the male driver was pushed to the left toward the intruding door and armrest by the forces of the collision.

The hospital X-rays showed nine rib fractures on the left side. We took daily electrocardiograms of this man which showed progressive confirmation of the heart damage and in addition we did serial studies of the blood enzymes and here is a chart indicating that they are an indication of what helped damage the heart. Here is a tabulation which indicated elevations of enzymes which helped the correlation of heart damage with impact.

Reducing such injuries requires the strengthening of sides of vehicles, removal of unyielding attachments to door interiors and other changes, some of which are just beginning to occur. Standards are needed, and essential to encourage and accelerate these improvements. Senator HARTKE. I was told the other day that the person who is riding in an automobile is in much greater danger due to the side impacts than one of these individuals who rides in the bumper cars at the amusement parks, is that correct?

Dr. NAHUM. Unfortunately we never measured acceleration on the amusement car bumpers, but undoubtedly there are safer ways to travel.

Senator HARTKE. Maybe you ought to go out to one of those parks and see how they work.

Dr. NAHUM. Unfortunately, the side impact, particularly between two vehicles, is a different story for the two vehicles. The striking car has a very soft collision and the injuries are frequently low. In the struck car, the impact is quite high and the injuries are concomitantly high, so it's an unequal type of situation, particularly when a smaller vehicle is struck by a larger vehicle. This is one of the areas which