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nitely agreed to elect successively Legitimist, Orleanist, and Bonapartist candidates to the vacancies occurring upon the death of the present life-senators. But, in spite of this coalition, the Republicans succeeded in electing M. Dufaure, in place of Casimir Périer, who died July 6th, against M. Chesnelong, Legitimist, who was supported by the united Right, with the exception of the Right Centre.

On July 15th Gambetta, as chairman of the budget committee, reported that the discussion on the budget would be begun in the Chamber of Deputies on the following Monday, and that then the budgets for the ministries of War, of the Navy, of Justice, and of Instruction, and for Algeria, and the direct taxes, would be taken up, while the budgets of the other ministries, and the indirect taxes, should be reserved for an extra session. The Minister of Finance, however, desired the entire budget to be settled before adjournment. On August 12th the Chambers were prorogued by a decree read by members of the cabinet, declaring, in virtue of Article II. of the Constitution, the ordinary parliamentary session closed. The budget was left in an unfinished state.

Immediately after the adjournment of the Chambers, General de Cissey, who had held the ministry of War almost without interruption since 1871, was dismissed at his own request, and was immediately replaced by General Berthaut.

On October 8th, 33,000 communes elected their mayors. The result was mostly the reelection of the former incumbents. Where new ones were chosen, they were generally Republicans, and in some cases Bonapartists.

The Chambers met again on October 30th, but adjourned after a short session, the Senate until November 6th, and the Chamber of Deputies until the 3d. On the 3d the Duke Decazes, Minister of Foreign Affairs, read a statement in the Chamber, with regard to the Eastern question, as follows: "France sympathizes with the Latin Christians in the East, and will take every opportunity to defend their cause. France has not sacrificed a particle of its dignity, but it will observe under all circumstances the strictest neutrality, and will not enter upon a war in which the welfare, the dignity, or the safety of the country is not interested." Immediately after the reading of this declaration, M. Gatineau's bill, providing for the trial of Communists by the civil courts instead of by the military courts, was taken up and discussed, and was finally passed on the 4th, with the exception of the fourth article, thus excepting from this provision those Communists whose offenses had been of the gravest, or who had been convicted of contumacy.

A ministerial crisis broke out in the first week of December. The Government had refused military honors to several members of the Legion of Honor, because they had forbidden any religious ceremonies to be observed at their funeral. This caused considerable dis

satisfaction among the Republicans, and, to solve the difficulty, the Government introduced a bill providing that in future no civil legionaries should receive military honors, which was, however, rejected by a decisive majority. Defeated in the Chamber of Deputies on the question of funeral honors, and again in the Senate by a majority of 20 on the bill for the cessation of prosecutions for participation in the Commune, known as the Gatineau proposition, M. Dufaure, on December 3d, decided to resign his seat in the cabinet, and his colleagues, approving his decision, resolved to follow his example, and to leave office with him. The President of the Republic received and accepted the collective resignation of the cabinet, and through the medium of the Keeper of the Seals and the President of the Council begged the different ministers to remain in office till he would be provided with their suc-. cessors. The deliberations on the formation of a new ministry continued until December 12th. On the one hand the Liberals demanded that General Berthaut should not resume the ministry of War, while on the other hand President MacMahon was as firmly resolved not only to save General Berthaut, but also to form a Conservative ministry if possible. A compromise was eventually effected, by which Jules Simon was appointed Vice-President of the Council of Ministers and Minister of the Interior, and M. Martel, First Vice-President of the Senate and a member of the Left Centre, Minister of Justice and Religious Affairs, the remainder of the cabinet remaining unchanged. On December 14th M. Simon, in the name of the new ministry, read an address, in which, after speaking of his appointment, he said: "I am, as you know, a decided Republican, and at the same time strongly conservative in my sentiments; devoted by all my convictions and the studies of my life to the principles of liberty of conscience, and filled with deep respect for religion. The cabinet that is before you is parliamentary, and desires to remain so. We are in perfect accord with each other and with the majority of Parliament. We desire like the majority the preservation and the final establishment of the Constitution which France has given to itself."

The close of the session was characterized by a dispute between the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The Chamber had stricker off a number of items set down by the Govern ment, notably that for chaplains. The Senate had restored these items. The Chamber made a few more changes in the budget as it came from the Senate, and the whole budget was then passed by a vote of 412 to 30 in the Chamber of Deputies, and by a unanimous vote in the Senate. The Chamber then adjourned on December 30th.

An agreement was entered into with Switzerland, according to which the commercial treaty of June 30, 1874, should remain in force until August 10, 1877.

The President in the course of the year pardoned a large number of Communists. Up to July 249 had been pardoned, the petitions in the cases of 208 had been rejected, and 199 others awaited consideration. On July 26th the President granted 127 and on November 5th 52 additional pardons.

In March the country was visited by severe storms and inundations. The Seine had risen ten feet higher than in 1872, causing extensive inundations in the suburbs of Paris. All the large streams between Paris and the frontier were out of their banks, causing the country for miles around to be flooded.

The

FREE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. following Confession of Faith has been adopt. ed by this Church:

Declaration of Principles of the Free Church of England, in Union with the Reformed Episcopal Church, adopted at Convocation held in London, June, 1876. 1. The Free Church of England, holding "the faith once delivered unto the saints," declares its belief in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament as the Word of God, and the sole rule of faith and practice; in the creed "commonly called the Apostles' Creed;" in the divine institution of the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper; and in the doctrines of grace substantially as they are set forth in the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion.

2. This Church recognizes and adheres to Episcopacy, not as of divine right, but as a very ancient and desirable form of church polity; but, for the avoidance of any possible misunderstanding, it hereby emphatically declares its repudiation of the Romish dogma of apostolical succession in the ministry as involving the transmission of spiritual powers.

3. This Church, retaining a Liturgy which shall not be repressive of freedom in prayer, accepts the Book of Common Prayer as revised and recommended for use by the Convocation of the Free Church of England.

4. This Church condemns and rejects the following erroneous and strange doctrines us contrary to God's Word:

(1.) That the Church of Christ exists only in one order or form of ecclesiastical polity.

(2.) That Christian ministers are " priests" in another sense than that in which all believers are a "royal priesthood.”

(3.) That the Lord's Table is an altar on which the oblation of the body and blood of Christ is offered anew to the Father.

(4.) That the presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper is a presence in the elements of bread and

wine.

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At the Quarterly Meeting of, the Council of the Free Church of England, held February eth, the following resolution was adopted with reference to the form to be used in the consecration of bishops:

Whereas, The Free Church of England professes to be, and is, an Episcopal Church, and circumstances render it desirable and expedient that this principle should be more clearly defined and expressed, it is hereby resolved that the future bishops of this Church shall be consecrated or set apart to their office in accordance with the form of Consecrating

a Bishop as revised and set forth by the Second General Council of the Reformed Episcopal Church, and that it be a special recommendation of the Council to Convocation that at the consecration of future bishops of the Free Church of England a consecrated bishop or bishops, and three or more presbyters, be invited to conduct the ceremony of consecration.

A Convocation of the Free Church of England was held at Christ Church, Teddington, beginning August 15th. Bishop Cridge, of the Reformed Episcopal Church, was present, and was greeted with a resolution of welcome. He delivered an address, in which he gave a review and a definition of the position of the Reformed Episcopal Church and of the Free Church of England, as contrasted with the ecclesiastical pretensions and prerogatives of the Anglican Church and the bodies in communion with it. The Rev. Bishop Price, having been some time previously elected bishop of this Church, was consecrated in that office, August 15th, with the laying on of hands by the presbyters present, assisted by Bishop Cridge. The name of the Rev. John Sugden was presented to the convocation by the Council of the Church, as having been nominated by them for the office of bishop. The nomination was approved by the convocation, and Bishop Sugden was consecrated August 20th, at Christ Church, Lambeth, with the laying on of hands by the presbyters present, assisted by Bishops Cridge and Price.

German

FREILIGRATH, FERDINAND, a poet, born in Detmold, June 17, 1810; died in Canstatt, March 18, 1876. Up to his fifteenth year he visited the gymnasium in his native town, but after that devoted himself to a mercantile business in Soest, in Westphalia. His leisure hours he devoted entirely to the study of history and natural history, and of French and English literature. From Soest he went to Amsterdam, and then to Barmen. In 1838 he left the mercantile career, encouraged by the success with which his collected poems met, which were published in 1838 in Stuttgart. His early works, chiefly descriptions of life in the tropics, showed a wonderful power of imagination, and rapidly gained for him the popular favor. In consequence of Herwegh's celebrated letter to the King of Prussia, Freiligrath published his poem Brief," in which he attacked Herwegh, and which the latter answered by his poem "Par tei." In 1842 Freiligrath received through the favor of the King of Prussia an annuity of 300 thalers. He now went from Darmstadt, where he had been living, to St. Goar, where with Emanuel Geibel he passed a short period of uninterrupted happiness. But he soon began to be affected by the liberal current then making itself felt throughout Germany, and in the beginning of 1844 he declined to receive any longer the annuity granted him by the King, and in the same year published his "Glaubensbekenntniss," a volume of poems, with which he went over openly to the Liberal camp. The reasons for this step he sets forth

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quite distinctly in the preface to this volume. On account of his radical opinions, which he now loudly proclaimed, he was in 1845 forced to seek refuge in Switzerland, but even here was turned away first in St. Gall, and then in Rapperswyl, and in 1846 went to London, where he found employment as a correspondent in a business house. The Revolution of 1848 he greeted with two poems, "Die Revolution" and "Februarklänge." He returned to Germany in that year and settled in Düsseldorf. On account of his poem "Die Todten an die Lebenden," in which he arraigned the King of Prussia for the murder of those killed by the troops during the riots in Berlin, he was arrested and tried for insulting the King, but on October 3d he was acquitted by a jury. In 1849 he went to Holland, but, being expelled from that country, settled in Bilk, near Düsseldorf. In 1850 he was ordered to leave Prussia, but, having proved that he had been a subject of Prussia for ten years, was admitted as a citizen in Düsseldorf in 1851. The year 1849 also saw the publication of a small volume of poems, "Zwischen den Garben einer Nachlese." It contains no political poems, but, on the other hand, many of his inost beautiful productions, e. g., "O lieb' so lang du lieben kannst," a poem which probably gained for him more hearts than any of his other works. In the mean while his relations to the Government had become more and more critical. Early in 1851 he was threatened with arrest for various offenses. During his second exile in England he lived for a few years as a clerk, entirely removed from the schemes of the other refugees. His business again required his full time. For original works he lacked the humor, but he took up his former activity as a translator, producing among other works the admirable translation of Longfellow's "Hiawatha." In 1855 he again devoted himself entirely to literary labors, furnishing admirable articles for the Atheneum. In 1857 he received an appointment as general manager of a Swiss bank founded in London, which secured for him an independent living. During this time his friends pressed him to take the necessary steps to secure a return to Germany. All these advices he kindly but firmly rejected. In 1867 the bank of which he was manager failed, and his friends now brought into execution a longdiscussed plan of making up a national subscription. The amount of this subscription, over 60,000 thalers, secured for him an independent living for the rest of his life, and in 1868 he returned to Germany and settled in Canstatt. The war with France, 1870-'71, again called forth his full poetical powers, and the poems written during this time are among the best he ever wrote. Besides the translation of Hiawatha," he also furnished masterly translations of the poems of Thomas Moore, Mrs. Hemans, Robert Burns, Thomas Hood, and Victor Hugo, preserving with wonderful

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ability the metres of the originals. The first complete edition of his poems in six volumes was published with his approval by Fred. Gerhard in New York, in 1850. His "Gedichte," published for the first time in Stuttgart in 1838, appeared in their twenty-ninth edition in 1873. He also published "Roland's Album" (1840); with J. Hub and Aug. Schnezler, the first and second series of the "Rheinische Odeon " (1836 and 1839); with Simrock and Matzerath, the Rheinische Jahrbuch" (1840-'41); with Levin Schücking, "Das malerische und romantische Westfalen" (1840-'42; second edition, 1871); with Duller, "1842, Gedicht zum Besten des Kölner Doms" (1842), and "Karl Immermann, Blätter der Erinnerung an ihn " (1842); “Dichtung und Dichter, eine Anthologie" (1854); and the English anthology, "The Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock" (fifth edition, 1874). His collected works (six vols., 1870, second edition, 1871) met with a brilliant reception. In 1875 he assumed the publication of an English periodical, the Illustrated Magazine, which was published by Hallberger & Co. in Stuttgart. His wife Ida also gained considerable reputation as a translator of English poems, while his daughter Kate furnished admirable English translations of her father's poems.

FRIENDS. The London Yearly Meeting of Friends was held May 25th. The statistical reports showed that the number of members was 14,200, or fifty-two more than were reported the previous year. Epistles were read from the Yearly Meetings of Canada and Ireland, and from all the Yearly Meetings in the United States except that of Pennsylvania. The reports from the several quarterly meetings described activity in various departments of religious and benevolent work, as shown in the organization and operations of adult and juvenile Sunday - schools, women's temperance missions, temperance societies, Bands of Hope, indoor and open-air mission-meetings, mothers' meetings, etc. The reports from the tract societies showed that 169,946 tracts and leaflets had been circulated during the year. Some new translations into French and German had been made, and 3,600 copies of French tracts had been distributed by Friends on religious service in France. About 60,000 tracts had been ordered by Friends in Philadelphia for distribution during the Exhibition in that city. The expenditures of the Friends' Foreign Missionary Society during the year had been £6,600, an increase of £1,500 over the expenditures of the previous year. Of this sum, £4,840 had been spent in Madagascar, and £1,297 in India. Two thousand pounds sterling had been spent in translating extracts from the Scriptures and other writings, and 100,000 publications had been issued from the printing-press in Madagascar. The first anniversary of the school in Madagascar had been held six months before. It reported 1,200 children and 800 adults as scholars. An account was given of a first monthly meeting of

Friends established in Syria. The Friends visiting the mission-stations in the Holy Land had bought a burying - place, mission - house, and school-buildings. The meeting considered the report of a large committee appointed by the previous Yearly Meeting to consider the constitution of the meeting of ministers and elders. It was decided that the name of the meeting should be "Meeting on Ministry and Oversight;" that elders should be members of it, but should come under a triennial revision; that overseers should be members of it; and that the monthly meetings be allowed to appoint, as other members, suitable Friends, not being either recorded ministers or overseers. The report directed that, “in making these appointments, it is felt to be important that they should consist of individuals of varied gifts and qualifications for service in the Church, and monthly meetings should be careful not to limit the selection to those of later life, the introduction of younger Friends being desirable, those being appointed who give evidence of love to Christ and of attachment to the principles we profess."

The discussion of the state of the society developed the view as being the prevailing one that the society, as regards spiritual life, not only contrasted favorably with its condition one hundred years ago, but had improved. All the schools except one had reported to the meeting their expenditures from their receipts. The minutes of the meeting for businessthe body which represents the society during the year while the Yearly Meeting is not in session- and the documents accompanying them, gave accounts of the work in Syria, and the visits of Friends recently sent there; of the visits of ministers to Norway and Sweden; of affairs in Australia, Denmark, Germany, Guernsey, and Jersey; of the action of Friends on the circular issued by the British cabinet in reference to the surrender of fugitive slaves; of action on the subject of vivisection; of action in regard to uncivilized races; of the issue of a pamphlet on Church and state, which had been translated into several languages, and on other subjects.

According to the latest reports, the number of members of the Society of Friends composing the various yearly meetings of the world is 78,140, as follows: New England Yearly Meeting, 4,499; New York, 3,306; Canada, 1,624; Philadelphia (estimated), 3,500; Baltimore, 650; North Carolina, 4,200; Ohio, 3,194; Indiana, 16,057; Wisconsin, 11,696; Iowa, 8,566; Kansas, 3,420: total on the American Continent, 42,712. London Yearly Meeting (comprising England), 14,199; Dublin, 2,935; Australia, 254. There are also a few Friends scattered over France, Germany, and Nor

way.

VOL. XVI.-21 A

FÜHRICH, JOSEPH VON, a great German painter, was born at Kratzau, Bohemia, February 9, 1800; died at Vienna, March 13, 1876. He studied in Prague under Bergler, and by the support of Prince Metternich and Count Clam-Gallas, the owner of Kratzau, was enabled to pursue his studies in Rome. While his first works were devoted to historical subjects, he began in Rome, after the example of Overbeck, to choose Scriptural and ecclesiastical painting as his specialty. He returned home in 1830, and in 1834 went to Vienna, where he became, in 1841, Professor of Historical Painting at the Academy of Fine Arts. For many years his influence was decisive for the tendency of the works of the Academy, and he now found an opportunity to undertake, in union with his friends and associates Kupelwieser, Schulz, and Dobiashovsky, some monumental labors. The most celebrated among them are a cyclus of paintings representing the history of the Revelation, for the church of the Viennese suburb Lerchenfeld. After the completion of these paintings (1861), to which he was indebted for his elevation to the Austrian knighthood, he wholly devoted himself, with steadily-increasing success, to cyclical drawings for engravings and woodcuts. Among his most celebrated productions are the illustrations to the missal which the Emperor of Austria in 1868 presented to the Pope, as well as the parable of the Prodigal Son, of the Psalms (1874), and Thomas à Kempis. A biography of Führich was published in 1875, under the title "Joseph von Führich, eine Lebensskizze" (Vienna, 1875).

FULLER, RICHARD, an American clergyman, born in Beaufort, S. C., April 22, 1804; died in Baltimore, Md., October 20, 1876. He graduated at Harvard College in 1824, studied law, and, before his twenty-first year, was admitted to the bar of South Carolina. He almost immediately entered upon a large and lucrative practice, and was on the road to professional eminence when he was prostrated by sickness. On his recovery, he became a member of the Episcopal Church, afterward joined the Baptist denomination, and studied for the ministry. He was ordained in 1833, and took charge of the Beaufort Baptist Church. In 1847 he assumed the charge of the Seventh Baptist Church in Baltimore. He published "Letters concerning the Roman Chancery," being a public correspondence between him and the Roman Catholic Bishop England (Baltimore, 1840); Correspondence with Dr. Wayland on Domestic Slavery" (1845); “An Argument on Baptism and Close Communion (1849); volumes of "Sermons" and "Letters;" and, in connection with J. B. Jeter, "The Psalmist," a hymn-book in general use in the Baptist denomination.

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GAUNTLETT, HENRY JOHN, Mus. Dr., an English composer of church-music, born in 1806; died March 4, 1876. He was originally intended for the church, but afterward chose the law as his profession. As organist of St. Olave's, Southwark, he was one of the first to introduce the new Bach organs. He also directed his attention to the reform of hymn-tunes. He edited the last two parts of the "Psalmist" (1836 - '41), together with Mr. Kearns the "Comprehensive Tune-Book" (1846-'47), and together with Rev. W. J. Blew the "Church Hymn and Tune Book" (1844-'51), which has served as model for nearly every tunebook published since then. He also edited and composed the music in the "Congregational Psalmist " (1851) for the Rev. Dr. Allon, Carlyle's "Manual of Psalmody" (1860), and the chief parts of the "Office of Praise," "Tunes, New and Old," and Harland's "Church Psalter and Hymnal" (1868). He also published several collections of anthems, songs, and Christmas carols. In 1842 Dr. Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury, conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Music, this being the first time, since the change of religion in the sixteenth century, that a primate has exercised the right of conferring the degree.

GEGENBAUR, JOSEPH ANTON VON, a German painter, born in 1800; died January 30, 1876. He studied at the Academy at Munich, under R. von Sanger, and during the time painted a St. Sebastian for the church in his native town, Wangen in Würtemberg. He continued his studies in Rome from 1823 to 1826, and from 1829 to 1835, furnishing some excellent work, particularly in coloring. Among his paintings of this period are the "First Parents after the Loss of Paradise," and "Moses drawing Water from the Rock," both of which are at present in the Royal Gallery in Stuttgart. He was devoted to monumental painting, and particularly to fresco-painting, which had just come into fashion at Rome; but as he could obtain no orders, he decided to paint movable frescoes and encaustic paintings on stone and on linen, in which manner his "Hercules " and "Omphale" were produced. After his return he received an order from the King of Würtemberg to decorate, together with Gutekunst, the new palace, Rosenstein, with frescoes, the subjects for which were chiefly taken from mythology. Having been appointed court painter in 1835, he decorated a number of halls in the Royal Palace in Stuttgart with frescoes from the history of Würtemberg. Among his oil-paintings are a "Sleeping Venus and Two Satyrs," a "Leda," several small Venus pictures, and a large altar-painting, a Madonna with the Child, in the church at Wangen.

G

GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS AND DISCOVERY IN 1876. No signal discoveries have marked the past year in geographical annals; yet the efforts of scientific explorers have furnished abundant new matter for the consideration of thoughtful geographical students. The number of trained and instructed geographical explorers and the number of geographical associations for the organization and support of explorations have increased this year, as they have for many years past, in a rapid ratio. The British Arctic Expedition, which engaged the hopes and thoughts of the geographical world, returned only to report that the Northern Atlantic route is absolutely and hopelessly impassable. Africa is now full of travelers who are pressing into the interior from all sides, equipped and provisioned for long campaigns, and sometimes leading veritable armies to protect them from the unfriendly and cruel natives; while many of the most implacable of the African tribes have learned to tolerate and even assist European travelers. New Guinea is being explored from every coast, and new wonders have been revealed in that strange island. Northern and Central Asia have been visited and traversed in new regions and new directions. The survey of the Territories is progressing at a respectable pace. The publication of new works of travel and geography this year has been extraordinarily large. Several new geographical societies have been established, including four or five national societies.

NECROLOGY.-Carl Ernst von Baer, the distinguished biologist and ethnologist, died at Dorpat, November 29th, aged eighty-four. His contributions to geography embraced several important treatises on the physical conformation of the earth, on the navigability of the arctic seas, on the steppes of Southern Russia, etc., and an account of a voyage of exploration to the island of Nova Zembla.

Louis A. Lucas, who went to Africa last June with the intention of penetrating to the Congo by way of Zanzibar, was prostrated by fever, and after repeated attacks died on the way home near Jeddah, on the Red Sea, at the age of twenty-five.

Theodor von Heuglin, a member of the German expedition of 1861-'62 to Soodan, and other important expeditions, and author of valuable treatises on the geography and natural history of Eastern Africa, died in November.

Constantine Vladimirovitch Chefkin, a Russian statesman and savant, who occupied the position of Minister of Public Works, and contributed to the transactions of the Russian Geographical Society a fruitful treatise on the mineral resources of the country, died at Nice in November, 1875.

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