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10. The powers and duties of the president are nume rous, and some of them very important. They are, in their nature, much the same as those of the governor of a state. They will be found mentioned in the constitution, article 2, § 2, 3.

11. The president has a salary of $25,000 a year. Some think this too much. But the expenses of a president are necessarily very great. It is believed that no president has ever been able to lay up a large portion of his salary. The vice-president receives $5000 a year. His principal duty is to preside in the senate.

CHAPTER XLIV.

Of the subordinate Executive Departments.

1. THE general executive business of the nation, excepting what is done by the president in person, is performed in the several executive departments, of which the following are the head officers: the secretary of state, the secretary of the treasury, the secretary of war, the secretary of the navy, the attorney-general, and the postmaster-general. These officers are consulted by the president, on important public matters; and hence they are called "the cabinet." They are appointed by the president and senate.

2. The secretary of state performs many duties similar to those of a secretary of a state government. Besides these, he transacts much of the business with foreign countries. If the president has instructions to give to our public ministers abroad, these instructions are communicated by the secretary of state; and he also conducts the correspondence, and transacts the business to be done, with the ministers of foreign countries residing here.

3. The salary of the secretary of state is $6,000 a year;

terms? When do senators and representatives? 10. What is said of the president's powers and duties? 11. What is the salary of the president? Of the vice-president?

1. Name the heads of the several executive departments. What are they sometimes called? How appointed? 2. What are the duties of

that of his chief clerk, $2,000. The business of granting patents for new inventions is done in this department, by a commissioner of patents, under the direction of the secretary. The commissioner receives $3,000 a year; his chief clerk, $1,700.

4. The secretary of the treasury conducts the financial affairs of the government. His duties are nearly the same as those of the auditor of the state of Ohio. There are, in

this department, two comptrollers and five auditors, to examine and settle the public accounts, and collect the debts due the United States; a treasurer to keep and pay out the money; a register, who keeps accounts of the goods imported and exported, and of the shipping employed in our foreign trade; a solicitor; and a commissioner of the landoffice.

5. The salary of the secretary of the treasury is $6,000; that of his chief clerk, $2,000; other officers receive as follows: solicitor of the treasury, $3,500; his chief clerk, $1,150; 1st comptroller, $3,500; chief clerk, $1,700; 2d comptroller, auditors, treasurer, and register, each $3,000; chief clerk of each, $1,700; commissioner of land-office, $3,000; solicitor, $2,000; three clerks, each $1,800; a recorder and secretary, each $1,500.

6. The business of the secretary of war relates to the military affairs of the United States, and to Indian affairs. The nation supports what is called a standing army, which consists, at present, of about 9,000 armed men, stationed in different parts of the United States, and ready for service when wanted. The salary of the secretary is $6,000; that of his chief clerk is $2,000. Several under officers receive, some $2,500, others $3,000, and their chief clerks from $700 to $1,700 each.

7. The secretary of the navy superintends the business

the secretary of state? 3. What is his salary? That of his chief clerk? Of the commissioner of patents? of his chief clerk? 4. What is the business of the secretary of the treasury? Of the comptrollers, auditors, treasurer, and register? What is the secretary's salary? The salaries of the other officers? And of their clerks? 6. What is the business of the war department? What is said of the army? What is the secretary's salary? The salaries of other officers and their clerks? 7. What

relating to the navy. A navy is the fleet, or ships of war, which a nation keeps to defend itself in time of war, and to protect the trade of its citizens on the high seas in time of peace. The salary of the secretary is $6,000; his chief clerk has $2,000; three navy commissioners, each $3,500; their secretary $2,000; and a chief clerk, $1,600.

8. The attorney-general prosecutes and conducts all suits in the supreme court in which the United States are concerned, and gives his advice upon questions of law, when requested by the president or heads of departments. His salary is $4,000.

9. The postmaster-general establishes post-offices, appoints postmasters, and provides for carrying the mails. The business of this department is very extensive. There is a postmaster in almost every town and township in the union; in some there are several. Letters and papers are sent by mail to the most distant parts of the United States in a few days.

10. Every postmaster is required to keep an account of all the letters sent from and received at his office, and of the names of the offices to which sent, and from which re. ceived; and also the letters on which the postage was paid when mailed, and on which it was unpaid, and of those which are sent free of postage; and at the end of every quarter such account is sent to the postmaster-general, together with a statement of all moneys received for postage and paid out by each postmaster. All letters which were advertised as remaining in his office at the end of the preceding quarter, and which still remain in the office, are put up in a package, and sent to the general post-office, where they are opened, and, if found to contain any thing of sufficient importance, are returned by mail to the writers of them.

11. The returns thus made to the postmaster-general are all examined, to see whether they are correct or not.

does the secretary of the navy do? What is a navy? Secretary's salary! His chief clerk's? Salaries of the three navy commissioners? Of their secretary and clerks? 8. What is the business of the attorney-general His salary? 9. What are the principal duties of the postmaster-general! 10. What is required of the deputy postmasters? 12. What is franking &

The examination of the account of every postmaster in the anion, the making of contracts for carrying mails on all the post-roads, and a variety of other business, require the labor of a great number of assistants and clerks.

12. Members of congress may receive letters, not exceeding two ounces in weight, free of postage during the recess of congress. And postmasters and other officers in the postoffice department may send free, letters and packages relating to their official duties or to the business of the department, by endorsing on the back of the letter or package the words, "official business." Sending free any letter or package is called franking.

13. The number of post-offices in the union is about 14,000. The length of post-roads over which the mail was carried during the year ending June 30, 1842, was 149,732 miles; the number of miles of mail carriage was 34,835,991; the whole amount received for postages and fines, $4,546,246; and the whole amount paid for transporting the mail, with ather expenses incurred during the year, $4,235,052.

14. The salary of the postmaster-general is $6,000; three assistants receive $2,500 each; and the auditor receives $3,000. Postmasters receive, for their services, a certain rate per cent. on the money received by them at their respective offices. This per centage varies, however, being greater or less when the amount of postages for each quarter is over or under a certain sum.

15. All the secretaries and postmaster-general, except the secretary of the treasury, report annually to the president, who lays their reports before congress. The secretary of the treasury reports directly to congress.

Who has this privilege? How is it done? 13. How many post-offices in the United States? Give the statistics of the year 1842. 14. What are the salaries of the postmaster-general and his under officers? What is the compensation of deputy postmasters? 15. To whom do the heads of departments report?

CHAPTER XLV.

Of the Judicial Department.

1. As has been stated, there was, before the adoption of the constitution, no established national judiciary. The necessity of such a tribunal to decide disputes between states, and other matters of a national character, having become apparent, power was given to congress to establish national courts. [See Cons. Art. 1, § 8; Art. 3, § 1.]

2. It is proper that all cases arising between citizens of the same state, as well as all crimes committed against its laws, should be tried by the courts of the state. But when cases arise under the laws of the United States, or between different states, or citizens of different states; or when crimes are committed on the ocean, or elsewhere beyond the jurisdiction of a state, it is evident that some other than a state court ought to try such cases. For example, if a person should violate the laws of congress made for the col lection of duties on goods imported, he must be prosecuted in a court of the United States. So a murder committed at sea, beyond the limits of a state, is properly tried in a national court. Piracy, which is robbery on the high seas, is always tried in such court. And so all other cases mentioned in article 2, section 2, of the constitution.

3. The lowest national courts are the district courts. Every state constitutes at least one district; a few of the large states, two each. In each district is a judge, who has power to hold a court. There are also in each district a district attorney to attend to suits on the part of the United States, and a marshal, whose duties in this court are like those of a sheriff in state courts. This court has four stated terms a year. It tries certain kinds of civil cases, and the lower crimes against the laws of the United States.

4. The circuits embrace larger territories than the dis

1. What is the object of having national courts? 2. What are some of the cases that properly come before these courts? What is piracy? 3. Which are the lowest national courts? What constitutes a district? What cases does this court try? 4. Of what territory are the circuits

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