be true, and for which he shall be paid at the rate of 10 cents for each 100 names. He was also required to give notice by written advertisement at three or more public places in his district that he would be at the court-house of said county on the fifth day after filing said list, not including Sunday, from 9 o'clock antemeridian to 6 o'clock postmeridian, and the following day, for the purpose of correcting his enumeration by striking out or adding the designation of persons improperly enumerated or omitted; and he was required at the time specified to correct, on such reliable information as he may obtain, all omissions and mistakes in such enumeration, swearing and examining witnesses for the purpose, if necessary, and to then make known to the bystanders, if any, the result of such inquiry for correction and the whole number of persons enumerated by him. In order to enable him to perform this additional duty, the time for making his return to the supervisor was extended fifteen days.

There were five general schedules of inquiry authorized, relating to population, agriculture, manufactures, mortality, and social statistics, as at the census of 1870, but several changes and additions were made in them in accordance with the requirements of the census acts. The general schedules used at the census of 1880 were much larger in size than those used in 1870, being about 21 by 15 inches, and spaces were provided on the population schedule for the entry of 50 names to each page.

The inquiries as to the value of real and personal estate owned and male citizens were dropped from the schedule relating to the population, and new inquiries added calling for a statement concerning each person enumerated of the relation to the head of the family, as wife, son, daughter, servant, boarder, or other; civil (or conjugal) condition, as single, married, widowed, or divorced; place of birth of parents, as State or Territory, or country, if of foreign birth; condition of health, as sick or temporarily disabled; physical disabilities, as maimed, crippled, bedridden, or otherwise disabled; and number of months unemployed during the census year, in connection with the return of profession, trade, or occupation.

The inquiries as to the conjugal condition and the birthplace of the parents of decedents were also added to the schedule relating to mortality, and, in addition, inquiries as to the length of residence in the county and the name of the place where the disease was contracted, if other than the place of death.

The schedule relating to productions of agriculture included not only new inquiries as to the tenure of farm, weeks of hired labor, cost for the year of building and repairing fences and of fertilizers purchased, but the inquiries concerning the various crops were very much amplified, including inquiries as to the acreage of the principal crops, and those relating to live stock to include, in addition to the number on hand June 1, 1880, the movement during the year.

The schedule relating to manufactures contained new inquiries as to the greatest number of hands employed at any one time during the year, the number of hours in the ordinary day of labor from May to November and from November to May, the average daily wages paid to a skilled mechanic and to an ordinary laborer, five details as to months in operation on full and part time, and ten details as to the power used in manufactures. The law also made provision, in the discretion of the superintendent, for special schedules for separate industries, and further provided that the schedules of manufactures could be withdrawn from the enumerators of the several subdivisions, whenever the superintendent should deem it expedient, and the collection of these statistics charged upon experts and special agents, to be employed without respect to locality. Under this provision of the law, the schedules for manufacturing industries were withdrawn in 279 cities and towns, and in all but 31 cities a single special agent only was required to do the work. In addition, experts were charged with the collection of the statistics relating to certain industries, to be gathered throughout the country, under the direction of these experts, without reference to locality. These experts were also charged with the classification and analysis of the returns, and the results were published in a series of special reports or monographs. The industries for which the statistics were so collected by experts included not only the manufactures of iron and steel; cotton, woolen, and worsted goods; silk and silk goods; chemical products and salt; coke and glass; and shipbuilding, but also the fisheries and mining in all its branches, including the production of coal and petroleum.

The Superintendent of Census was also authorized, in his discretion, to withdraw the mortality schedule in localities where an official registration of deaths is maintained, and to obtain the required statistics from the official records, paying therefor such sum as might be necessary, not exceeding the rates authorized to be paid to the enumerators for a similar service. The mortality schedules were accordingly withdrawn from the enumerators in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and the District of Columbia and in 19 cities, including all the leading cities in the country, and the statistics of deaths compiled from the registration records. Of the whole number of deaths reported from all sources in 1880 (756,893), not quite one-fourth (178,645) were secured from registration offices, and the enumerators were, to that extent, entirely relieved from this duty. The total population represented by these registration areas was 8,538,366, or substantially one-sixth of the entire population of the country.

The collection of the social statistics, authorized by schedule No. 4, was also withdrawn from the general enumerators, under the provisions of section 18 of the act of March 3, 1879, and the information was collected either wholly by experts and special agents appointed without regard to locality, or partly by special agents and partly by corre

spondence. Some part of the detailed information called for by the supplemental schedules relating to the insane, feeble-minded, deaf and dumb, and blind, was obtained through the medium of the census enumerators, so far as these classes were found among the general population, but the most of this information was obtained by consultation and correspondence with the officers of the institutions maintained for their special care and treatment, the work being prosecuted under the direction of an expert, to whom was also intrusted the collection of the statistics relating to crime, pauperism, and benevolence. Experts and special agents were also employed to collect the statistics relating to the other topics covered by the schedule on social statistics, namely, valuation, taxation, and indebtedness; religion; libraries; colleges, acadamies, and schools; newspapers and periodicals, and wages. The law also provided for the collection of detailed information as to the condition and operations of railroad corporations, incorporated express companies, and telegraph companies, and of life, fire, and marine insurance companies, and, in addition, the Superintendent of Census was required to collect and publish the statistics of the population, industries, and resources of Alaska with such fullness as he might find expedient and practicable, and to make an enumeration, through special agents or other means, of all Indians not taxed within the jurisdiction of the United States, with such information as to their condition as could be obtained.

Section 10 of the act of March 3, 1879, specified the manner in which the compensation of enumerators should be ascertained and fixed, by which an allowance not exceeding 2 cents for each living inhabitant, 2 cents for each death reported, 10 cents for each farm, and 15 cents for each establishment of productive industry enumerated and returned could be made in subdivisions where the Superintendent of Census deemed such allowance sufficient, and he was also required at least one month in advance of the enumeration to designate the subdivisions to which these rates should apply. For all other subdivisions, the law required that rates of compensation should be fixed in advance of the enumeration by the Superintendent of Census, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, according to the difficulty of enumeration, having reference to the nature of the region to be canvassed, and the density or sparseness of settlement, or other considerations pertinent thereto; but the compensation allowed to any enumerator in any district was not to exceed an average of $4 per day of ten hours actual field work each in any district east of the one-hundredth meridian and $6 per working day of equal length in any district west of the one-hundredth meridian.

Under this provision of the law, uniform rates of compensation were allowed as follows: Five cents for each death returned, 15 cents for each establishment of productive industry reported on the general

schedule of manufactures, and 25 cents for each establishment of productive industry reported on the special schedules of manufactures. For the return of living persons and of farms, the rates allowed were varied according to the varying ease or difficulty of enumeration, the minimum allowance being 12 cents for each farm reported, and 2 cents for each living inhabitant returned. These minimum rates were paid generally in cities and incorporated towns and villages, and somewhat higher rates in less thickly settled districts. In a few districts in the Territories and sparsely settled States per diem rates of from $4 to $6 were allowed and paid, following the limitations prescribed by the census act. In addition, supplemental schedules were used in enumerating the defective, dependent, and delinquent classes, as already stated, and for each of these schedules, which were seven in number, the enumerators were allowed a uniform rate of 5 cents for each person returned thereon. Each enumerator was allowed, in addition, 10 cents for each 100 names in the copy of his schedule required to be made and deposited with the county clerk, and $2.50 per day for the two days' additional service required for the correction of his schedule of inhabitants, under the provisions of section 6 of the act of April 20, 1880.

The experts and special agents employed to collect the manufacturing and other statistics withdrawn from the general enumerators were required to take the same oath and were given equal authority with the enumerators, and they received compensation at rates fixed by the Superintendent of Census, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, not to exceed, in any case, $6 per day and actual traveling

expenses.

Under the law the Superintendent of Census, with the consent of the President, could remove at any time any supervisor of census and fill any vacancy thereby caused or otherwise occurring, and similar authority was given to a supervisor of census to remove, with the consent of the Superintendent of Census, any enumerator in his district and to fill any vacancy that might occur from that or other reason. In all such cases, however, but one compensation could be allowed for the entire service, to be properly apportioned by the Superintendent of Census.

Each enumerator was required to make daily reports to the Superintendent of Census and to the supervisor of his district of the number of persons, farms, etc., enumerated by him each day, and also a statement of the time actually and necessarily occupied in this service, postal cards, properly printed and addressed, being provided for the purpose. He was also required to date and sign each page of the population schedule, and upon the completion of his work to append a written certificate that he had completed the enumeration of the S. Doc. 194 -5

district assigned to him, and that the returns had been duly and truthfully made in accordance with law and his oath of office.

There were, at the census of 1880, in all 31,382 enumerators, and their average daily earnings were as follows: 964, or 3.07 per cent, earned $2 and less; 2,908, or 9.27 per cent, from $2 to $2.50; 5,565, or 17.73 per cent, from $2.50 to $3; 7,529, or 23.99 per cent, from $3 to $3.50; 12,588, or 40.11 per cent, from $3.50 to $4; 630, or 2.01 per cent, from $4 to $4.50; 152, or 0.49 per cent, from $4.50 to $5; 157, or 0.50 per cent, from $5 to $5.50, and 889, or 2.83 per cent, from $5.50 to $6.

Penalties were also provided by the census act, by which it was made a misdemeanor for any supervisor or enumerator, after having taken and subscribed the oath required by the act, to neglect or refuse, without justifiable cause, to perform the duties required of him, or to communicate, without the authority of the Superintendent of Census, to any unauthorized person any statistics of property or business included in his return, and upon conviction to forfeit a sum not exceeding $500; and, also, if he should willfully and knowingly swear or affirm falsely, he should be deemed guilty of perjury, and on conviction to be subject to an imprisonment of not exceeding three years or to a fine of not exceeding $800; or, if he should willfully and knowingly make false certificates or fictitious returns, he should be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction of either offense, he should forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding $5,000 and be imprisoned not exceeding two years. It was also provided that if any person should receive or secure to himself any fee, reward, or compensation as a consideration for the employment of any person as enumerator or clerk, or should in any way receive or secure to himself any part of the compensation provided in this act for the services of any enumerator or clerk, he should be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, should be fined not less than $500 nor more than $3,000, in the discretion of the court.

The law further provided penalties for the failure or refusal on the part of any person more than 20 years of age belonging to any family residing in any enumeration district, or, in the absence of the heads and other members, of any agent of any family, to render a true account to the best of his or her knowledge of every person belonging to such family, if so required, and also in the case of similar failure or refusal on the part of any officer or agent of a corporation from which answers were required on any of the schedules provided for by the census act.

All mail matter of whatever class relating to the census, if properly addressed and indorsed, was to be transported free of postage, subject to a penalty for private use of $300.

The Secretary was also authorized, in his judgment, to call upon any