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The convention of the Republicans of Delaware for the appointment of delegates to the National Convention of the party was held at Dover, on the 18th of May. The following resolutions were adopted:

The Republicans of Delaware, in State Convention assembled, pledging their unalterable devotion to the cardinal principles upon which their party is founded; and desiring that the integrity of the Government shall be maintained; that its obligations shall be honestly and fully paid in coin, or obligations convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder; that its administration shall be honestly and faithfully conducted in all the various branches and departments thereof; and that home industries shall be properly protected, so that the skill and resources of our common country shall be rendered remunerative and productive, do declare that in our opinion the national standard-bearer in the centennial campaign must be an exponent of the principles herein set forth; and believing that by a long-continued and active public life, and enlarged experience as a national legislator and otherwise, and an uncompromising integrity, preserved despite the most persistent and malignant attacks, the Hon. James G. Blaine, of Maine, meets these requirements:

therefore

Resolved, That our preference be, and the same is hereby, expressed in his favor as an eminently proper person to become a presidential candidate, and our delegates to Cincinnati are hereby instructed to observe this preference so long as in their judgment and discretion it may be possible to secure his

nomination.

Resolved, That in the judgment of this convention the delegates from this State to the National Convention, to be held at Cincinnati, should be representative of the people, disconnected from official position under the Government of the United States. A warm discussion was occasioned by the last resolution, which was understood to be aimed at Dr. J. S. Prettyman, as he held a Federal office, and had been designated as a delegate to the National Convention by a

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caucus of Sussex County, The opposition to him was believed to arise not so much from the fact that he held a Federal office as from his known opposition to Mr. Blaine, and preference for Mr. Bristow, as the candidate for President. After a heated debate, the Sussex delegation withdrew, and agreed upon another candidate in place of Dr. Prettyman.

The Democratic State Convention for the choice of delegates to the National Convention at St. Louis was held at Dover, on the 13th of June. The sense of the gathering was expressed in the following resolutions:

The Democratic party of Delaware, strong in its ancient faith, and loyal to those principles of free government upon which the Federal Union was formed, declares

1. That a strict adherence to, and maintenance of, the limitation of power, contained in the Constitution of the United States, is the sheet-anchor of our institutions, on which the safety of our future depends.

2. That the attempt of the Federal Administration, now in radical hands, to absorb the police power of the State, to control the election to office by congressional legislation and executive interference, and to substitute a centralized government for the "home rule" of the Constitution, is viewed with alarm, and should be met with the rebuking ballots of a free people.

3. That the Republican party now in power has prostituted its high trusts to personal and party ends, and, by its flagrant corruption, wrought upon us a national humiliation and disgrace. 4. That the attempt of President Grant and his advisers to thwart the Democratic House of Representatives in the exposure of official fraud and malfeasance is an outrage upon the whole people whose servants they are.

5. That the necessities of the times imperatively demand a return to those home-bred virtues of our ancestors, honesty and economy in the administration of public affairs, and to those methods of government which will secure a real civil-service reform, by cutting off a multitude of unnecessary offices, and making preferment in the public service no longer a reward of partisan zeal.

6. That the currency of a people should constitute in itself a standard and measure of values as well as a calculating medium of exchange, and that to coin money out of gold and silver was the only power on the subject delegated to Congress by the Constitution; that the disregard of this wise limitation of power, and the introduction of an irredeemable paper currency among the people, has caused an enormous increase of the public debt, and has been the prolific parent of wild speculation with the consequent bankruptcy and ruin; that wisdom and obedience to the charter of our Government alike demand a restoration, at the earliest possible day, to a money of value-of gold and silver coin-and a currency convertible therewith at the will of the

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7. That a tariff whose object is to raise revenue, and not to favor special classes, is demanded by the interests of the whole people.

8. That the people of Delaware recognize the eminent public services of the Hon. Thomas F. Bayard; that in all public trusts he has been faithful to duty, and in his public and private life pure and without blemish. We, therefore, declare that he be our unanimous choice for the presidency of the United States.

9. That the delegates to the Democratic National Convention, this day appointed, are hereby instructed to cast the vote of this State in said convention as a unit for the Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, and to use all possible means to secure his election.

Six delegates to the St. Louis Convention were then chosen.

The Democrats of the State held a convention at Dover on the 7th of September, for the nomination of a candidate for member of Congress. The Hon. James Williams was renominated, and the following was adopted as the platform of the party:

The Democracy of Delaware, represented by the delegates of this convention, reaffirm the attachment of the party to the principles of republican government as established by the men who framed the Federal Constitution, and insist that only by a faithful observance of those principles can the just powers of the General and State Governments be maintained and the rights of all the people be assured. Resolved-1. That all attempts on the part of the Executive Department of the Federal Government to interfere with elections in the States is a usurpation of power, subversive of the rights of the States and the liberties of the people. We therefore denounce the recent military order of the Secretary of War directing the General of the Army to distribute soldiers in the Southern States as indicative of a purpose on the part of the Administration and its supporters to prevent, if possible, a free and fair exercise of the elective franchise in those States.

2. That the late circular of the Attorney-General of the United States to the United States marshals is an attempt to usurp the authority of the governments of the States and to place the control of the elections in the hands of unscrupulous United States marshals, and thereby to force the election of a Republican Executive against the will of the people.

3. That the extravagant and wasteful expenditure of the public money since the termination of the war has entailed oppressive taxation and brought financial distress upon the country; and demands, no less than the corruptions that have existed uider Republican rule, a change in the management of public affairs.

4. That we charge that much of the embarrassment un ler which the business and industries of the country are suffering is attributable to the exhaustive drain of Federal taxation upon the resources of the people, and that much of the money extorted by taxation from the people of the country has been squandered in political jobs and not appropriated to advance the interests of the country.

5. That the Administration of President Grant has been marked by a disregard and contempt for constitutional and legal obligations and the rights and interests of the people; that the prolongation of Republican rule would be a continuation of the oppression, corruption, and extravagance, which have existed for the last eleven years.

6. That the true interests of the American people demand a change in the administration of public affairs, which can only be effected by a defeat of the party controlling the Government; that the election of Mr. Hayes, influenced as he would be by the men who have surrounded President Grant and shaped his Administration, would fail to secure purity or economy in the administration of the Govern

ment.

7. That in the candidates for President and VicePresident, nominated by the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis, and the platform of principles enunciated by said convention, as well as in the letters of acceptance both of Mr. Tilden und Mr. Hendricks, we have the assurance, pledge, and guarantee that the success of the Democratic party in the present canvass will insure reform in the civil service of the country, purity in the administration of the Government, economy in the expenditures of the public money, reduction in taxation, prosperity to the country, and happiness to the people of every section of our common country.

The following resolution was unanimously adopted, on motion of James L. Walcott, of Kent County:

Resolved, That we are, and always have been, in favor of the white men of the country controlling the Government; and therefore we appeal with confidence to the white voters, only, for the success of the principles enunciated in the foregoing resolutions.

The Republicans met in convention at Dover on the 13th of September, and nominated Levi C. Bird for Congress, besides presenting a ticket for presidential electors. They also adopted the following resolutions:

Resolved, That we declare our hearty concurrence in the declaration of principles adopted by the National Republican Convention of June 14, 1876, and congratulate the country on the nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler, and accept their lives, services, and communications as the evidence of the determination of the Republican party to secure the blessings of good government, pure public service, and the equal and constitutional rights of every citizen of the United States.

Resolved, That recognizing the duty of the national Government to aid in the restoration of harmonious relations in every part of our common Union upon the basis of the amended Constitution, we unqualifiedly affirm that this duty can be better performed by those to whom the nation is indebted for its preservation than those who were so lately banded for its destruction, and whose continued persecution of their fellow-citizens and denial of their civil rights demonstrate that they either do not understand the true principles of republican government, or that they are unwilling to yield obedience to the obliga tions imposed by the fundamental law; and that the declared purpose of the President, Secretary of War, and the Attorney-General, in conformity with the resolution adopted by the Democratic House of Representatives, to use the military power of the Government so far as is necessary to secure a free ballot to all citizens of whatever party or race in the coming presidential election, deserves and will receive the indorsement and gratitude of the people of the United States.

Resolved, That the recent Republican victories in Vermont and Maine afford conclusive and most gratifying evidence that the people understand what party is the safe depositary of the public good, and of their determination not to withdraw the faculties of government from those by whom they have been so faithfully administered, but to continue the manifestation of their confidence in those by whom the republic was preserved, until there shall be no right unsecured and no wrong unredressed.

Resolved, That our thanks are due to our fellowcitizens of Wilmington for the recent vindication of the principles of honesty and economy in public service, and we confidently rest in the assurance that the action of the new council will afford a marked contrast to the extravagance and corruption of its predecessor.

Resolved, That we arraign the Democratic party of this State as being organized and conducted in utter disregard of the interests of the people, and especially in the matter of levving taxes; that it is actuated for the purpose of the preservation of its power, rather than collection of revenue.

Resolved, That we renew the demand of the Re publican party of Delaware for an improved school system, and we equally demand that the schools be kept free from any and every sectarian and ecclesi astical influence.

Resolved, That we renew the pledges of the Repub lican party in favor of equality of representation to the General Assembly.

A Prohibitory Convention, consisting partly of women, was held in Wilmington on the 10th of October. It nominated Charles Moore for Congress, and adopted a series of resolutions, denouncing the liquor-traffic, condemning the license law of the State, and declaring in favor of local option.

At the election on the 7th of November, Mr. Williams was elected to Congress, the vote being, for Williams, 13,169; for Bird, 10,592; for Moore, 236: total, 23,997; Democratic majority, 2,341. The total vote for presidential electors was 24,135, of which the Democratic candidates received 13,381, and the Republican 10,752, making the majority of the former 2,629. The State Legislature, chosen on the same day, was unanimously Democratic in both branches. In the preceding Legislature there was one Republican. The Legislature consists of nine Senators, three from each county, and twenty-one Representatives, seven from each county.

The Delaware Association for the Improvement and Education of the Colored People gave assistance during the year to 29 schools, with 1,197 pupils. The schools are supported wholly by private subscription.

At the close of the year, a case was pending which involved a conflict between the State and United States Courts. William L. Heal, a deputy-marshal of the United States on election-day, was prosecuted in the State court for an alleged assault on John O'Byrne, at the door of the United States Court room. The case was removed to the Federal Court by the United States District Attorney, but Judge Comegys refused to allow the transfer. In his annual message, Governor Cochran recommended that the Attorney-General be authorized to prosecute the case to the end, that there may be a thorough and deliberate presentation for judicial determination of a question of such grave constitutional importance and vital moment to the sovereignty, integrity, and very existence of the State.

Chief-Justice Edward Woodward Gilpin, of the courts of Delaware, died on the 29th of April. He was born in Wilmington, July 15, 1805. In his youth he was in narrow circumstances, and learned the trade of a currier. He afterward became a clerk in a store, but finally studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1827. From 1840 to 1850 he was AttorneyGeneral of the State, and was appointed ChiefJustice in May, 1857, holding the position from that time to his death. In early life he was a Whig, but, in 1856 and later, became asssociated with the Democratic party. During the war he was an ardent supporter of the Union

canse.

DELITZSCH, JOHANNES, a Professor of Theology in the University of Leipsic, died February 3, 1876. He was the eldest son of Prof. Franz Delitzsch, of the University of Leipsic, and was born at Rostock, in 1846. He attended the gymnasium at Erlangen, and afterVOL. XVI.-15 A

ward laid the foundation of his theological studies at the university in the same place. He continued his studies at Tübingen, and finished them at Leipsic. His attention was directed quite early to the special study of the histories of symbol and dogma. He acknowledged his obligations for sympathy in this line of investigation to Drs. Thomasius and Landerer, to whom he submitted his first writings. A close and lasting attachment grew up between him and Dr. Brückner, of the University of Leipsic, based upon their common zeal in a common pursuit. He gained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Leipsic, in 1869, for which he had prepared an essay on the theology of Thomas of Aquinas. He passed the theological examinations at Leipsic and Dresden, and in the spring of 1872 was made a Licentiate in Theology, having submitted for this purpose a dissertation, "De inspiratione Scripturæ Sacræ quid statuerint patres apostolici et apologetæ secundi sæculi." In the summer term of the same year he began his lectures, and received strong encouragement from the students. His studies became concentrated upon a systematic and historical examination of the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, of which he sought to make a clear and thorough presentation. In 1874 he published in the Studien und Kritiken an historico-critical study on "The Apostle Peter in Tradition and History." In the summer of 1875 he was able to publish the first volume of a comprehensive work he had undertaken upon "The Doctrinal System of the Roman Catholic Church" (vol. i., Fundamental Dogma of Romanism; or, The Teachings of the Church "). In the spring of 1875 Delitzsch was nominated Professor-extraordinary in the Theological Faculty at Leipsic. While he was still occupied with his great work his strength began to fail. Nevertheless, he continued to labor steadily until his constitution was destroyed. His last work was that of editing the posthumous lectures of Oehler on "The Symbolical." His illness increased greatly after the completion of this task, and he was compelled to seek rest. He discontinued his academic instructions at the middle of the term, and went to a southern climate for restoration, where, after a few weeks, he died.

The

DENMARK,* a kingdom in Northern Europe. Reigning sovereign, Christian IX., fourth son of the late Duke William of SchleswigHolstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, and of Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel; appointed to the succession of the Danish crown by the Treaty of London, of May 8, 1852, and by the Danish law of succession of July 31, 1853; succeeded to the throne on the death of King Frederick VII., November 15, 1863; married, May 26, 1842, to Louise, daughter of Landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel. Heir-apparent, Prince Frederick, born June 3, 1843; married, July

*For latest_statistics of commerce and commercial navy, see ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1875.

28, 1869, to Princess Louisa, only daughter of the late King Charles XV. of Sweden. Offspring of the union are three sons, born in 1870, 1872, and 1876, and a daughter born in 1875. The King has a civil list of 500,000 rigsdalers, and the heir-apparent 60,000 rigsdalers. The ministry, at the close of the year 1876, was composed as follows: President of the Council and Minister of Finance, J. B. S. Estrup; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Baron Rosenörn-Lehn; Minister of War and of the Navy, General W. Haffner; Minister of the Interior, E. V. R. Skeel; Minister of Public Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, J. C. A. Fischer; Minister of Justice and for Iceland, Prof. J. M. V. Nellemann. The area of Denmark proper, inclusive of lakes, is 14,753 square miles; of European dependencies (Faroe Islands and Iceland), 40,268 square miles; of American possessions (Greenland, St. John, St. Thomas, and St. Croix), 759,900 square miles. The population, according to the latest dates,

was as follows:

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lics, 3,223 Baptists, 1,211 Free Congregations, 2,128 Mormons, 4,290 Jews, 260 Methodists, 349 Irvingites, 74 Anglicans, 28 Friends, 12 Greek Catholics, 88 of various other sects, and 205 without definite creed. The number of emigrants from Denmark was, in 1875, 2,088; in 1874, 3,322; in 1873, 7,200; in 1872, 6,893; in 1871, 3,906; in 1870, 3,525; in 1869, 4,360. Nearly all the emigrants went to the United States. The actual revenue and expenditure of the state, for the two years 1873 to 1875, were as follows (in rigsdalers, 1 rigsdaler = $0.5463):

1873-74. 1874-75..

Revenue. Expenditure. 48.403.570 46,704,408 64,656,730 65,037,238

In the budget for the year 1876-77, the revenue was estimated at 48,085,953 crowns = $0.268); the expenditures at 46,(1 crown = 695,071 crowns: the surplus being 1,390,882 crowns. The public debt on March 31, 1875, amounted to 187,145,823 crowns, of which 160,355,623 were home debt, and 26,790,200 foreign debt. The state assets being 86,339,884, the actual indebtedness of the state amounted to 100,805,939 crowns. The debt has been in a state of reduction since 1866. In 1872 it still amounted to 232,000,000; in 1873, to 220,000,000; and in 1874, to 211,000,000 crowns.

Military service begins with the twentysecond year of age, and lasts eight years for the line and first call; the second call is liable to military service to the age of thirty-eight years. In time of peace, the line and reserve (first call) number 1,106 officers and 34,551 men; the second call, 286 officers and 12,993 men. In time of war, the army numbers 48,982 men. The navy, in 1876, comprised 34 steamers, 7 of which were iron-clad, 2 sailingvessels, and 28 rowing-boats. It was manned by 800 men, and officered by 1 admiral, 15 commanders, 34 captains, 47 lieutenants, and 20 sub-lieutenants.

The movement of shipping during the year 1874 was as follows:

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Number.

Tons.

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18,269

205,664

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16,116

749.350

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18,856

185,784

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15,814

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The aggregate length of railroads in operation, on January 1, 1876, was 1,260 kilometres (1 kilometre = 0.62 English mile), of which 819 kilometres were state railroads, and 441 kilometres private roads. The length of telegraphlines was 2,545.9 kilometres; of wires, 7,049 kilometres; the number of telegraph-offices, 174. The Post-Office forwarded, in the year 1873-174, 16,487,000 letters and 15,134,000 newspapers.

In the Danish Legislature the year has been spent in constant contentions between the

188,682

21,250

Government and the Opposition. The Landsthing, or Upper House, contains a large majority in favor of the Government, while the Opposition has a much stronger majority in the Folkething, or Lower House. The two Houses have not been able during the year to agree upon any measure of importance. At the meeting of the Folkething after the Christmas holidays, the ministry announced that no propositions would be made in regard to relaxing the tithes, because in order to do this it would be necessary to wait until the question in ref

erence to the support of the preachers, which had been in debate for a year, had been decided. The Folkething rejected a bill which had been passed by the Landsthing to extend the interest-guarantee of a private banking company which had undertaken the construction of a railroad-bridge between the islands of Laaland and Falster. In the latter part of January, a bill relating to the responsibility of the ministry was introduced into the Folkething. It imposed conditions which would bear very hardly against a ministry obnoxious to an Opposition majority, and render their speedy retirement from office certain, while to a ministry acceptable to them it would operate to give a prolonged lease of power. It provided substantially for the continuance of a ministry for so long a period as the majority of the Chamber should make no complaint against it. This bill was passed in February, by a vote of 54 to 32, but was summarily laid aside by the Landsthing. The session of the Legislature, having reached its constitutional limit at the beginning of February, could not be continued longer, except by the express permission of the King. This had been given regularly whenever occasion required till 1853. After that time the session had been prolonged only once, in 1860; since then, for fifteen years, it had adjourned promptly at the end of its allotted time, whether its business was completed or not. None of the necessary bills having been passed, the King now authorized the prolongation of the session for two months, to give time for the consideration of the financial, ecclesiastical, and military bills. On the 17th of February the Folkething passed the bill for a system of land defense, but with a reduction of the sum asked for by the Government, and with the addition of a supplementary clause, directing that the money be raised by a tax on property and incomes. On the 11th of March the Folkething adopted, by a vote of 63 to 7, the bill for the organization of the army, with certain amendments which had been proposed by the Army Committee, providing for a reduction of the standing army, and the conversion of a part of the force into Landwehr, or militia. In the finance bill the Government had had inserted an appropriation of 380,000 crowns for completing the ironclad ship Heligoland. This was stricken out by the Folkething, whereupon the Government asked for 280,000 crowns for the ship. The sum of 264,000 crowns was granted. The bill as passed also provided for a tax of 300,000 crowns for the pay of the teachers in the publie schools. The sum was less than had been asked for by the Government, and was declared by the Minister of Instruction to be insufficient, but the House refused to increase it. March 29th the Folkething adopted the amendments to the army bill which had been proposed by the Left, by a vote of 56 to 39, and then rejected the bill by a vote of 47 to 47. While the Lower House adhered to the modi

fications it had adopted in the bill for the fortification of the country, the Upper House as strongly insisted upon the adoption of the plans of the Government. With these important bills in this shape, and without reaching any agreement on the financial bill, the Legislature came to an end March 29th. On the same day the Folkething was dissolved by a royal decree, for the reason, as assigned, that while measures for the defense of the country were of pressing necessity, this House had refused all the measures asked by the Government, and an understanding could not be hoped for with the Folkething as then constituted.

The elections for a new Folkething were held on the 25th of April. They resulted in large gains for the Left, or Opposition. While this party had had 60 members in the old Folkething, they now returned 74 members, and only 27 supporters of the Government were elected.

The new Folkething met on the 15th of May. The next day the Minister of War laid before it three drafts of laws, which the Government desired adopted: 1. Of a law providing a system of defense for the country, in the form in which it had been adopted by the Landsthing at the former session, but in which the Folkething had refused to concur; 2. Of a law for the provision of the army with horses and wagons in case of war; 3. Of a bill for procuring and making field-guns. The bill for the provision of the army with horses and wagons was adopted on the 23d. The reintroduction of the fortification bill, in the same form as the one which the previous Folkething had refused to accept, was very unacceptable to the Opposition. Boisen, one of the leaders of that party, offered resolutions declining to consider the propositions of the Government in their present shape, and directing that a committee be chosen to consider whether a different basis could not be arranged upon which this matter could be settled with the Government. To these motions the Minister of Finance, President of the Council, Estrup, replied that if the Government could not receive the help of the Chamber in advancing its plans, it would give up the whole scheme. Boisen remarked that he thought the ministry ought not to attempt to remain in power after such a declaration, whereupon Estrup replied that no one would be more ready than himself and his colleagues to surrender their positions if men could be found who would be better able than they to carry out what they considered necessary for the defense of the country. The committee chosen in accordance with the motion of Boisen consisted of 15 members, of whom 11 were of the Opposition and 4 of the Right, or of the supporters of the Government. On the 23d of May the committee asked the ministry whether they were ready to consider with the Rigsdag the propositions adopted by the Folkething at the

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