Veto. Bill may be passed by two thirds of each house, notwithstanding, &c. Bill not return ed in ten days. Provision as to all orders, &c. except, &c. Powers of congress. 5 Wheat. 317. 12 Wheat. 419. 9 Wheat. 1. 12 Pet. 72. 2 Wheat. 259. 4 Wheat. 122. 4 Gray, 559. Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and the senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the president of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the senate and house of representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. SECT. 8. The congress shall have power-To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes;- To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United 12 Wheat. 213. States;-To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;-To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;-To establish post offices and post roads;-To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; - To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court;-To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations;-To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; -To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;-To provide and maintain a navy; -To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;-To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress; 5 Wheat. 153. 5 Wheat. 1. 12 Wheat. 19. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of the government of the United States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings;-And to make all laws which shall be 12 Wheat. 136. necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, 1 Cranch. 137. 9 Wheat. 738. and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. importation of SECT. 9. The migration or importation of such persons, as any of the Provision as to states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited migration or by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, certain persons. but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 4 Cranch, 75. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, Habeas corpus. unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. Bills of attainNo bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. der, &c. 3 Dall. 386. No capitation, or other direct, tax, shall be laid, unless in proportion 12 Wheat. 213. to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. Taxes, how apportioned. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No export duty. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or reve- No commercial nue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels preferences. bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. drawn from No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of No money appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of treasury, unthe receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published less, &c. from time to time. bility. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no No titular noperson holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without officers, not to the consent of the congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or receive prestitle, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.. ents, unless, &c. ed from the ex powers. SECT. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- States prohibitation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of ercise of certain credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment Pi Pet. 257, 420. of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 5 Gray, 297. the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any imposts or duties on 12 Wheat. 419. imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. President and vice president, their term of SECT. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice president, chosen for the same office. term, be elected, as follows: sident and vice Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof Electors of premay direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators president, numand representatives to which the state may be entitled in the congress: ber, and how But no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. appointed. [The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, Amendment of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. XII. a substi tute for this And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for paragraph. each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest Electors to vote on same day. U. S. Statutes, 1845, 1. Qualifications of president. On whom his duties devolve in case of his re moval, death, U. S. Statutes, &c. 1792, 8, § 10. President's number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like manner choose the presi dent. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice president.] The congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice president, and the congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a comcompensation. pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. U. S. Statutes, His oath. President to be commander in chief. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will to the best of my abil ity, preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the United States." SECT. 2. The president shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, He may require when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require opinion of, &c., the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. and may pardon. Treaty-making power. 1 Cranch. 137. 2 Pet. 253. 12 Pet. 524. 13 Pet. 415. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, Nomination of judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. @ertain officers. 1 Pet. 511. 13 Pet. 230. When president may fill vacancies. President shall congress. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECT. 3. He shall from time to time give to the congress information communicate to of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraor dinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, He may convene and ad journ congress, in case, &c. he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall Shall receive receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that execute laws, the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of and commission the United States. ambassadors; officers. forfeited for cer SECT. 4. The president, vice president, and all civil officers of the All civil offices United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and tain crimes. conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. SECT. 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in Judicial power. one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme Tenure. and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which Compensation. shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. to what cases it to 2 Dall. 419. 1 Pet. 511. SECT. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and Judicial power, equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, extends. and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; - to 11 Wheat. 467. all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to 12 Pet. 657. which the United States shall be a party;-to controversies between 5 Pet. 1. two or more states; - between a state and citizens of another state; between citizens of different states, between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. See amendment preme court. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, Original jurisand those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have diction of suoriginal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the su- Appellate. 7 Cranch, 108. preme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, i Wheat. 304. with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the congress shall make. Trial, where. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by Trial by jury, jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes except, &c. shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the congress may by law have directed. fined. SECT. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in lev- Treason deying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid all. 56. and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the 2 Dall. 348. testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 4 Cranch, 470. open court. Proof of. The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, Punishment of but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. every 1790, 11. 7 Cranch, 481. 3 Wheat. 234. Privileges of SECT. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the artystate. public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And U. S. Statutes, the congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such 1804, 56. acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECT. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be de- Fugitives from justice to be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. livered up. citizens of each state. 18 How. 71. 3 Gray, 276. Persons held to delivered up. U. S. Statutes, 1793, 7. 1850, 60. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereservice, having of, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. SECT. 3. New states may be admitted by the congress into this Admission of Union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the congress. 16 Pet. 539. new states. Power of con gress over territory and other property. Republican form of government guaran The congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. SECT. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the legislature, or of the execuEach state to be tive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. teed. protected. Constitution, how amended. Proviso. Certain debts, &c. adopted. 1 Supremacy of constitution, treaties and ARTICLE V. The congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate. ARTICLE VI. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States. under this constitution, as under the confederation. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be laws of the U. made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. States. Oath to support whom taken. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members constitution, by of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. No religious test What ratifica ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient tion shall estab- for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying |