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jecting cantilevers outside will be suspended two walks for pedestrians. Upon an upper boom, 15 feet above the street-car track, will be the railway track, and on each side of it a roadway for carriages. The height of the upper floor will be 200 feet above the water. The estimated cost is $5,000,000. The maximum load which the bridge is calculated to bear is 12,500 pounds per lineal foot.

Hirondelles," which attracted but little attention. This was followed by two novels, "Le Magicien" (1837), and “Charlotte Corday" (1840). At the same time he published, under the title of "Evangile du Peuple" (1840), a philosophical and radical commentary on the life of Jesus, for which he was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment and a fine of 500 francs. During his imprisonment he wrote another volume of poems, "Les Chants d'un Prisonnier," and 1841-'42 published three small socialistic works. After the Revolution of 1848 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly from the department of Saône-etLoire. Having made himself prominent by radical views, he was among those deputies who were expelled after December 2, 1851, when he went to England. In 1869, having returned to France, he was elected to the Corps Législatif from the department Bouches

After September 4, 1870, he administered for a time the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, but, having disagreed with the Government at Tours, he was removed from office. In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly, and in 1876 a Senator from Bouches-du-Rhône, taking his place_on both occasions with the extreme Left. Besides the works mentioned above, he wrote "L'Histoire des Montagnards" (1847), "L'Enule du XIXe siècle," La Vie future au Point de Vue socialiste" (1857), "La Vie des Animaux," etc.

The Gilbert Elevated Railroad Company, after long contentions in the courts, is now in a position to complete its line of elevated steam-railway for rapid transit in New York City. The route is from the Battery, through College Place, West Broadway, South Fifth Avenue, Amity Street, and up Sixth Avenue. Upon some portions of the line the supports have been erected for some time. The structure consists of two rows of iron columns standing in the street, supporting parallel girders, which are connected at intervals by cross-du-Rhône, where he sat on the extreme Left. girders, and having longitudinal floor-beams. The outer girders rise above the track so as to be a protection in case of accidents; the upper surface of their top-beams being on about the same level as the car and landing platforms. The Sixth Avenue columns will be 37 feet apart lengthwise, and 23 feet distant across, from centre to centre. The parts of the columns will be two channel-bars, 9 by 21 by inches; two plates, 12 by inches; a plate fastened to the foot; and four pieces of angleiron bars. The girders are pinned trusses, 6 feet deep, and 5 feet 6 inches distance between the centres of the pins; the upper and lower chords are composed of two channel - bars, united by iron plates. Each span of the longitudinal girder has four panels. The crossgirders are made up of plates, 24 inches deep by of an inch in thickness. At the junction of Amity Street and Sixth Avenue there will be a curve of 90 feet radius, and at South Fifth Avenue and Amity Street another like curve. Fifty-two feet in a mile will be the steepest grade. In Amity Street, College Place, and West Broadway the posts are to be placed on the sidewalk, and in Sixth and South Fifth Avenues in the roadway. The cross-ties will be 19 feet 6 inches long, and will be placed 18 inches apart. Outside each line of rails longitudinal timbers will be bolted, letting down upon the cross-ties on the outside. The total load which the structure is calculated to support is 15,000 pounds per foot on each track. The stations will be situated at the intersections of streets to the number of two per mile. The stationplatforms will be level with the car-floors, and 160 feet at least in length. The station-buildings will have iron frames, and will be roofed and sided with galvanized sheets of corrugated iron. The tracks are of steel, weighing 56 pounds per yard.

ESQUIROS, HENRI ALPHONSE, a French writer and politician, born in 1814; died May 14, 1876. In 1834 he made his début as a writer with a volume of poems, entitled "Les

EUROPE. The area of Europe, according to the latest dates (see Behm and Wagner, Bevölkerung der Erde, iv., Gotha, 1876), was estimated at 3,823,378 square miles (against 3,824,456 in 1875), and the aggregate population at 309,178,000, against 302,972,000 in 1875. The transfer of 6.59 square miles from Switzerland to Italy has changed the area of these two countries, and new calculations have been made for several other countries. Gains of population are found chiefly in Germany, and in Austro-Hungary, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Great Britain, Portugal, Italy, Roumania, and Servia, where new estimates were substituted. The figures of 1875 and 1876 compare as follows:

COUNTRIES.

Germany.
Austro-Hungary
Netherlands.

Luxemburg..
Finland.

Sweden.
Norway
Denmark.
Belgium..
Portugal..
Italy..

Pop'n in 1875. Pop'n in 1876.

42,723.242

41,060,846

85,904,435

87,700,000

8,716,002

8,809,527

197,528

1,832,188

205,158 1,882,622

4,297,972 4,858,291

1.768,000 1,802,682

5,836,634

1,861,000 1,908,000

5,253,821

Great Britain.

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Roumania.
Servia..

Total.

1,388,505 1,877,068

165,289,971 171,427,479

The area and population of the divisions of Europe were, at the latest dates, as follows:

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The Eastern war - cloud which hung over Europe during 1875 continued during the year 1876, and at one time threatened to lead to a general European war. The insurrection in the Herzegovina spread over the whole of Bosnia in the early part of the year. All attempts at pacification failed, the insurgents steadily refusing all propositions of the foreign powers as well as of the Turkish Government. On July 1st, Servia, which had for a long time threatened to make the cause of the insurgents her own, declared war against Turkey, and was shortly afterward followed by Montenegro. But, although the Servians were aided by Russian volunteers, and contributions of arms and money, they were repeatedly defeated by the Turks, so that Servia was forced to invoke the aid of Russia to secure an armistice of two months. The Government of Turkey, in the mean while, had undergone considerable changes. On May 30th the Sultan, Abdul-Aziz, was dethroned by the Sheik-ul-Islam, and was succeeded by his nephew, Murad V., who in turn was removed by the Council of Ministers on August 31st, and was replaced by his brother Abdul-Hamid II. These proceedings had produced a deep impression in the other countries of Europe, particularly in England and Russia. In the former country the excesses committed by the Bashi-Bazouks, the irregular troops of Turkey, in Bosnia and Bulgaria, created a storm of indignation, and called forth a decidedly hostile feeling to the Turks among all classes of the population. Finally, in the latter part of the year, the English Government proposed to the other powers of Europe that a conference be held at Constantinople to settle all questions arising out of the war. Russia, after having in every possible manner aided the Servians, and after a threatening speech from the Czar, was obliged to accede to this proposition, and the conference met at Constantinople on December 12th. The Governments of both England and Russia, however, had previously ordered the mobilization of parts of their armies.

In accordance with the provisions of the new constitution, the elections in France for the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies took place in the beginning of the year, the Republicans gaining a decisive victory in both. The prime-minister, Buffet, resigned immediately after the election, as he had been defeated in four different districts, and he was replaced by M. Dufaure. The most important questions

discussed in the early part of the year were the amnesty questions and the university bill. The latter, which provided that the state universities should have the sole right of conferring degrees, was adopted by the Chamber of Deputies, but was rejected by the Senate. In the latter part of the year the interment question led to a ministerial crisis, in consequence of which Jules Simon replaced M. Dufaure as prime-minister. With regard to the Oriental question, the Duc Decazes, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, declared on November 3d that it was necessary for France to preserve peace, and it would not interfere in the Oriental question until its most vital interests demanded it.

In Austro-Hungary the Oriental question caused considerable trouble. On the one hand, the Slavic subjects of Austria showed their sympathy for their oppressed brethren in the Turkish provinces in many ways. On the other hand, the Hungarians, partly on account of their hostility to everything Slavic, and partly through race-affinities (being besides the Turks the chief representatives of the Mongolian race in Europe), were entirely in sympathy with the Turks. Several demonstrations to this effect occurred in Hungary, which were suppressed with considerable difficulty. The conflict between the Government and the Catholic Church continued during 1876. The marriage law which was passed by the Reichsrath was disliked by the bishops. The monastic association law, after being passed by both Houses, was not signed by the Emperor, but the ministry declared that the Government would bring in a new bill in a different form. The differences between the two parts of the empire were brought to a close in May by a treaty in which all points except the bank question were satisfactorily settled. The latter continued to be a source of trouble, and was the cause of a panic.

The Royal Title's Bill was, next to the Eastern question, the most important subject discussed in England in 1876. The object of this bill was to give to the Queen the additional title of Empress of India, and thus strengthen the English hold upon the natives of India. The difficulties with China were brought to a close this year, after having threatened at a time to lead to a war, the Chinese Government making some important concessions. An animated discussion of the extradition treaty between England and the United States threatened for a time to overthrow the Ashburton Treaty of 1842.

In Germany the war of the Government with the Roman Catholic bishops continued during the year. The Bishops of Münster and Paderborn, and the Archbishop of Cologne, were removed from their offices, and only saved themselves by flight from imprisonment. The Arnim affair, or rather the conflict between Prince Bismarck and his former embassador in Paris, Count Harry von Arnim, came to an

end in 1876 by the total defeat of the latter. A plan of the Imperial Government to bring all the railroads in the empire under its control, while being supported by Prussia, met with a bitter opposition in South Germany.

In Italy the financial condition of the country seemed to be improving, as, according to the budget of 1876, there was to be a surplus of 2,000,000 lire. The plan of the ministry to buy up the railroads led to a ministerial crisis, which ended in the resignation of the Minghetti ministry in March, and the formation of a new body under Depretis, the leader of the Left. The elections for the Chamber of Deputies in November resulted in a decided victory for the Government. In order to secure to the Liberal party a majority in the Senate, the King created thirty-two new senators on November 17th.

In Spain the Carlist War was brought to a close in February, and the country enjoyed for the first time in many years internal peace. In the Cortes the new constitution was adopted in May. Although this document guaranteed full liberty of conscience, the restrictions of the Protestants continued to such a degree that England and Germany were forced to interfere.

In Denmark the old conflict between the Government and the Lower House continued during 1876, the House repeatedly refusing to vote for the budget. The socialists caused considerable excitement, being very active, although in a considerable minority.

EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE. The eighth annual meeting of the Evangelical Alliance for the United States of America was held in New York City, January 31st. Mr. William E. Dodge presided. A resolution was adopted commending to the Branch Alliance in Philadelphia "the consideration of the expediency and practicability of special religious services during the time of the International Exposition of 1876 in that city, illustrating the unity and power of our evangelical Christianity, and the relations of the religion we teach to the progress, perpetuity, and true glory of the American Republic, and the world's civilization and salvation." The Philadelphia branch was also "respectfully requested to embrace suitable opportunities for acquainting distinguished visitors to the International Exposition with our Christian and philanthropic institutions." A committee was appointed to coöperate with the Philadelphia branch in carrying out this measure. Reports were read from the Wisconsin, St. Louis, and Newbern branches. An account was given of the proceedings of the first Biennial Conference of the Alliance, which was held at Pittsburg, Pa., October 26 to 29, 1875. (See ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1875.)

In March, 1875, a committee of the Alliance bad addressed a memorial to the Board of Education of the City of New York against a proposition from the trustees of the Roman Catholic parochial schools of the city to have a part of

the public money appropriated to the support of their schools.

A memorial addressed by the Alliance in 1874 to the Turkish embassador at Washington, in behalf of persecuted Christians, and in favor of religious liberty in the Turkish Empire, had been brought to the attention of the Government at Constantinople. In behalf of his Government, the embassador denied that the Christian subjects of the Turkish Empire had any cause of complaint in the matter referred to. (The grievances of the Turkish Christians are related in the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1875.) But, during the year, these complaints had been continued. The Sultan had lately promised important reforms, and, among them, better security for religious liberty. In accordance with the direction of the executive committee, the secretary and treasurer of the Alliance had remitted, semi-annually, to Mesdames Pronier, Carrasco, and Cook (the widows of the three delegates to the General Conference of the Alliance of 1873, who lost their lives by the sinking of the steamer Ville du Havre), the interest of the funds raised by the American friends of their deceased husbands. The funds were invested in the following amounts: Cook fund, $7,000; Carrasco fund, $5,000; Pronier fund, $5,000. The "Conference fund," or the surplus left from the sums contributed for the General Conference of 1873, amounted to $6,000, and was safely deposited. In view of the continued financial pressure, it was proposed to conduct the Alliance for the ensuing year without expense for salary or office-rent.

The annual conference of the Evangelical Alliance (British branch) was held at Southport, beginning October 3d. The report of the secretary for the past year spoke of an increase in the number of members and the formation of new branches. Mention was made of the interest which had been taken in the Alliance by the Queen and the Empress of Germany. An address had been presented to the Prince of Wales on his departure for India. The Alliance had been very earnest in efforts in behalf of the Christians in Turkey, and the credit was claimed for its committee of having been the first body-more than a year previously-to call the attention of the Government to their condition. The Emperor of Germany had offered a cordial welcome to the members of the Alliance, if they should desire to hold a conference in Berlin, and it was suggested that the invitation might be accepted in 1878. During the sessions of the Alliance a number of papers were read, principally upon subjects bearing upon the condition of Christianity on the Continent of Europe. An important paper was also read by the Rev. James Stephenson, of Dublin, on "The Power of the Evangelical Alliance, and how here to use it for Local Purposes."

The

EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. following is a summary of the statistics of

the Evangelical Association as they were pub- Europe was in a flourishing condition, and the lished in September, 1876:

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The total number of children baptized was 7,397; of adults baptized, 1,429; probable value of churches, $3,619,468; number of parsonages, 379; probable value of the same, $465,935; amount of conference contributions, $4,787.75; of contributions for missions, $66,300.57; of contributions for the Sunday-school and Tract Union, $2,189.17; number of Sunday-schools, 1,743; of officers and teachers in the same, 19,551; of Sunday-school scholars, 105,566. The Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association supported, according to the last annual report of the corresponding secretary, 289 missions, both home and foreign: 277 of these missions were supplied by the respective annual conferences with 301 missionaries. The Sunday-school and Tract Union of the Evangelical Association was organized in 1859. It has published a number of Sundayschool books and tracts, and aids Sundayschools in procuring libraries.

The annual meeting of the Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association was held at Indianapolis, Ind., October 27th. The treasurer reported that the receipts for the year had been $65,807.13; the total expenditures had been $82,000. The amount of the heathenmission fund now in the treasury, after allow-, ing for $1,299.95 spent during the year, was 827,729.53. The standing fund amounted to $52,907.73, having increased $3,739.88 during the year. The corresponding secretary reported that the heathen mission had been established in Japan, and the first detachment of missionaries, three in number, had been sent out. The home-missionary work exhibited an 'encouraging degree of prosperity. The number of missions had been increased, and all had made some progress. The work on the Pacific coast was advancing steadily. The first campmeeting over held on that coast had been held in Oregon during the summer, and the Pacific Conference had been organized. The work in

number of members in the missions there had increased. This work extended over Würtemberg, Baden, Alsace, Saxony, Switzerland, and a part of Prussia. Seven churches had been built during the year in the European district, giving an increase in valuation of church property of more than $38,000, in gold. A building-lot had been bought at Stuttgart, and help was asked in building a church there. This society was organized in 1839, and the first four regularly-appointed missionaries were sent out in that year. The first missionary was sent to Europe in 1850. Now, the society had a very large mission-work in the United States, employing more than 300 missionaries, and had in Europe one annual conference, a Sunday-school work, a branch publishinghouse, and a seminary for young preachers. The increase in the European missions was 25 per cent. annually, the number of members having doubled during the last four years.

The annual meeting of the Board of Publication of the Evangelical Association was held at Cleveland, Ohio, October 31st. The book agent reported that the amount of cash and its equivalents in his hands on the 1st of September was $35,004.12, or $11,236.51 more than the amount on hand during the same period of the previous year. The total resources of the Board were $336,971.45, against $8,846.55 of liabilities, showing the net resources to be $328,124.90. The net gains on the business of the year had been $21,916.40. The report of the sixteen periodicals showed that they had an aggregate circulation of 183,775 copies, or 69,567 more than were circulated in the previous year.

EXHIBITION, CENTENNIAL. The International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to which the citizens of the United States had been looking forward with eager anticipations, was opened in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, on the 10th of May, 1876. In the last volume of THE ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA was given an account of the preparations for this, the sixth of the great World's Fairs, and the first one held in this country, which was also an anniversary exhibition of the country's progress in the hundredth year of its national existence.

The project of holding a World's Fair and Centennial National Exhibition was first publicly proposed by an association of citizens of Philadelphia in 1870. It was officially adopted by Congress in the act of March 3, 1871, creating the Centennial Commission, consisting of a delegate and alternate delegate from each of the States and Territories, intrusted with the selection of a place and making of plans and preparations for the Exhibition, and by the act of June 1, 1872, appointing the Centennial Board of Finance, empowered to raise a capital stock, which was fixed at $10,000,000, onequarter of which was readily taken up in subscription shares of $50, mostly by the citizens

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