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dricks electors received 130,088, and the Hayes and Wheeler electors 50,446; majority for the former, 79,642. All the nine members of Congress chosen on the same day were Democrats. The Legislature of 1877 consists of 43 Democrats and 1 Republican in the Senate, and 168 Democrats and 7 Republicans in the House; Democratic majority, 42 in the Senate, 161 in the House, and 203 on joint ballot.

In his message to the Legislature in January, 1877, Governor Smith used the following language regarding the political affairs of the country:

Before closing this, my last annual communication to the General Assembly, I cannot forbear a brief reference to the grave circumstances which now surround us, and seem to threaten the existence of the liberties of the people.

On a given day, over eight millions of freemen, representing nearly forty-five millions of people, came forth from their abiding-places and quietly proceeded to the ballot-box for the purpose of choosing their rulers for the next four years. This grave proceeding was characterized by the utmost good order, notwithstanding the presence, in many places, of the military forces of the Government, sent thither to overawe the weak and ignorant, and to secure the election of particular candidates. The law pointed out the mode of selecting the President and VicePresident of the United States. The question as to who should fill these high offices had been referred to the ballot-box. The true result of that reference no candid man can doubt. The election was held in pursuance of the laws of the United States and of the several States. It was peaceable and orderly, and free from intimidation and violence. And yet immediately after the election we find a few adventurers, acting under the direction of ambitious leaders at the Federal capital, and backed by the military forces of the Government, attempting, by fraud and chicane, to set aside the eminent statesman chosen by the people, and to force into places persons whom the people, after a fair trial, had refused to elect.

The question arises here: Shall the candidates fairly and legally elected by the people be placed in office, or shall persons rejected at the ballot-box be elevated to power? Shall law and order prevail, or shall fraud and violence have the mastery? Shall the people of the United States choose their own rulers, or shall political cheats and swindlers be permitted to perform that vital office for them? We have appealed to the ballot-box: shall the result of this appeal stand, or shall it be set aside by force and fraud? If the latter, then our free institutions are already at an end, and constitutional liberty on the American continent has received its final

blow.

The right of the people to choose their own rulers is the corner-stone of a free, democratic republic; and when they voluntarily abdicate this invaluable privilege, or allow it to be wrenched from them, they have already obtained their own consent to become slaves. No more sacred cause can engage the patriotic efforts of a nation than the firm maintenance of the fundamental right in all free governments to say who shall rule over it. This right the people of Georgia, and, I trust, of every other State in our Federal Union, will never willingly abandon. No division of the dirty spoils of office, no promise of personal advancement, no engagement to withhold the iron hand of power, can ever compensate the people for the surrender of a right at once so dear to themselves, and so vital to the very existence of constitutional liberty.

The people of the United States are thus brought face to face with a most momentous responsibility. What shall be done? What shall we do? The motto

of our noble State furnishes the safe guide for our own action in this solemn emergency: "Wisdom, justice, moderation." It is not for us to lead, or even to suggest, but to follow. It is the plain duty of Congress, by adhering to law and established precedent, to give effect to the clearly and legally expressed will of the people. But if Congress should unhappily fail to do this, then it is believed that the proper determination of the grave questions now confronting us can, in the last resort, be safely left to the sober judgment of the right-minded people in the Northern States. If it cannot, then we are powerless, and they as well as ourselves will have lost the inestimable right of freemen-the right of selfgovernment. When they shall have decided what is proper to be done for the preservation of this right, it is assuming but little to say that the people of Georgia will be found ready to cooperate with them, and to do their whole duty under any and all circumstances.

GERLACH, FRANZ, a German scholar, born July 18, 1793; died in November, 1876. He studied theology and philology in Göttingen, received a position in the gymnasium in that town upon graduating, became professor in the cantonal school in Aarau in 1817 and in the University of Basel in 1820, was appointed member of the Educational Council in 1835, and was pensioned in 1875. Among his philo logical works are the editions of Sallust with a commentary (1823-'31, 3 vols.; 1852, 2 vols.; 1870, 1 vol.), of the "Germania" of Tacitus (1835), which was followed by a translation with a commentary (1837), and the critical edition of Nonius Marcellus (1842), which he published together with Roth. He also published the "Schweizerische Museum für historische Wissenschaften" (3 vols., 1837-39), with Hottinger and Wackernagel; "Historische Studien" (vol. i., 1841; vols. ii. and iii., 1847'63), and "Die Geschichte der Römer" (vol. i., 1851), with Bachofen.

GERMANY, an empire in Europe, reëstab lished January 18, 1871. The Emperor, William I., was born March 22, 1797, and was married June 11, 1829, to Augusta, daughter of the Grand-duke Charles Frederick of SaxeWeimar. The heir-apparent, Frederick William, born October 18, 1831, has the official title of Crown-prince of the German Empire, and Crown-prince of Prussia. He was married January 25, 1858, to Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britain and Ireland, born November 21, 1840. Offspring of the union arethree sons: Frederick William, born 1859; Henry, born 1862; Waldemar, born 1868; and four daughters: Charlotte, born 1860; Victoria, born 1866; Sophia, born 1870; Margaretta, born 1872. Imperial Chancellor (Reichskanz ler), Otto, Prince von Bismarck-Schönhausen. President of the Imperial Chancery (Reichskanzler-Amt), Hofmann, Minister of State, appointed in 1876.

The following table exhibits all the states of the German Empire, the area, the popula tion, the number of representatives of every German state in the Federal Council, and the number of deputies who represent each state in the Reichstag:

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It will be seen from the above table that the Educal line of Brunswick is likely to become extinct by the death of the reigning duke. The succession is disputed by the ex-King of Hanover and the Emperor of Germany. It is also interesting to notice that in only twelve of the twenty-two sovereign houses which belong to the German Empire the heir-apparent is the son of the reigning sovereign.

The legislative functions of the empire are vested in the Bundestag, or Federal Council, and the Reichstag, or Diet of the Empire. The

The figures marked * give the definite, the others only

the preliminary, statement.

1860.. George, son.

1859.. Günther, second-cousin. 1835.. Charles, son.

1852.. Frederick, son.

From 1878 to 1877. From 1875 to 1879.

For 1876.

For 1876.

Bundesrath represents the individual states of Germany, and the Emperor must have its consent to declare war not merely defensive. The members of the Bundestag are appointed by the governments of the individual states for each session. On January 1, 1876, the German Bundesrath was composed of the following members:

Prussia.-Prince Bismarck, President and Imperial Chancellor; Hofmann, President of the Imperial Chancery; the ministers Camphausen, Count Eulenburg, Leonhardt, Kameke, Secretary of State in the Ministry of Foreign and Achenbach; Bülow, State Minister and

ulation of the largest cities, according to the census of 1875:

CITIES.

Berlin.

Breslau..
Dresden...
Munich..

Affairs; Stosch, Chief of the Admiralty; Von
Philipsborn, Director in the Foreign Office;
Bitter; Dr. Friedberg, Under-Secretary of
State in the Ministry of Justice; Postmaster-
General Stephan; Hasselbach, Director-Gen- Hamburg
eral of Indirect Taxes; Meinecke, Ministerial
Director in the Imperial Ministry of Finance;
Nathusius, Geh. Oberregierungsrath; Maybach, Cologne..
President of the Imperial Railroad Office;
Möller, Oberpräsident of Elsass-Lothringen;
and Burghart, Director - General of Direct
Taxes.

Bavaria.-The ministers Adolf von Pfretzschner, Dr. von Fäustle, and Georg Berr; Freiherr Gergler von Perglas, embassador in Berlin; Ministerial Councilor von Riedel; and Colonel Fries.

Leipsic...
Königsberg
Stuttgart.
Hanover.

Bremen
Dantzic.
Strasburg.

Nuremberg
Magdeburg.

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Frankfort on the Main 103,815 Wiesbaden.

43.7

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Barmen
Altona..
Stettin.
Düsseldorf.
Elberfeld..

Saxony. The ministers Richard von Friesen
and Chr. W. L. Abeken; Oswald von Nostiz- Aix-la-Chapelle...
Wallwitz, embassador in Berlin; and Major
Planitz.

Würtemberg.-Minister von Mittnacht; Hu-
go von Spitzenberg, embassador in Berlin;
Colonel von Faber du Faur; and Councilor
Hess.

Baden.-Dr. Julius Jolly, President of the Ministry; Rudolf von Freydorf, State Minister; and Moritz Elstätter, President of the Ministry of Finance.

Hesse.-Councilor Dr. Neidhardt, and Councilor Göring.

Mecklenburg-Schwerin.-Von Prollius, chargé d'affaires in Berlin, and Director Oldenburg.

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Waldeck.-Director von Sommerfeld.
Reuss, older line.-Faber, President of the
Government.

Reuss, younger line.-Dr. Adolf von Harbou, State Minister.

Schaumburg-Lippe.-Councilor Höcker. Lippe Detmold.-Councilor Liebe. Lübeck.-Dr. Krüger, minister resident. Bremen.-Otto Gildermeister, burgomaster. Hamburg. Dr. Kirchenpauer, burgomaster. A comparison of the population of the large German cities in 1875 with their population in 1871 (see ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1872, p. 350) shows almost throughout considerable gains. The following table contains the pop

Chemnitz
Brunswick.
Krefeld...

Posen...

Halle
Mühlhausen.

Mayence

Dortmund.
Augsburg...
Essen...

81,052 Zwickau.

57,847 Bonn.
57,768

Schwerin.
57,210 Halberstadt..
54,552 Stralsund...

The movement of emigration from the ports of Bremen and Hamburg was as follows:

FROM

Germany..
Other states...

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Total, 1875..

24,508

81,810

56313

66 1874.

30,633

43.443

74.076

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63.241

69,176 182.417

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80.418

74.406 1544

1871.

60,516

42.224

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46,781 82,556

79.887

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There is one Repre

sentative for

Fourteen German states have a Diet consisting of one chamber only, and one of these, the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, has, besides the common Diet for the entire duchy, two particular Diets, one for the former duchy of Coburg, and one for the former duchy of Gotha. In the majority of these states the members of the Diets are chosen partly by 1:59,400 the owners of Rittergüter, or noble estates, 1:84,500 partly by the cities, and partly by the rural 1:20,000 districts. In several, the sovereign has the 1:17,600 right of appointing a few members. lowing table exhibits the composition of all

1: 82,000

1: 24,000

876 1:48,000 these Diets:

II. STATES WITH ONE CHAMBER.

The fol

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