetic action in the matter. He complained that the Government had, from the first, treated the matter with indifference, and that even now no remonstrance worthy of the character and power of England had been addressed to the Porte. Mr. Bourke said that the Government had always felt the deepest sympathy for the Christian subjects of Turkey, and had done its best to procure an improvement of their position; but this sympathy ought not to blind them to other important considerations. To prevent a recurrence of similar scenes elsewhere, General Sir Arnold Kemball would accompany the Turkish army as military attaché of the Government. Mr. Disraeli denied altogether that the Government had any knowledge of the atrocities in Bulgaria until they learned them from the newspapers. What he had disclaimed in answer to Mr. Forster was, not the existence of atrocities, but certain specific statements which were brought forward, and of which he said that the knowledge in the possession of the Government did not justify them. Mr. Disraeli then went on to give a flat contradiction to the assertion that England was peculiarly responsible for what occurred in Turkey, or that the Turks were its especial protégés. Like Russia, France, Germany, and Italy, England was an ally of Turkey, and had guaranteed, along with Austria and France, the territorial integrity of Turkey. As long as England was governed by English parties who understood the principles on which its empire rested, and were determined to maintain them, the influence of England in that part of the world would never be a matter of indifference. The state of affairs required much care and man

agement, and those who supposed that England was acting from blind superstition, or from want of sympathy with the aspirations of Eastern Europe, were mistaken. The duty of the Government, however, was to maintain the empire of England, and they would never agree to any step which would assail the existence of that empire.

Mr.

The discussion was carried on before the public quite as actively after the adjournment as it had been during the session. The excitement was increased by the publication of a report by Mr. Eugene Schuyler, and of other accounts agreeing with his, in the Daily News and Times, confirming in detail almost the worst that had been alleged regarding the outrages in Bulgaria. Mr. Gladstone, September 3d, published a pamphlet, entitled "Bulgarian Horrors, and the Question of the East," in which he urged that England should move to stop the anarchical misrule in Bulgaria, and make effectual provision against a recurrence of outrages by excluding the administrative action of the Ottoman Government from Bulgaria as well as from Bosnia and the Herzegovina. He favored, however, upholding the territorial integrity of Turkey. He gave a freer utterance to his views at a great public meeting held at Blackheath, September 9th, at which resolutions favoring energetic measures were adopted. At a large meeting of citizens of London, September 18th, presided over by the Lord-Mayor, and at a workingmen's meeting, held at Exeter Hall, London, on the same day, Prof. Fawcett, M. P., presiding, similar views were expressed. Disraeli made an address at the Buckinghamshire Agriculturists' dinner, at Aylesbury, September 20th, in which he entered into a full defense of his course and the policy of the Government. Sir Stafford Northcote defended the Government, at Edinburgh, September 11th. Lord Derby was waited upon, September 27th, by a deputation from the meeting of citizens of London of the 20th, and made a full exposition of the position of affairs in the East, in the course of which he made reference to a circular which had been sent to Sir Henry Elliot, at Constantinople, instructing him to make very strong representations to the Porte of the indignation which England felt at the outrages, and to express expectation that the recurrence of such atrocities should be prevented. Numerous other meetings were held all over the kingdom, and the opportunity was generally taken by members of Parliament to explain to their constituents their position on the action of the Government upon the subject. Among the more important of these occasions was that on which Mr. Bright addressed the Manchester Reform Club, October 3d, in support of the views of the Opposition. A "Great National Conference on the Eastern Question" was held in London, December 15th, at which it was arranged should be discussed the misgovernment of the

Turkish Empire and the hopelessness of reforms; the responsibilities of Europe, and of England in particular, in reference to the Eastern question; the review of the recent negotiations, the present diplomatic situation, and the means of averting war; the exactions that should be made from Turkey in the way of reforms, and security for their being carried out; and a protest should be made against war for the Ottoman power, and against holding out hopes of support to that power in case of war. The Duke of Westminster and the Earl of Shaftesbury presided; the two chairmen, Mr. Gladstone and Canon Liddon, the Rev. Baldwin Brown, Sir F. Fowell Buxton, M. P., Prof. Fawcett, M. P., and numerous other men of distinction, spoke. An association was formed for the purpose of watching events, of giving further expression to public opinion, and of spreading correct information upon the subject throughout the country.

A select committee appointed by the House of Commons to consider the causes for the depreciation of silver, of which Mr. Goschen was chairman, published their report early in July. The committee did not make any recommendations with regard to legislation, and considered that, in view of the many uncertain elements entering into every calculation as to the future, they were not authorized to offer an opinion regarding the future course of the silver-market, beyond indicating the various cir

It should be added4. That the Scandinavian Governments have also substituted gold for silver in their currencies. 5. That the Latin Union, comprising France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, and Greece, have since 1874 limited the amount of silver to be coined yearly in the mints of each member of the union, suspending the privilege formerly accorded to all holders of silver bullion, of claiming to have that bullion turned into coin without restriction. 6. That Holland has also passed a temporary act prohibiting, except on account of the Government, the coining of silver, and authorizing the coining of gold.

With regard to India and the East, the committee said:

So much must depend upon the prosperity of the populations, on the abundance of the crops, in fact, on their powers of production, that it is impossible to make any forecast; and, as regards actual facts, no more can be stated than that, on the one hand, they have always possessed a very large power of absorbing bullion; while, on the other hand, that power has been diminished by the growth of the sums annually payable by India to the home Government. The only facts in any calculation as to the future which are certain, and appear to be permanent, are the increased total production of silver, and the effect caused by the necessity of the Indian Government to draw annually for a heavy amount. Both are adverse to the future value of silver, as far as they go; but they may be partially counterbalanced by changes in the trade with the East.

The elections for members of the School Board in London, held in the first week in December, were warmly contested between

the friends of the old School Board, whose policy had been marked in favor of undenominational education, and those who sought to give more scope to the policy of denominational education. The result was a decisive victory for the friends of the old board, and approval of their policy. Of fifty members elected, the friends of the old board returned thirtyone; the National Society, or Denomination. alist Church party, returned eighteen; and one Roman Catholic priest was elected. Four women were chosen members of the board. A deputation from a meeting of Churchmen and Dissenters had an interview with the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, July 8th, with reference to the school-books used in the Roman Catholic schools during the time fixed for secular teaching. They alleged that, mixed with the secular teaching in Roman Catholic schools, there was religious instruction, with the commendation of Roman Catholic ceremonies, pilgrimages, worship of relics, and the

depreciation of Protestantism. They contended that as Protestants were bound by law to abstain from all religious teaching during the secular hours, and also from attacks upon other church systems, the Roman Catholics ought to be guided by the same rules as required by the Education Act. The deputation also complained that, while Protestants were prohibited from appointing ministers or clergymen as teachers, the Roman Catholic schools were taught by the various orders of the Roman Catholic priesthood in contempt of this general rule. The Rev. Dr. Rule produced the books to which references were made. The Duke of Richmond and Gordon, in reply, said that the books to which the deputation had referred should be looked into, and their complaints considered. A few days afterward Cardinal Manning, presiding at a meeting in aid of the Catholic Poor School Committee, referring to this deputation, said that the school-books had been carefully revised a few years ago, so that

they might be made to conform to the law; and, although they contained references to some Catholic practices, such as pilgrimages, it was merely in the way of history, and if that were forbidden they might as well forbid geography and geology.

Early in the year the Home Secretary issued a volume which had been several years in preparation, the design of which was to show the number of landholders, and the amount and condition of their estates, in England and Wales, not including the metropolis. It is commonly known as "The New DoomsdayBook." It gives a complete list of the landowners in the kingdom, great and small, with the extent of the estate of each, and its rental value. The following is a summary of the number of land-owners, with the relative extent and gross amount of their possessions, showing also the rental values of their estates, and the relative proportion of the estates of each class to the whole landed property of the kingdom:

ranges from £14 138. per acre in Lancashire to 108. in Cardiganshire. The average value in Scotland is £1 per acre, and ranges from £9 48. in Edinburghshire to 28. in Shetland. The island of Barbadoes was disturbed by serious riots in April. Their origin was ascribed to the opposition of the colored population against the execution of a plan entertained by Governor John Pope Hennessey for the incorporation of Barbadoes in a confederation of the Windward Islands. The plan involved changes in the character and composition of the legislative body, which the insurgents regarded as infringements of their habitual rights, and was thought to be to the financial disadvantage of Barbadoes. The island was in a disturbed condition during the whole early part of the month. The Governor was denounced as a tyrant, and the insurgents were uttering threats and committing outrages, burning houses, goods, crops, and cattle-sheds, digging up the potatoes, and stealing all they could. The city of Bridgetown was threatened, and it was reported at one time that several families had fled for safety to the ships in the harbor. With the permission of the Governor, the citizens of this place organized companies of volunteers to assist in suppressing the insurrection. A conflict took place, in which the insurgents were utterly defeated, with the loss of a considerable number of their men disabled or taken prisoners. On the 28th of April Governor Hennessey telegraphed to Lord Carnarvon that the riots had ceased. The Government had been besought to take measures in reference to the insurrection, but, in view of its prompt suppression, judged that none were necessary. Shortly after the suppression of the insurrection a statement was sent to Lord Carnarvon, signed by the bishops and archdeacons of Barbadoes, thirty-four clergymen, and four Moravian missionaries, stating that the riots were not caused by any suffering among the people, but were largely promoted by a general impression among the negroes that the land and property of the planters would be divided among them, with the Governor's consent. The belief was very general that the property had been awarded to the negroes by the Queen, at the Governor's instance, and was wrongfully withheld from them.

Mr. Disraeli, on the 16th of August, was raised to the peerage, under the title of the Earl of Beaconsfield.

The Prince of Wales, returning from his journey to India, landed at Portsmouth, April 11th, when he was received with befitting ceremonies and festivities. An address of welcome by the corporation was made to him, an ode of welcome was sung by the choir, after which he, escorted by members of the royal family, took the train for London. Here the Victoria station and route to Buckingham Palace were decorated. He was met at the station by a deputation from the corporation

of the city of Westminster, with an address. A reception was given him by the civic authorities of the corporation of London at Guildhall, May 19th.

Sir Salar Jung, premier of the dominions of the Nizam, or representative of the former Mogul Emperors of India, visited England in June and July on a mission respecting the political relations of the Nizam's territory to the crown. He was regarded as perhaps the ablest, and cetainly the strongest, of the viziers of the native states of India, and had rendered service to the English during the mutiny, the value of which was freely and thankfully acknowledged. Through the conservative influence which he exerted over the Mohammedans of the Deccan, he had secured Hyderabad and the Madras Presidency to the British crown. His request, which implied substantially the restoration of the independence of the Nizam's dominions, could not be granted, for reasons of obvious political expediency. Nevertheless, he was cordially welcomed, and was given every possible courtesy and honor, and his visit proved to be of an agreeable character to himself and the people with whom he came in contact. He left a record of his own impressions in his reply to an address presented to him by the East India Association, in which he said, "I feel confident that the close intimacy and intercourse between the gentlemen of England and India cannot fail to be productive of lasting benefit to either country."

GREECE,* a kingdom of Southeastern Europe. Reigning King, George I., King of the Hellenes, born December 24, 1845, second son of the reigning King of Denmark; elected King of the Hellenes by the National Assembly at Athens, March 18 (30), 1863; accepted the crown June 4, 1863; declared of age by a decree of the National Assembly, June 27, 1863; married October 27, 1867, to Olga, daughter of Grand-duke Constantine of Russia, born August 22, 1851. Issue of the union are three sons and two daughters: Constantinos, Duke of Sparta, born August 2, 1868; George, born June 25, 1869; Alexandra, born August 30, 1870; Nicholas, born February 9, 1872; Maria, born March 3, 1876.

The area of the kingdom amounts to 19,353 square miles; the population, according to the census of 1870, to 1,457,894 persons.

In the budget for 1876 the revenue was estimated as follows (1 drachma = 19.3 cents):