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of its high price, this coloring-matter will meet with a demand for printing on silk and wool, for its richness, to-day even, will produce colors at a remunerative price; thus one gramme to the litre gives a beautiful rose-color. Its application on silk is made by printing an aqueous solution, simply thickened with gum, and fixed by ordinary means. On wool it is applied for dyeing or for printing, as on silk. All attempts, made with a view to obtain a color on cotton capable of resisting ordinary washing, have remained without practical results.

Below are the different methods of fixation:

Add to gummed eosin arsenite of aluminium, print on stannated tissue, steam, and wash. Mix with a solution of eosin its equivalent of acetate of lead, or acetate of tin, or acetate of aluminium which has been thickened; print on linen that has either been stannated or oiled, steam, and wash.

Finally, the best method:

Print on tissue which has been coated with gelatin, gummed eosin, combined with three times its weight of tannin; fix by steam, and wash.

Eosin does not dye the mordants that are usually employed, such as stannic acid, tannin, aluminium, iron, glycerin, arsenious acid, and casein; a dye is produced by albumen, but without brilliancy.

CHILI (REPÚBlica de Chile), an independent state of South America, comprised between latitude 24° and 56° south, and longitude 70° and 74° west. Its boundaries are: Bolivia on the north; the Argentine Republic and Patagonia on the east, the dividing line with both which countries being the Andean system of mountains; Cape Horn (as claimed by the Chilians, but contested by the Argentines) and the South Pacific on the south; and the ocean just named on the west.

The disputed question of title to the Patagonian territory (details of which were given in the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1872, 73, 74, and '75, and particularly in the first and last) still continues undecided.* The policy of referring this important question to the arbitration of the King of the Belgians and the Emperor of Brazil has been strongly urged, and its adoption is by some regarded as probable. The text of Article I. of the Chilian Constitution (May 25, 1833), relating to the boundaries of the country, is as follows: "The territory of Chili extends from the desert of Atacama to Cape Horn, and from the Cordillera of the Andes to the Pacific Sea (sic!), comprising the Archipelago of Chiloé, all the adjacent islands, and that of Juan Fernandez."

The President of the Republic is Señor Don Anibal Pinto, inaugurated September 18, 1876. The cabinet is composed of the following members: Minister of the Interior, Señor Don José V. Lastarria; Foreign Affairs, Señor Don José Alfonso; Finance, Señor Don Rafael Sotomayor; Justice, Public Worship, and Publie Instruction, Señor Don Miguel Luis Amunátegui; and War and the Navy, Señor Don Belisario Prats.

The Council of State, composed of the cabinet ministers, three Senators, three members of the Chamber of Deputies, one member of the courts of justice, one ecclesiastical digni

See also the article ARGENTINE REPUBLIC in the present volume.

tary, one general, the director of one of the Departments of Finance, and an ex-minister, is presided over by the Chief Magistrate of the Republic.

The President of the Supreme Court of Santiago is Señor Montt. There is a Court of Appeals at Santiago, Concepcion, and La Serena. The Auditor-General of Accounts is Señor Don A. Tagle. The Postmaster-General is Señor Don R. S. Irrarázabal.

R. N. Valdivieso; and the Bishops of La Se The Archbishop of Santiago is the Rt. Rev. rena, Concepcion, and Ancud are M. Orrego, J. H. Salas (elevated in 1854), and Fr. de Paula Solar (1857), respectively.

There is at present no minister plenipotentiary of Chili in the United States, the functions of chargé d'affaires ad interim being exercised by Señor Zenteno.

The area of Chili proper, as set down in an official report of 1875, is 124,246 square miles, which, with that given for the Magellanic possessions (95,753, regarded as somewhat exaggerated), would make a total of 219,999 square miles.

The following table shows the present territorial division of the republic, and the population according to the census of 1875:

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There were in the navy 1 vice-admiral and 3 rear-admirals; 3 first-class, 8 second-class, and 11 third-class captains; 13 lieutenants ranking as captains, 26 second-class lieutenants, 27 midshipmen, and 18 cadets; 1 commissary-general, 3 first-class and 10 second-class commissaries; 1 surgeon-general and 6 first-class surgeons; 1 inspector-general of engineers, 9 first-class, 5 second-class, and 15 third-class engineers; and 1 battalion of marine artillery of 440 men, commanded by 1 colonel, 1 lieutenant-colonel, 4 captains, 2 adjutants-major, 4 lieutenants, and 13 sub-lieutenants. The Valparaiso battalion of marine artillery represents a force of 1,316 officers and men, forming a part of the guardia civil.

The branches of the national revenue, and the estimated amount of the latter for 1875, are shown in the following table:

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Total estimated revenue for 1875 (exclusive of the
$3,000,000 of the last dividend of the 1878 loan). $16,440,000
Custoin-house receipts for 1875..............
8,145,353

The Valparaiso custom-house alone yielded, from January 1, 1831, to December 31, 1874, inclusive, a total of $128,561,201, or very near*$8,000,000 ly one-half of the entire national revenue 8,650,000 1,600.000 ($264,995,044) for the same period.

17,000 The annual receipts at all the Chilian custom1,200,000 400,000 houses, and at that of Valparaiso alone, in the 270,000 forty-four years 1831-74, inclusive, were as 500,000 follows:

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280,000

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1881.. $830,634

$345.636

116,000

398,954

$19,440,000

107.254 856,257

$5,093,750

252,403 6,525,507

$587,848 817,126 1,180,777

2,085,751

$1,634,541 419,809

2,053,$50 1,173,515 $17,185,076

1832.. 1,019,947 1838.. 1,025,385 1834.. 1.241,080 1856.. 4,147,298 3,845,949 1835. 1,167,829 962,569 1857.. 4,082,096 3,768,615 1836.. 1,279,948 1,066,177 1858.. 8,484,617 3,245,486 1887.. 1,506,672 1,292,906 1859.. 3,950,562 3,617,904 1838.. 1,355,597 1,141,832 1860.. 4,824,501 4,879,787 1839.. 1,476,725 1,262,959 1861.. 3,538,804 2,948,874 1540.. 1,825,509 1,682,423 1862.. 3,841,874 3,127,187 1841.. 1,931,371 1,495.224 1863.. 4,259,538 3,612,189 1842.. 1,936,323 1,842.946 1864.. 4,047.787 8.412,487 1843.. 1,735,432 1,593,755 1865.. 8,764,747 3.244.383 1844.. 1,763,955 1,629,426 1866.. 8,053,416 2,551,274 1845.. 1,773,739 1,607,928 1867.. 5,678,223 1846.. 2,079,708 1,873,760 1868.. 6,036,659 1847.. 2,103,066 1,887,676 1869.. 6,425,932 1848.. 1,940,540 1,877,084 1849.. 2,823,678 2,206,802 1850.. 2.627.442 2,246,814 1851.. 2,729,506 2,436,644 1852.. 8,465,038 2,652,972

1853.. $3,358,540 $3,073.905 1854.. 8,718,315 3,481,801 1855.. 8,764,223 3,443,929

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In the latter table is observable the sum of $1,180,777 devoted to the branch of public instruction, the largest appropriation for that department in any Spanish-American country, save the Argentine Republic.

The gradual growth of the national revenue during the forty-five years 1831-'75, inclusive, is exhibited in the subjoined table:

The amount really yielded by this branch in the year referred to was $8,145,353.

In June, 1875, the Minister of Finance estimated the revenue for that year at $16,000,000; but unforeseen circumstances afterward transpired which rendered it necessary to lower the estimate.

The Mejillones guano-beds, of which the product had been estimated at $300,000, pro

* Or $19,440,000, with the $3,000,000 of the last dividend of the 1878 loan, as in the foregoing table of the revenue for the same year.

duced that year only $175,000. The revenue from customs, which had been estimated at $7,800,000, will show a decrease of $100,000. In the other branches of revenue a proportionate reduction will also have to be made. Still, such reduction will not exceed $400,000. To this must be added that expenditures have considerably decreased. Ordinary expenses up to October 31st scarcely reach $12,220,225, while receipts up to the same time amount to $13,204,290. Hence there was a balance in favor of the treasury; but it was apprehended that the balance would disappear in November and December, the revenue being at its lowest ebb in those months. Nevertheless, it was hoped that the ordinary revenue of the year would pay ordinary expenses, and that, if there should be a deficit, it would be very small. Extraordinary expenses, amounting to $5,535,000, would be covered by the proceeds of the loan; and then Peru still owes Chili $100,000 which the Minister of Finance hoped would soon be paid. Passing to the financial estimates for 1876, the only item to be reduced was that of the Mejillones guano-beds, the proceeds of which for that year will prove $100,000 less than estimated by the minister. The total receipts from railways do not seem to have been over-estimated. Nevertheless, "on the Santiago & Curicó Railway it is very probable that there will be some decrease, but it is also very probable that the Chilian & Talcahuano Railway will be unusually productive. It is hoped that, after the termination of the great public works undertaken, the situation of the public finances will be such as to warrant the appropriation of funds for the great necessities of the day-a rural police force, and charitable donations."

The finance committee of Congress assembled in October, 1876, to examine the budget estimates for the year 1876-77. Numerous modifications for economy were introduced into the estimates of expenditure in the Departments of the Interior and of Finance, the most considerable being the reduction from 25 to 16 per cent. in the gratuity at present enjoyed by public employés, which implies a saving of $260,000 per annum. Two of the committee voted for its entire suppression, and another proposed a sliding scale of from 5 to 25 per cent., to be granted in inverse proportion to the amount of the recipient's salary. The estimates of the War and Navy Departments were revised, and numerous modifications made, the staff being reduced to the lowest legal footing, and the crews of war-vessels limited to the force absolutely necessary to preserve the ships and armament in proper condition: the retrenchments amount to $240,000. The estimates of the Department of Justice, Worship, and Instruction, were revised in a similar manner, and cut down by $100,000.

At a meeting of the Council of State, it was resolved to summon Congress to an extraordinary session on October 17th, for the pur

pose of deliberating upon the new budget estimates, and other topics of no less importance.

About the same time the Minister of Finance sent a note to the National Society of Agriculture, requesting the opinion of the directory on the following points, with a view to the reforming of the agricultural tax: 1. If it would be preferable to take as the basis of the tax the value of the land, instead of the estimated rent thereof, the former being more easily determined; 2. If it would be advisable to exempt small holdings from the tax; 3. If a permanent commission should be established to hear and decide complaints; 4. If it would not be just to concede the right of complaint to persons who consider themselves aggrieved by an inadequate assessment upon their neighbors, or if it would be more advisable to leave this matter to the authorities.

Late in 1876 the following decree was issued from the Ministry of Finance:

1. It will not be permitted to erase or alter the original marks of goods to be reembarked, nor add others to them. 2. Merchandise destined to different ports cannot be comprised in the same policy of reembarkation. 3. On every package reembarked, the custom-house will fix, by means of a special brand, the name of the port at which the reembarkation is effected, and of that to which the package is directed, or the words "al estranjero" (for abroad). The custom-houses will detain all packages disemcertained whence they come. barked bearing the latter inscription, until it be as4. Article 208 of the custom-house regulations is hereby abolished.

The bulletin of the National Agricultural Society published the report of a commission appointed to take into consideration the advisability of relieving raw materials from inward duty. To balance the loss to the revenue that such a measure would entail, it was proposed to increase from 25 to 35 per cent. the duties on some classes of manufactured goods imported from abroad. Wool, in whatever condition, unspun, is free of duty, both inward and outward.

Public taxation in Chili amounts annually to about $3.70 for each inhabitant. In 1833 it was but $1.40 each; in 1863 it had reached $2.38 each.

The statutes of the Banco Consolidado de Chili association have been approved. The capital is $1,500,000; the reserve fund, $500,000, formed by a deduction of not less than five per cent. from each half-year's net profits. This bank is the section of the Banco Nacional de Bolivia domiciled in Chili.

The total national debt, in April, 1875, stood as follows:

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COUNTRIES. Great Britain..

Peru.
France..
Bolivia..

Uruguay.

Germany.

United States.

Brazil

Argentine Republic

Ecuador.

Other countries.

Fisheries....

Total.

Coasting-trade..

In transitu...

Total exports..

Value.

ince of Atacama with the inward movement of the $21,034,000 republic of Chili, the following is shown: In 1843, 5,441,000 the total mineral exportation of Atacama amounted 8,007,000 to $1,721,321, and the total importation of Chili to 2,289,000 1,176,000 $8,500,000; while in 1875 the total exportation of 925,000 minerals from Atacama amounted to $13,668,471, 418,000 and the total importation of Chili to $38,417,729. 286,000 Hence, the exportations of Atacama alone amounted 241,000 to over one-third of the importations of the whole 176,000 republic. 279,000 The following figures show the exportation of minerals from Atacama in 1875 in detail, viz.:

653,000

$35,928,000

$21,338,500 2,033,500

28,372,000 $59,800,000

The following table exhibits the value of the imports for 1875, and the countries from which they were received:

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Total imports...

Value. $15,703,000 7,815,000 4,162,000

2,727,000

Silver in bars, $5,356,160: copper in pigs, 83,419,660; copper in bars, $2,654,477: copper-ore, $1,394.065; copper and silver bars, $630,500; copper and silver ore, $53,797; silver-ore, $36,902; copper, sil ver, and gold bars, 36,240. Total, $13,581,801.

In 1874 the amount of Bolivian ore sent to Atacama for reduction was 64,444,434 grammes; and in 1875, 21,047,582 grammes; while the production of the province in minerals of all kinds in 1874 amounted to 43,716,396 grammes, and in 1875 to 112,856,418 grammes.

In 1875 there were 486 mines in operation in the province, divided as follows: Copper-mines, 300; silver-mines, 169; copper and silver mines, 11: 2,411,000 gold-mines, 8; gold and copper mine, 1; silver 2,133,000 and gold mine, 1; copper, silver, and lead mine, 579,000 1. Total, 486.

493,000

91,000

787,000 The shipping movements at the ports of 1,638,000 Chili in 1875 comprised 5,827 vessels entered, with an aggregate tonnage of 3,851,000; and 5,783 vessels cleared, with an aggregate of 3,833,168 tons.

$33,138,000

23,372,000

$61,510,000 It is observed that, in the mean, some twothirds of the Chilian exports are to Great Britain, and that somewhat over one-third of the imports are received therefrom.

The value of metals exported in 1875 was as follows: Silver, $2,938,510; copper, $13,968,658-total, $16,907,163.

In the month of September, 1876, copper, silver, and cobalt were exported from Caldera of the value of $446,211.79; and ores of the value of $10,510,50 were received at the same port.

The following interesting report of the mineral wealth of the northern province of Atacama was published in 1876 by the Chilian consul-general at San Francisco, Señor Casa

nueva:

The value of the silver, bullion and bars, exported from that province during a period of thirty-two years (from 1843 to 1875) amounts to $89,131,706. From 1843, the produ tion of silver has increased from $1,000,000 (amount produced in that year) to $5,356,160 for the year 1875.

The value of the minerals of all kinds exported from the province during the thirty-two years above stated amounted to the enormous sum of $240,000,900. The following table shows the ratio of increase in the production for the past thirty years, in periods of five years:

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In 1875 there were open to traffic in Chili 595 miles of railway-ten lines-of which 377 miles-five lines- belonged to the Government; and three new lines, with an aggregate length of 185 miles, were in process of construction.

The total length of telegraph-lines in the republic in 1875 was 2,559 miles; and the number of dispatches in 1874, 270,198.

As already stated, Chili is, after the Argentine Republic, the Spanish-American country in which the largest appropriations of funds are made to the cause of education. In 1875, 298 university degrees were conferred, four of the graduates being licentiates in medicine who had studied in foreign universities. The foundation of a second Instituto Nacional is now proposed, that at present in existence being insufficient to accommodate the number of students applying for admittance. During the year 1877 will be installed and in operation the classes of the Valparaiso Lyceum, in the new edifice now in course of construction, and which will shortly be completed. The primary schools in operation during the year 1875 numbered 1,359, of which 818 were public, and 541 private; the alternate schools number 62. Adequate buildings are required, as well as a regular system of teaching and discipline, and a sufficient number of text-books adapted to the requirements of the scholars; grave objections have likewise been urged against the class of teachers usually chosen. All this, however, is being gradually remedied; and if, as is expected, the intellectual standard of the preceptors be raised, it will soon be possible to form a staff satisfactory in every respect. The

public schools had in 1875 an attendance of 65,875 pupils, and the private schools, 23,630; or a total of 89,505 pupils. The outlay for the schools has amounted to $801,522.14.

One of the first acts of Señor Amunátegui, the new Minister of Instruction, was to abolish the obligatory study of Latin by candidates for university degrees. The student can now choose between Latin and one living language, or French, English, and German. The clergy are greatly incensed at this measure, and firmly sustain the time-honored custom. They advert to the many perils to be apprehended from the proposed change, and prophesy the utter extinction of Latin as a branch of study in a short time. They, however, unadvisedly consider English as only of use occasionally, in matters of commerce, and likely to be soon forgotten. The Constituyente of Copiapó announces the proximate arrival of the machinery required for working the borax-deposits of Marieunga, of which great expectations are formed. The presidential elections, which took place on June 25, 1876, were marked by the most perfect tranquillity. The Clerical (Mackenna) party, foreseeing the futility of the contest, forbore from even voting; and Señor Anibal Pinto, the Government candidate, was elected by a large majority.

CHINA, an empire in Asia. Emperor, Kwang-liu, formerly called Tsaeteen, born in 1872, a son of Prince Ch'un, and grandson of the Emperor Tan-Kwang, who died in 1850; succeeded to the throne in January, 1875.

The following table exhibits the area of the different provinces according to the latest estimates, and the population according to the estimate of 1842, which may be considered the most reliable at the present time:

PROVINCES.

1. CHINA PROPER.

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14,855.000

241,000

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Continent of Europe..

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53,779

29,529,877

Japan..

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65.969

17,056,925

Russia (Odessa).

989,000

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Klangsi..

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Chihkiang..

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Fokien..

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Hupeh.

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The foreign trade of the different treaty ports in 1875 was as follows (in taels):

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Shensi

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Kansuh

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122,462

5,823,670

Tientsin...

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Kweichow

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Cheefoo...

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Island of Hainan

13,975

Island of Forniosa..

14,982

2,500,000 8,020,000

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