feet wide and 18 inches deep, and, when opened, taking up an horizontal space, 6 by 7 feet, and affording accommodations for half a dozen persons. Mrs. Mountain's life preserving mattress has been adopted for general use as a supplementary life-saving appliance by the United States Supervising Inspectors of Steamboats. Mrs. Coston's telegraphic night-signals, an invention which originated with that lady's husband, but which was practically perfected by her after the death of Mr. Coston, have been introduced into the United States Navy, and have found great popular approval. The Women's Pavilion was enlivened by the spectacle of ladies engaged in weaving, candymaking, and other manufacturing processes. The power was supplied by an engine managed by a lady engineer, Miss Allison.

The Art Building, which was called Memorial Hall, was intended as a permanent monument and gallery of art. It occupies a commanding

MEMORIAL HALL.

site on the Lansdowne Plateau, 116 feet above the river. It was built after a noble design in the modern Renaissance style, with a central tower rising 150 feet above the ground, surmounted by a great bell, on which stands a colossal statue of America, and at the four corners of whose base are four colossal figures of smaller proportions representing the four quarters of the globe. The building is 365 feet in length by 210 in width, and 59 in height. Its floor is 12 feet above the ground, with broad stone stairways leading to it. The material is granite, with glass and iron. Connected with the central portion by arcades at each end are two pavilions parallel with it, with abutting, tower-like extremities.

The art exhibition consisted for the greater part of works of inferior merit. This was notably the case with the French, German, and Belgian exhibits. The English section, on the contrary, was a carefully-selected and ex

VOL. XVI.-18 A

cellent representation of modern English art. The American exhibition bore an equally historical character, containing good examples of all of our early painters.

There were in the American section portraits and historical paintings by Gilbert Stuart, Copley, Washington Allston, Rembrandt Peale, Waldo, Thomas Hicks, Wilson Peale the elder, Colonel John Trumbull, Prof. Morse, Smibert, and Stewart Newton; and, in the modern portion, paintings by Boughton, Colman, Gray, Suydam, Irving, Hubbard, Wood, Loop, La Farge, Hamilton, Edward and Thomas Moran, Eastman Johnson, De Haas, Cropsey, Whittredge, Gifford, Kensett, Charles N. Miller, Healey, Huntington, Rosenthal, Thomas Hill, Prof. Weir, Smilie, Bierstadt, Sonntag, Bridgeman, Charles Elliot, Harry Fenn, Winslow Homer, Inman, Kendrick, Page, T. B. Thorpe, Tiffany, Jerome Thompson, and others of the bestknown artists. A large and striking painting

by Rothermel was only

introduced after some opposition, on account of the subject, which was the battle of Gettysburg. Among the American statuary were pieces by Story, Margaret Foley, P. F. Conelly, Preston Powers, Palmer, Rogers, and Haseltine.

In the English collections the most noteworthy works were Gainsborough's portrait of the Duchess of Richmond, a small scene of countrylife by Constable, Sir Joshua Reynolds's portrait by himself, two Wilkies, examples of Turner, Calderon, Maclise, C. R. Leslie, Mulready, Stanfield, Calcott, Creswick, Benjamin West, a painting by Fuseli, Sir James Barry's "Temptation in Paradise," portraits by Sir Thomas Lawrence and Opie, five small Landseers, and Frith's two most famous productions; and among the more recent artists were represented Leighton, Alma Tadema, Millais, Prinsep, Faed, Orchardson, George Leslie, Holman Hunt, Saut, Fildes, Cope, John Gilbert, Louis Haghe, Knowles, Armitage, Crott, Northcote, and Arthur Hughes. The only statues of note in the English department were Gibson's "Venus" and Chantrey's portrait of Benjamin West.

The French department contained hardly a single painting of value, and not a name of the first eminence. "Rizpah protecting her Sons from the Vultures," by George Becker, was the most striking picture; other paintings which showed some imagination and technical handling were Prion's "School for

Young Satyrs," a figure-piece by Sain, Clement's "Death of Cæsar," and several paintings from the nude. Some fine Gobelin tapestry and Sèvres porcelain were exhibited here. The German exhibit was still more barren and insignificant than the French. The best pictures were an historical piece by Schrader and one by Folingsby of Munich, portraits by Richter and Begas, a sea-piece by Achenbach, genre paintings by Boser and Meyer von Bremen, and a landscape by Wilberg.

Austria, however, sent specimens of her best art-productions, including one of the masterpieces of Makart, her most famous painter, "Catarina Cornaro receiving the Homage of Venice," a work of surpassing power and beauty; some good landscapes by Russ, Thoren, Lichtenfels, and Schaeffer; a piece of fleshpainting by Felix, and other paintings strong in color and conscientiously executed.

Spain sent one or two old masters and a good number of fairly-done modern paintings, showing the characteristics of the Spanish school in color and treatment.

Sweden also exhibited some fair work, strongly tinctured with the German manner. Norway sent some coast-scenes of moderate merit.

The Netherlands made a considerable display of paintings, many of them carefully executed, but none of them marked with any decided qualities.

Belgium, besides a very unsatisfactory display of mediocre paintings, exhibited some good art-work on brass and faience, and some, fine statuary.

Italy exhibited a number of insignificant paintings, and a large collection of marbles by her best artists, mostly genre subjects, handled with spirit and great technical knowledge in many cases, and in a manner unfamiliar in this country, which is more accustomed to the earlier classical school.

The Italian section contained also the noteworthy collection of antiquities made by Alessandro Castellani, of Rome. This important collection consists of marble statuary of Greek and Roman workmanship, artistic bronze utensils of Etruscan production, a large collection of ancient jewelry, many wonderfully fine engraved gems, a collection of rings dating from the earliest Tuscan period to the end of the sixteenth century, and one of the finest collections of early majolica ever got together. The statues were seventeen portraits and busts from the imperial epoch, a colossal Dionysius or Indian Bacchus, being a repetition of the piece in the Vatican called the "Sardanapalus," a comic mask of Hercules, a mask of Bacchus, and an exceedingly realistic treatment of the subject of the boy with a thorn, the position being the same as that of the Spinario in Florence. The collection of bronzes included twelve of the caskets found in the ruins of Præneste, one of them containing all its fittings of mirrors and mirror - cases, oil-flasks

and ointment-boxes, combs, scrapers, etc., all elaborately ornamented, like the caskets. The Etruscan jewelry included ornaments in cupulated and uncupulated gold, bronze, silver, amber, glass, and precious stones. Some of them belong to the earliest and rudest period of Tyrrhenian art, while many of them are incomparably fine in their artistic taste and delicacy of finish. The engraved gems comprised 270 specimens illustrating the entire history of ancient glyptic art, and including some of the most famous examples extant. The rings numbered 350 articles, many of them of rare types, while the collection in its completeness possesses great historical worth.

The art-collection embraced interesting products of the engraver's art, decorative work in all kinds of material, good collections of watercolors, particularly in the English and American departments, architects' designs, and ornamental devices for all purposes, and every variety of art-workmanship.

In a photographic annex many of the best photographers combined to make up a large and fine exhibition. Several new processes and styles of finish were shown.

Next in size to the Main Building was the Machinery Hall, 1,402 feet long by 360 wide, covering with its annex, 208 by 210 feet, an area of 12.82 acres, with about 14 acres of exhibition-space. It was constructed of wood with iron ties and struts in the roof trusses, upon piers of solid masonry. The architectural effect was plain, but it was an excellent structure for the purpose intended. Steam and water power and shafting were provided by the Commission. Next the building was an annex intended for hydraulic machinery, containing a water-tank with 10 feet of water, 60 feet broad and 160 long. The double-acting duplex vertical engine which furnished the power for driving the machinery in Machinery Hall was erected and exhibited by George H. Corliss, of Providence. The cylinders were 44 inches in diameter and 10 feet stroke, and it was rated at 1,400-horse power. The gearwheel, 30 feet in diameter, 24 inches face, and weighing 56 tons, making 36 revolutions per minute, had 216 teeth cut by special machinery also exhibited by Mr. Corliss. The crank-shaft was made of hammered iron. The cranks weighed over 5 tons each. The beams were 9 feet wide in the centre, 27 feet long, and weighed each 11 tons. The connecting-rods were made of worn-out horseshoes, the best material. The piston-rods were of steel. The weight of the entire machine was about 700 tons.

In Machinery Hall a conspicuous exhibit was the sewing-machines, all the American houses taking part, together with French, English, Canadian, German, Russian, and Belgian makers. The chief novelties were: a universal feed-apparatus for embroidering, from France, by which the cloth can be turned in any direction without touching it; an automatic em

broiderer, of American device, for about a dozen special patterns; a machine with two needles, capable of sewing or embroidering with different colored threads at the same time; and the machines which sew from spools directly, without requiring the thread to be reeled off. Ingenious knitting-machines were also exhibited. There was likewise a curious machine for engraving patterns for lace and

MACHINERY HALL.

embroidery. In the Singer exhibit, which was contained in a separate building, the waxthread lock-stitch, button-hole, and book-binders' machines, and one capable of making 30,000 different kinds of stitches, were among the novelties shown. Among the interesting manufacturing processes was that of paper-making, the operation by the mechanical method being shown in all its successive stages. The process of making rubber shoes was also exhibited. Most interesting too was the exhibition of watch-making by the Waltham Company. Numerous weaving processes were exhibited; several power-looms were kept at work weaving carpets, ingrain and Brussels; the operations of cloth, cotton, and silk mills were also illustrated by several different exhibitors; and a Jacquard loom, a corset-weaving loom, a jate loom, a Murkland carpet-loom, a suspender-weaving loom, and the Lyall positive-motion loom, were seen in operation. Other mechanisms used in texile industries were: the powerful and huge direct-acting steam and hydraulic cotton-press from the Taylor works of Charleston, which works without pumps, and has but a single valve; apparatus for making and winding spool-cotton, exhibited by the Willimantic and Hopedale Companies; the machines for winding machine twist and spoolsilk and labeling spools; a variety of woolcarding machines; the Garnett machine, which works over the waste of woolen-mills; machines for drying dyed goods; the silk-thread spinning-machines from Paterson, N. J., and other interesting processes. A New Haven company showed a machine for putting pins into the papers. The exhibition of printingmachinery was an important and interesting group, embracing the great Bullock presses which printed off the New York Herald and Sun in the building at the rate of 20,000 impressions per hour; the improved Hoe press, which was working on illustrated work; the

six-roller stop-cylinder, roller-drum, and perfecting presses exhibited by Cottrell & Babcock, of New York, with C. E. Johnson's automatic paper-feeder; and the various kinds of amateur hand-presses. A curiosity in this display, which was much larger than that at Vienna, was the original press used by Benjamin Franklin. M. Alisoff, a Russian inventor, exhibited an admirable type-writer, which ex

cels all other contrivances of its kind, in the variety of characters that can be used and in the neatness of the impression, and the mechanical adjustment, but does not admit of the rapidity of the American machines exhibited. The same inventor exhibited a rapid and ready process for photo-lithographing music. The process of setting up music-types was shown in the American department. A variety of American machines for paper - cutting, book-binding, copperplate printing, lithographic printing, electrotyping and stereotyping, and type-founding, was shown. Howell & Brothers, of Philadelphia, exhibited a large machine for stamping paperhangings. Other manufacturing processes illustrated were those of cracker and candy making by machinery; of envelope-making by an automatic machine, which cuts, folds, and counts the envelopes at the rate of 120 per minute; of envelope-printing, of glass cutting and engraving, of making paper collars and of drying the stock by machinery, of brickmaking by a machine which turns out ready for baking 40,000 per diem, of paper-box making by machinery, of cork-cutting, of cutting tacks with the Weaver machines, which make 400 tacks per minute, and can produce 2,500 different sorts; of nail-cutting by an entirely automatic machine, etc. A gang of Virginian negroes showed the old-fashioned process of working up tobacco for the market. There were butchers', bakers', and millers' machines; coffee and spice grinding machines; French burr-millstones and meat-cleaning machines; washing, wringing, and mangling machines for hand and steam power; a ditching and draining machine for horse or steam power, exhibited by Randolph Brothers, of New Jersey, by which a pair of horses can be made to do the work of forty men; machines for charging soda-fountains; a planing machine exhibited by W. Sellers & Co., of Philadelphia, of 81 tons' weight; a novel saw for cutting stone, with teeth formed of pieces of coal, sent from Pittsburg; an arrangement for separating particles of iron-ore occurring in gravel-banks; two kinds of machines for cutting through several folds of cloth for clothing-manufactories; a great variety of machinists' tools, of saws, grindstones, files, nuts, bolts, screws, metal presses, and dies; pianomaking machinery exhibited by the Steinways; a varied display of scales and balances; machine for bending heavy beams for ships' keels, sent by J. W. Griffiths, of New York; flax-seed chasing-mills; coal-breaking machines; and a col

lection of gas-meters, another of steam-drills, etc. The wood-working machinery formed an excedingly noteworthy class, including a remarkable set of machinery for making casks from Buffalo; an automatic shingle-maker which finishes 25,000 in a day; an intricate and ingenious dovetailing, carving, moulding, and paneling machine; a novel apparatus for drying lumber, scroll-saw machinery, which was kept busy cutting out delicate patterns; saws and moulding machines in the greatest variety; lathes of every description, and other mechanisms equally remarkable. A huge vacuum-pan, 35 feet in height and 10 in diameter, with the air-pump, sugar-moulds, and all the concomitant apparatus for clarifying sugar, was exhibited by the Colwell Iron-Works of New York; while the Laffertys, of Gloucester, N. J., showed a large centrifugal sugardraining and drying machine in operation. In Machinery Hall was also a varied display of iron materials and manufactures: twisted and cold-chilled bars, and forged steel axles and shafts, rollers of chilled iron for rolling brass, from Pittsburg; valves and steam fittings of every kind, lap-welded wrought-iron pipes, exhibited by the National Tube Company. The Port Richmond Iron-Works set up a huge blastfurnace. The different systems for extinguishing fires were all exhibited. The locomotive exhibit was one of the most prominent groups. A narrow-gauge road for mining purposes was shown in its workings, and parts of railroads and cars were seen in great variety; the workings of the Wharton patent switch, of the Westinghouse air-brake, and of Henderson's hydraulic brake, were fully exhibited. The marine exhibit was very complete, including models of all the kinds of shipping, steeringgear, life-saving apparatus, diving-bells and armor, etc., made or employed in Massachusetts, exhibited by the commissioners of that State, contrasting the shapes now used with those of a hundred years ago; models of the steamers of the American Line; a model of a merchant- vessel rigged with the wire-rope manufactured by the Roebling Company, of Trenton; models of the iron ships built by Roach & Sons, of New York; models of the American double life- boat, of the Monitor raft, which made the voyage of the Atlantic, of an improved steam-yacht made by Baird & Huston, of Philadelphia, and a variety of other sea-craft, boats, shells, an ice-yacht, etc. One of the finest exhibits was the wire cables and bridge materials and plans made by the Roeblings. George B. Grant of Boston's wonderfully ingenious difference-machine was exhibited by the University of Pennsylvania; it constructs intricate logarithmic tables, and solves all the problems of the differential calculus, preparing also a waxen mould from which electrotype plates can be taken. A calculating-machine of the same inventor, of convenient size and moderate cost, was also on exhibition. A curiosity was the infinitesimal steam-engine

which stood on a gold quarter-dollar, brought by Levi Taylor, of Indianola. The collection of steam-motors was extensive and exceedingly interesting, embracing: capital automatic cut-off and throttling engines, from Salem, Ohio; a huge high-speed blowing-engine, from Lebanon, Pa.; five vertical engines from New Haven and elsewhere; a hoisting-engine and other mining machinery; a Cornish steampump, from Scranton, Pa.; various meters for registering the consumption of water, and a registering apparatus showing the speed of an engine; a boiler which prevents incrustations of lime; the well-known Baxter engine; steamship and yacht engines, etc. The first engine ever used in the United States was a curious relic. Cornell University sent a magnetoelectrical machine, a steam-engine, and a measuring-machine, the work of her pupils. The Backus water-motor seems excellently adapted to the sewing-machine. A novel hydraulic ram exhibited by the Dexter Spring Company is a complete automatic pump. Albert Bris bane exhibited a pneumatic tube, in which the articles to be dispatched are packed in a ball which rolls swiftly through the tube while the air is exhausted in front; it is his ambition to see the invention applied to large tubes for the transportation of freight. The State of Nevada set up a quartz-mill in a special building, containing all the appliances for mining, and showing the entire operation of crushing, amalgamating, etc.

Great Britain occupied about one-third of the space covered by the foreign exhibits in Machinery Hall, and about one-ninth as much room as the United States. The exhibit was highly interesting, comprising: Aveling & Porter's well-known traction-engine; Siebe & Gorman's diving apparatus; steam-hammers, stamps, and saws for iron and steel, with samples of their strongest armor-plating, exhibited by the Masseys, of Manchester; fine cotton-machinery, and a carding-machine; immense steam-cranes, sent by the Applebys, of London; cotton-looms, spool-winding machines from the Coates, and a calico-printing machine which uses several colors at once; a model of a floating dry-dock; the Walter press, which was running on the New York Times; a sugarmill and air-pump for a vacuum-pan, from Glasgow; a model of an Inman steamer; and very interesting exhibits showing the operation of the English system of switching and block-signaling.

The British North American Colonies sent turbine-wheels, horizontal and radial boring machines, steam-engines of all types, seamless lead-trap machines, quartz-crushers from Halifax, boats, sewing-machines, wood-working machines, and many other classes of machinery.

France exhibited a Lyons silk-loom, a soap machine, and bonbon and chocolate machines in operation, lithographic printing-machines, including one with a movable bed, an apparatus for making sugar from beet-roots, a fine

machine for making gas, an ice-making machine, a special arrangement for mountain-railways, a machine for making stearine-candles, wood-working machinery, and machines for sewing straw hats, embroidering, and other processes.

From

The German exhibit was defective. the Krupp Works were sent two of the breechloading 1,200-pounder siege-guns, and smaller rifled steel cannon, and an exhibit of iron-ore and smelted metal. An admirable brick-making machine from Berlin was seen at work. There were also a railroad exhibit, one of copper and sulphur ores from Prussia, one of gasmeters, one of the needles of Aix, and a collection of steam-gauges, from Hamburg and Magdeburg, besides printing-presses from Leipsic, steam-engines from Bremerhaven, and other machinery of various kinds.

The Belgian section was not large, but was extremely interesting. A huge and intricate well-boring machine was sent from Brussels; wool carding, cleaning, and spinning machines from Verviers; embroidering and sewing machines, and a fat-extracting apparatus, also from Brussels; railway-stock from Louvain and Mariemont; Corliss engines built in Ghent; besides models of a trip-hammer and steamshears, and filters, rotary pumps, punching and bolt-making machines, etc.

Sweden sent a locomotive of novel device, in which the weight of the engine is distributed over a number of coupled wheels, and the axlebox is so constructed that the axle is kept parallel to the radius of any curve passed over, to prevent wrenching; the engine is a very powerful one for a narrow-gauge railroad. There was a considerable variety of machinery exhibited both in the Swedish and Norwegian sections. The machines for working in wood and metals were as perfect as any in the exhibition.

Russia displayed some capital machinery and ordnance.

Brazil made a large exhibit. A peculiar stationary engine was constructed for both high and low pressure; there were also several models of marine engines. There was a model of the machine-shop of the arsenal at Bahia, with all its appointments and machinery, and models of three vessels-of-war; the ordnance and equipments of the Brazilian army and navy were also exhibited by models. A variety of steam-power engines and gearing, brass pumps, etc., showed soine unusual forms but excellent workmanship. A hand pin-making machine and the stamping apparatus of the Imperial Mint were interesting. In three separate buildings were exhibited boilers and quartzcrushing machines.

In the Hydraulic Annex a great variety of pumps and hydraulic machines discharged steady streams of water. A cascade, for propelling the turbines and other water-power apparatus, flowed from the upper tank which was refilled by two splendid rotary steam-pumps.

The United States Building was erected by the Government for the purpose of exhibiting the functions and activity of the Government in internal development, and the workings of the different departments. The Departments of the Interior, of War, of the Treasury, the Navy, the Post-Office, of Agriculture, and the Smithsonian Institution, all took part in the display. The building was 504 by 306 feet, and covered 102,840 square feet of ground. The workings of the postal-service were practically illustrated by the Centennial Post-Office, whose appointments and organization were completely representative. All the equipments of the mail service, of the local and general offices, and the stamps and stationery, were shown, together with a special system of lock-boxes, and an envelope cutting, folding, stamping, gumming, and counting machine. The Agricultural Department was very complete and extensive, including the statistics of agriculture and large maps showing the agricultural condition of the country; the chemical constitution of the soils of all parts of the country, with the vegetable, animal, and mineral fertilizers, and an exhibit of the manufacture of agricultural products; and also a complete exhibit of the botanical products and woods of America. There were also exhibits of microscopical plants, and fibres and cells, and models of all the vegetable and horticultural products, stuffed specimens of poultry, samples of tobacco, grain, textile products, etc., and illustrations of the different processes of cultivation. The Department of the Interior showed as its principal exhibit the system of the Patent-Office, and exhibited 60,000 drawings and 5,000 models of patents; a national museum consisted of relics of Washington and other Continental antiquities. Besides these, the Pension-Office and General Land-Office presented their reports and documents. The In