Western and Northern Europe, and many parts of the United States, and the reinvigoration of those in China and elsewhere; while through his plans the annual contributions were increased from $100,000 to $600,000. In 1867 he visited Europe in the interest of missions. Besides numerous contributions to periodical literature, Dr. Durbin published Observations in Europe, principally in France and Great Britain" (2 vols. 12mo, New York, 1844), and "Observations in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor" (2 vols. 12mo, 1845). DURINGSFELD, IDA VON, a distinguished poetess and writer of romances, born November 12, 1815, at Militsch, in Lower Silesia; died October 22, 1876, at Canstatt, Würtemberg. Her father was a military officer in the Prussian service, but afterward settled on an estate. She enjoyed only limited opportunities for education in her youth. She began to write verses in her fifth year. In her fourteenth year she spent a short time at Breslau, where she studied the Italian and English languages. She afterward became distinguished for her talents in mastering the idioms of foreign languages, and using them almost with the facility of a native. Her first poems were published in the Abendzeitung, at Dresden, and soon attracted the attention of other journals. In 1835, during a residence in Dresden, she became acquainted with Tiedge and other distinguished literary men, and secured recognition in literary society. She published in Dresden a collection of poems, under the signature of Thekla. This was followed by "Der Stern von Andalusien" (The Star of Andalusia), a collection of romantic poems in 1838, and "Schloss Goczyn" (Castle Goczyn) in 1841. In 1845 she was married to the Baron Otto von Reinsberg, a gentleman of high literary culture, with whom she resided by turns in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and Belgium. In these countries she made the acquaintance of the people, studied the language, literature, history, and customs, and thereby acquired a diversity of gifts, the evidence of which is shown in her numerous works. The catalogue of her writings em

braces: "Skizzen aus der vornehmen Welt" (Sketches from the World of Quality, 1842'45), "Count Chala" (1845), "Esther" (1854), "Clotilde" (1855), and "Die Literaten" (The Literati, 1863)-romances of society; "Margaret of Valois and her Times" (1847), and "Antonio Foscarini" (1850)-historical romances; a volume of poems entitled "Für Dich" (For Thee, 1855); “Amimone, a Fairy Tale in Verse" (1852); "Böhmische Rosen" (Bohemian Roses, 1851)-translations from the Czech language; "Lieder aus Toscana " (Songs from Tuscany, 1855)-translations from the Italian; "Aus Dalmatien" (Out of Dalmatia, 1855-'57), and "Von der Schelde bis zur Maas" (From the Scheldt to the Meuse, 1861)-sketches of travel. She and her husband together prepared a work, entitled "Das Sprichwort als Kosmopolit " (The Proverb as a Cosmopolite), which was published in 1863. Her husband committed suicide by poison the day after her death.

DUSSARD, HIPPOLYTE, a French writer on political economy, born September 4, 1798; died January 26, 1876. In 1839 he was one of the editors of the Répertoire de l'Industrie Étrangère, which contained a description of all the most important machines invented in foreign countries. Afterward he wrote on economic subjects in the Revue Encyclopédique, the Bulletin de Ferrusac, and the Temps. In 1842 he published a work on "The Financial Condition of England, and the Measures proposed by the Whigs and the Tories." The following year he became the editor-in-chief of the Journal des Économistes, which position he held for three years. He worked with M. Eugène Daire in the revision and annotation of the works of Turgot, in the "Collection of the Principal Economists." In 1848 he was named prefect of the department of the Seine-Inférieure, and was elected a member of the Council of State by the Constituent Assembly. Retiring from that body, he was intrusted with a mission to England by M. Dufaure, and, while there, made a particular study of the charitable institutions of that country.

EARTH, THE. Comparative Statistics. In the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA of 1875 for the first time there are presented some comparative statistics relating to the area and population of the world. A reference is made to that volume for an account of many statements to which, this year, no later information can be added, especially to an account of former estimates of the total population of the globe, beginning with Isaac Vossius, who, in 1685, estimated it at 500,000,000, and embracing, among others, the estimates of Malte-Brun, Balbi, Von

Roon, Berghaus, Dieterici, and the estimates by Behm and Wagner in the former volumes of the Geographisches Jahrbuch and the Bevölkerung der Erde. In the present article we confine ourselves to presenting some comparative statistics relating to the earth as a whole which are either later than thoso published last year, or belong to subjects which had not been referred to in the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA of 1875.

I. Present Area and Population of the Earth. Behm and Wagner, in volume iv. of their

In the return above referred to no mention was made of the provinces of Oriente (capital Archidona) and Galápagos.

Of the 866,137 inhabitants given in the foregoing table, 461,254 were females; and to the total should be added some 200,000 uncivilized Indians.

The population of Quito, the capital, was set down at 76,000 for the year already alluded to.

The President of Ecuador is Dr. Antonio Borrero, inaugurated on December 8, 1875.

The cabinet is composed of the following ministers: Interior and Foreign Affairs, ; Treasury, Señor Francisco P. Icaza; and War and the Navy, General Julio Saenz.

The commandants-general of Quito and of Guayaquil are Señor José Martinez de Aparicio and Colonel Teodoro Gomez de la Torre, respectively, both of whom received their appointments simultaneously with the members of the cabinet.

The armed force comprises some 1,200 men, and the navy is composed of three small

steamers.

Public instruction is still under the exclusive control of the clergy, and the Christian Brothers, whose zealous efforts have already been productive of excellent results. The number of schools goes on steadily increasing in the various continental provinces; large numbers of text-books have been procured, mainly from New York; and neither pains nor money will, it is promised, be spared in order to the completest possible organization and development of the school system now introduced.

Of the national revenue, which in 1875 amounted to 3,650,510 Ecuadorian pesos (= $2,591,862), nearly one-half was derived from the custom-house receipts.

The national expenditure in the same year amounted to 3,985,560 pesos (= $2,829,747), constituting a deficit of 335,050 pesos (= $237,885).

In January, 1875, the national debt was re

For the area, see the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1878. VOL. XVI.-16 A

CHIMBORAZO, ECUADOR.

the most insignificant elements of discord are, not infrequently, magnified into pretexts for open violence. The administration of Garcia Moreno gave rise to murmurings which, while they were easily stifled in the Alpine valleys on a level with that in which stands the capital, found fresh vent at Guayaquil, and on many occasions swelled into turbulent protests.

His successor, Dr. Borrero, does not seem to have as yet succeeded in conciliating the sympathies of the people of the littoral regions; so far from it, indeed, that a serious attempt has already been made to overthrow his government.

*Interesting particulars concerning the debt will be found in the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1875.

The speech delivered br Dr. Borrero on the occasion of his inauguration, on December 8, 1876, presents his views of public policy. The following is a translation:

The oath which I have taken to-day is not, sir, as you have well said, a mere formula, but a solemn compromise made to my God and my country. As a sincere Catholic, I will protect the religion of our fathers-a religion which has civilized the whole world, and which I think has not an enemy in all Ecuador. To attack the Catholic religion would be treason to the country, because, if Ecuador is now a civilized and cultivated nation, she owes it entirely to the light received from the Evangelical Church. The Ecuadorian Church will be therefore really independent, and the Government will protect that independence, respecting it, and making it respected by all. A church which is not free is not the church established by Jesus Christ, nor is it the most pow erful element of social civilization and progress, but on the contrary an instrument of oppression and tyranny.

The duties which I have contracted with my country are set forth in the Constitution; but as that Constitution is vicious, it is natural that we should reform it; and the reform has already been begun by the honorable Senators and Deputies. Upon this point I think it well to indicate to you what are my ideas. The political world, if we may say so, is divided into two principal schools of government. According to one, the permanent subjection of a nation to tutelage, under a strong and repressive government, is the best and most convenient system for the political, social, and material progress of a nation. According to the other, the government ought to hold, for the rule of its conduct, the laissez faire (dejad hacer), so much recommended by that class of politicians. I think, sir, that a tutorgovernment is unacceptable equally for governor and governed for the first, because, if the tutorship of a minor is a heavy duty, that of a nation must be an insupportable task; and for the second, because the dignity of man, without which he becomes a mere machine, is incompatible with a government which does all and directs all for him. Popular suffrage, the free press, public opinion, and moral sanction, etc., are not required, when the government believes itself omnipotent and omniscient, and consequently infallible. I do not hold, therefore, with a tutor-government, for that government means only a permanent dictatorship, and the degradation

of the nation.

As little do I hold with a government of the laissez faire principles of certain visionary politicians, because such a government is incapable of fulfilling the duties imposed by God on those who direct public affairs. If liberty is sacred, authority is not less so; if the first has its rights, so also has the latter; but if liberty wishes to overstep its bounds, and become license, it force and violence wish to overcome justice and right, then authority is called, on its part, to restrain this license, and to withhold the advances of that anarchy which is far more dangerous and to be dreaded than is authority.

The two principal public liberties which are the essence of the republican system, and which contribute more than any others to the culture and the progress of a nation, are the liberty of election and the freedom of the press. The first is the exercise of the most important of political rights; the second is the expression of the sentiments, the necessities, and the opinions, of the governed. Without liberty of election, the republic would have no solid, legitimate base on which to erect the political and social edifice; because a government which does not derive its origin from this pure fount is contrary to the law of God and of humanity, and, for the same reason, destitute of all authority. Without a free press, there are no means of restraining the ex

cesses of power, nor any means of exploring the public sentiments; there is nothing to guide the government in grave and difficult questions, nor, finally, anything to lead public opinion in the direc tion of true scientific, literary, and political progress. Under my administration, then, there will be in Ecuador full liberty of election, a legally free press; and, moreover, all legitimate freedoin will be real and effective. Raised without title or merit to supreme power, by the popular vote, and not by any party or faction, I do not see, in my fellow-countrymen, to whom I owe so much, and from whom I have received the most splendid mark of distinction and confidence, one party of oppressors, and another of oppressed people; but I see a nation of brothers, strongly interested in working together for the honor and advancement of the country. A govern ment which has its origin in revolution and violence, and not in the popular will, needs to sustain itself by tyrannical and oppressive measures; but a gov ernment raised up by the force of justice, which is the only legitimate and respectable force; a government whose origin is not vitiated or corrupted, because it is born of the genuine will of the people; a government, in fact, which has been placed at the head of the destinies of the nation which it is called upon to rule, by assuredly providential circumstances, has nothing to fear, and needs nothing but the cooperation of good citizens, the aid of our loyal and disciplined army, and of its worthy and honorable generals like yourself. I assure you therefore, sir, that the authority with which I am now, against my own will, invested, and to which I never for one moment aspired, will not be used for an evil end, to plot against public liberties, nor to enthrone despotism, but to guarantee the reign of justice, of order, and of liberty, and to render practical and effective the popular, elective, alternative, and responsible republic-a republic which, until to-day, has only existed in writing, in the eight constitutions which we have had in Ecuador. To bring to a good end the programme which I have indicated, I do not count upon my weak powers, I count only upon the protection of the All-Powerful, which never fails for him who, like myself, is animated by the purest patriotism, and the most upright and just intentions.

The revolution already alluded to broke out in September, headed by General Veintemilla, military commandant of Guayaquil, and who had been appointed to that post for the purpose of maintaining order and peace in the disaffected district. All the available forces dispensable from the capital were placed at his disposal, as the Government placed implicit confidence in his loyalty. By the end of the month the insurrection was gaining adherents in the neighboring provinces; yet Borrero, spite of the imminence of the peril, had not retired from the presidency. He declared his intention to stay in Quito and oppose the insurgents.

EGGERT, FRANZ XAVER, a German painter on glass, born in 1802; died in October, 1876. He studied decorative painting in Augsburg, attended the Art Academy in Munich in 1824, and was afterward employed in the Royal Glass-painting Establishment. He was engaged on the windows in the church at Aue, and in the cathedral in Cologne, where he executed the greater part of the ornamentation. In 1837 he published several folios of Gothic ornaments, which he had engraved on stone