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examples-The Shays rebellion-Arguments of those who favor
separate States answered - Historical examples - Appeal to the
people from these examples.

Danger of faction in the United States as elsewhere-Nature of a

faction-Modes of avoiding this danger-Superiority of a representa-
tive government to a democracy in preventing factions-The advan-
tage of a large republic in this respect.

No. XI. THE UTILITY OF THE UNION IN RESPECT TO COM-

MERCIAL RELATIONS AND A NAVY

Foreign nations jealous of our commerce-Need of uniformity of
action-Respect commanded by a navy-Effects of disunion on com-
merce-On the fisheries-On the navigation of the Western lakes and
the Mississippi river-Jealousy of Spain-Advantages of a navy-
Internal commerce-Europe not superior to America.

No. XII.- THE UTILITY OF THE UNION IN RESPECT TO

REVENUE

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Commerce the best source of wealth, and increases the ability to
pay taxes-Indirect taxation best suited to America, and that must
come from commerce-Taxation of this sort impossible without
Union-The results of a destruction of this resource-'
-The need of
revenue, and the best sources for it ensured by Union,

No. XIII.-ADVANTAGE OF THE UNION IN RESPECT TO
ECONOMY IN GOVERNMENT

One civil list instead of many-Small confederacies will be formed,

each as expensive as the single Confederacy proposed-Reasons for

this.

No. XIV. OBJECTIONS TO THE PROPOSED CONSTITUTION
FROM EXTENT OF TERRITORY ANSWERED

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Distinction between a republic and a democracy-Errors as to
ancient republics-Extending the limits of a republic-Territory of
the United States not too extended, compared with European nations
-Jurisdiction of the United States limited to objects of general
interest Purpose of the Constitution to unite States and add to their
number-Intercourse between the States will be promoted-All the
States exposed, and all need protection.

No. XV. THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE PRESENT CONFED-
ERATION TO PRESERVE THE UNION

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Evil results of the present Confederation—Analysis of the defects
of the Confederation-The true purposes of government-Impotence
of the Confederation for efficient government-Experience under the
present Confederation.

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No sanction to its laws, no power to exact obedience, no power to
punish disobedience, no power to use force with the States, no power
to assist a State in enforcing its own laws-Objection as to interfering
with States answered-The principle of raising money by contribu-
tions from the States-This rule unequal and oppressive and will
become ruinous-The remedy proposed-Advantages of taxes on
articles of consumption, and of indirect taxation.

No. XXII.-THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED

No power to regulate commerce-Evils of this lack of power-

Raising troops by quota-Evils of such a system-The evils and

dangers arising from the equal vote of the States in Congress-The

want of a judiciary power—The organization of Congress utterly im-

proper for the exercise of suitable powers.-The present Confedera-

tion never ratified by the people.

No. XXIII.-THE NECESSITY OF A GOVERNMENT AS ENER-

GETIC AS THE ONE PROPOSED TO THE PRESERVATION

OF THE UNION

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The objects of the federal government-The common defence of

the States and the powers necessary-Reasons why these powers

should not be limited-Failure in this respect of the Confederation

-Remedies of the Constitution.

No. XXIV.-THE POWERS NECESSARY TO THE COMMON
DEFENCE FURTHER CONSIDERED

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Objection as to standing army answered-These powers given to
Congress-Limitations on Congress-No interdiction in State consti-
tutions, with two exceptions, to standing armies-None in articles of
Confederation-Necessity of such powers in the federal government—
Our commerce demands a navy.

No. XXV. THE SAME SUBJect Continued

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Its origin-Not in favor here-The exclusion of military establish-
ments in time of peace-Its origin and progress-Giving the author-
ity to Congress a sufficient safeguard-Reasons for this-Objection
that the Executive may seize supplies answered and an appeal made
on this point for Union.

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Regulation of militia must be confided to federal government to
secure uniformity of organization and discipline-Objections that
no power is given to federal magistrate to call out posse comitatus,
that danger may be apprehended from authority over militia, an-
swered-The project of "Publius" for a militia establishment and
its advantages-The appointment of officers of militia by States a
sufficient safeguard-Objection as to power to order militia to distant
States answered.

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Objection that the general power of taxation would interfere with

the State levies considered-Barrier against this danger-Federal
sovereignty limited-The only exclusive power of taxation in the
federal government is in laying duties on imports-The power of
taxation in all other respects concurrent with that of the States-
Proof of this-No repugnancy between federal and State power-
Concurrent authority the necessary result of a divided sovereignty.

No. XXXIII.-THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED

Objections to incidental powers of taxation considered-These

powers necessary-Their express grant an act of caution-The fed-
eral authorities and then their constituents the judges of the propriety
of federal measures-Objections that the taxation laws of the Union
are supreme considered, and the necessity of this supremacy shown
-These laws limited by the Constitution.

No. XXXIV. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED

Concurrent authority concerning taxation the only alternative to

complete subordination of the States-Absurdity of denying the prac-
ticability of concurrent authority-Examples from Roman history-
Needs of the federal government for large powers of taxation.

No. XXXV. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED

Reasons for not restricting federal government in the matter of

revenue-Restraint would lead to inequality of taxation and oppres-
sion-Objections that the interest of the revenue would guard against
an extreme tariff, and that all classes of tax-paying citizens cannot be
represented, considered-Representation in Congress analyzed in re-
gard to taxation-Good effects of mixed representation and the need
of extensive information among representatives.

No. XXXVI. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED

Representation further considered with reference to taxation-The

federal government able to exercise the power of internal taxation-
Better than the system of requisitions-No danger of conflict between
State and federal authorities in regard to taxation-Minor objections
to power of taxation considered,

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