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resident therein, and to whom the marshal was required to give a commission under his hand, authorizing him to perform the duties of an assistant, and setting forth the boundaries of his subdivision.

Each marshal was further required to "supply each assistant with the instructions issued by the Department of the Interior, the blanks provided for the enumeration of the population, and the collection of other statistics, and give to him, from time to time, all such information and directions as may be necessary to enable him to discharge his duty." He was also directed to carefully examine the returns of each of his assistants, and if not properly made, to require them to be corrected; to determine the rate of compensation to be paid to each assistant, subject to the final approval of the Secretary of the Interior; to keep himself posted as to the progress made by each assistant in his work, and in case of inability or neglect, arising from sickness or other cause, to appoint a substitute.

Any marshal could appoint a deputy or deputies to act in his behalf, if not inconsistent with the duties of his assistants, and such deputies could collect the social statistics, if so desired; but the marshal was made responsible for their acts in all cases. Furthermore, in the Territories or sparsely settled districts, the Secretary of War was directed to allow the services of the officers and other persons belonging to the Army to be utilized in the taking of the census, where needed, if it could be done without prejudice to the public service.

Each assistant, having received his commission and taken the oath or affirmation prescribed by the act and forwarded a copy thereof, duly authenticated, to the marshal of his district, was required to "perform the service required of him by a personal visit to each dwelling house, and to each family in the subdivision assigned to him," and to ascertain, by inquiries made of some member of each family, if anyone can be found capable of giving the information, but if not, then of the agent of such family, the name, age, place of birth, and all the other particulars required concerning each member thereof; he was also required to visit personally the farms, mills, shops, mines, and other places respecting which information is required in his district, and to obtain all such information from the best and most reliable sources; and when, in either case, said information had been obtained and entered on the schedules, it was to be immediately read to the person or persons furnishing the facts, to correct errors, and supply omissions, wherever necessary.

The assistants were required by their instructions to furnish, prior to October 1, 1850, the original census returns to the clerks of their respective county courts, and to forward two copies, duly compared and corrected, to the marshals; but by act of August 30, 1850, the Secretary of the Interior was authorized to extend the time in delayed districts to any day not later than January 1, 1851, and in California, Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico to such time as in his discretion may

be deemed advisable. Each assistant was also required to sign each page of the schedules before being sent to the marshals, and to state on the last page the whole number of pages in each return and to certify that "they were well and truly made according to the tenor of his oath of office."

The act provided for the transmission through the mails, free of postage, of all documents and papers relating to the census, and, for the purpose of covering the expense of transmitting the blanks and other matter through the mail, appropriated $12,000, to be paid to the Post-Office Department.

The marshals were not allowed a fixed sum for their services, as in preceding censuses, but were compensated at the rate of $1 for each 1,000 persons in each district containing more than 1,000,000 inhabitants, and at the rate of $1.25 for each 1,000 persons in each district containing less than 1,000,000 inhabitants; but no marshal was to receive less than $250, and where the compensation did not exceed $500 a reasonable allowance for clerk hire was to be made, the amount to be determined by the Secretary of the Interior.

The assistants, instead of being allowed, as heretofore, a certain rate for a specified number of persons returned, were paid for each person and each farm and establishment, as follows:

Two cents for each person enumerated, and 10 cents per mile for necessary travel, "to be ascertained by multiplying the square root of the number of dwelling houses in the division by the square root of the number of square miles in each division, and the product shall be taken as the number of miles traveled for all purposes in taking this census;" 10 cents for each farm; 15 cents for each establishment of productive industry; 2 cents for each death, and for the social statistics 2 per cent upon the amount allowed for the enumeration of population. By act of August 30, 1850, assistant marshals and agents were allowed 8 cents for each page of the two copies of the original census returns required by section 11 of the census act, and extra compensation was allowed to marshals or agents and their assistants in California, Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico. One-half of the compensation of an assistant was to be paid upon the certificate of the marshal that the work had been completed to his satisfaction and a return had been made of the subdivision confided to him, and one-half after the returns had been examined at the Department of the Interior and found to be satisfactory. Payments were to be made in the same manner to the several marshals, and it was also provided by the act that a marshal, at his discretion, could perform the duties of an assistant in any subdivision in which he may reside, and receive the compensation allowed to an assistant for like services.

In case a marshal should knowingly neglect or refuse to perform the duties assigned him, or should in any way secure any fee, reward, or compensation for the appointment of an assistant, or any part of

the compensation allowed him, he was subject to a penalty of not less than $1,000, while an assistant was liable to a forfeiture of $500, if having accepted an appointment he should, without justifiable cause, neglect or refuse to perform his duties; and in case either a marshal or an assistant should willfully make a false oath or a false certificate, he was liable to forfeit and pay not exceeding $5,000 and be imprisoned not less than two years.

If any free person over 20 years of age belonging to a family, or if the agent of a family, in the absence of the head and other members, should refuse, upon the request of a marshal or assistant, to furnish the information required, to the best of his knowledge, he was subject to a fine of $30.

The Secretary of the Interior was charged with the duty of carrying out the provisions of the act of May 23, 1850, and was required to provide necessary blanks and proper instructions, and to distribute them among the marshals; to see that there is due diligence on the part of the marshals and assistants, so that their returns may be completed within the time prescribed, and when the returns are so made, "to cause the same to be classified and arranged in the best and most convenient manner for use, and lay the same before Congress at the next session thereof." And for these purposes he was authorized and required to appoint a suitable and competent person as superintending clerk, at an annual salary of $2,500, and such clerks and other officers as might be needed from time to time, at salaries not to exceed $1,000 per annum. The salary of the superintending clerk, or Superintendent of the Census, was increased by act of April 22, 1854, to equal that of the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ($3,000).

If no provision was made for the eighth or any subsequent census on or before January 1, of the year in which the census was required to be taken, under the Constitution, it was provided that it should be taken and completed according to the provisions of the act of May 23, 1850; and by a later act, that of July 30, 1852, the Secretary of the Interior was authorized, at any future decennial enumeration of inhabitants, to order a new enumeration of any district or subdivision in case of an improper enumeration or the accidental loss or destruction of returns.

The act of May 23, 1850, also fixed the membership of the House of Representatives from and after March 3, 1853, and directed that the apportionment of representatives under the next or any subsequent enumeration should be made by the Secretary of the Interior, in the manner as provided by the act.

Six schedules were prepared and printed by the census board, as required by the act creating said board, and these schedules were made a part of the act of May 23, 1850, under the provisions of which the seventh census was taken. These schedules were of uniform size (13 by 17 inches), being much smaller than those in use at the censuses of

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1830 and 1840, and related, respectively, to (1) free inhabitants, (2) slave inhabitants, (3) mortality, (4) productions of agriculture, (5) products of industry, and (6) social statistics.

Schedule No. 1, relating to free inhabitants, called for a record of the dwelling houses and families visited, and for every person who resided on the 1st day of June, 1850, in any family a detailed statement was required of the name, age, sex, color (white, black, or mulatto), value of real estate owned, place of birth (State, Territory, or country), whether married within the year; whether deaf and dumb, blind, insane, or idiotic, or a pauper or convict; whether attended school within the year, if applicable; whether unable to read and write, for persons over 20 years of age, and the profession, occupation, or trade ordinarily followed, for male persons over 15 years of age.

Schedule No. 2, relating to slave inhabitants, called for the names of slave owners, the number of slaves, a detailed statement for each slave as to color, sex, age, and whether deaf and dumb, blind, insane, or idiotic; the number of fugitives from the State, and the number manumitted.

Schedule No. 3, relating to mortality, called for a return concerning every person who died during the year ending June 1, 1850, of the name, age, sex, color, and place of birth; the same as for the living population; and, in addition, whether free or slave; whether married or widowed; profession, occupation, or trade; month of death; disease or cause of death; number of days ill, and remarks.

Schedule No. 4, relating to the productions of agriculture during the year ending June 1, 1850, called for a return for each farm of the name of the owner, agent, or manager; the number of acres of improved and of unimproved land; cash value of farm; value of farming implements and machinery; number of live stock on hand June 1, 1850, under seven specifications, namely, horses, asses, and mules, milch cows, working oxen, other cattle, sheep, and swine; value of live stock; quantity produced during the year of each of 29 crops or farm products, namely, wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, rice, tobacco, ginned cotton, wool, pease and beans, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, wine, butter, cheese, hay, clover seed, other grass seeds, hops, dew-rotted hemp, water-rotted hemp, flax, flaxseed, silk cocoons, maple sugar, cane sugar, molasses, and beeswax and honey; value of orchard products; value of the produce of market gardens; value of homemade manufactures, and value of animals. slaughtered; or, in all, 46 items. The twenty-seventh section of the act of May 23, 1850, also provided that for all other descriptions of hemp not embraced in the denominations of dew and water rotted an estimate should be included in the returns.

Schedule No. 5, relating to the products of industry during the year ending June 1, 1850, called for a return of the name of each corporation, company, or individual producing articles to the annual

value of $500; name of business, manufacture, or product; amount of capital invested in real and personal estate in the business; quantities, kinds, and values of raw materials used, including fuel; kind of motive power, machinery, structure, or resource; average number of male and of female hands employed; average monthly cost of male and of female labor; and quantities, kinds, and values of annual product; or, in all, 14 inquiries. This schedule was intended to apply to all forms of productive industry, including manufactures (except household manufactures), mining, and the fisheries, and all kinds of mercantile, commercial, or trading business.

Schedule No. 6, relating to social statistics, called for an aggregate return for each subdivision enumerated of information concerning the following subjects: Valuation of estate; annual taxes; colleges, academies, and schools; seasons and crops; libraries; newspapers and periodicals; religion; pauperism; crime; and wages. The detailed inquiries called for, under valuation, the value of real, personal, and total estate, how valued, and true valuation of total estate; under annual taxes, the kind and amount of each and how paid; under colleges, academies, and schools, the number and kind of each, the number of teachers and pupils in each, and the annual amount in each case either realized from endowment, raised by taxation, received from public funds, or received from other sources; under seasons and crops, the kinds of crops short, to what extent, and the usual average crop; under libraries, the number and kind, and the number of volumes in each; under newspapers and periodicals, the name, character, how often published, and circulation; under religion, the number and denomination of churches, number each will accommodate, and value of church property; under pauperism, the whole number of paupers supported within the year and the number on June 1, 1850, subdivided, in each case, as native and foreign, and the cost of support for the year; under crime, the whole number of criminals convicted within the year and the number in prison June 1, 1850, subdivided, in each case, as native and foreign; and under wages, average monthly wages paid to a farm hand with board, average wages to a day laborer with and without board, average day wages to a carpenter without board, weekly wages to a female domestic with board, and the price of board to laboring men per week.

These schedules were supplemented by printed instructions, (a) in which the intent of each inquiry was explained in detail, and, as a further guide, each assistant was supplied with a set of schedules filled up in the manner contemplated by the census act and the printed instructions. Spaces were provided at the head of each schedule for the entry of the name of the civil division for which the enumeration was made

a Seventh Census of the United States, p. xx1.

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