ing acute, grasping, and irresistible, he has poetry enough to prevent it from being dull; thus evincing the very highest species of intellect, the union of a sound and comprehensive judgment, with a fertile and brilliant imagination. We have said he possesses energy, and this we take to be the great and redeeming quality of his manner, compared to which the tiny graces sink into insignificance. Whether we are facile or fastidious, whether we like or dislike the preacher's doctrine, one thing is certain, he forces us to attend to him. A man might easily get his pocket picked while listening to Dr. Chalmers, but we defy him to fall asleep." The bust of Dr. Chalmers indicates a large brain.

In authorship, the same law holds good. Critics have been puzzled to account for the high rank which Dr. Samuel Johnson holds in English literature, and to discover the qualities of mind on which his eminence is founded. He has made no discoveries in morals or in science to captivate the mind. His style is stately and sonorous, and his arrangement in general good; but equal or superior graces may be found in Goldsmith, Thomson, and other authors, whom nobody would compare with him in genius. His great characteristic is force and weight; and these are the concomitants of great size in the organs. Milton's writings are highly characteristic of power, as are also those of Locke. Addison, on the other hand, is a specimen of genius produced by a felicitous combination of sentiment and intellect, without preponderating energy from great size. Power is the leading charm of Swift's writings; he is not graceful, far from elegant, his reasoning is frequently superficial, and his conclusions questionable; but he is rarely feeble. Strength, energy, and determination mark every page.

To produce its full effects, large size must be accompanied with sound health and an active temperament, as explained on p. 93; but these, while necessary to give it effect, will never compensate for its absence.

ACTIVITY in the organs, on the other hand, gives liveliness, quickness, and rapidity; Dr. Spurzheim thinks that long fibres contribute to activity. The sanguine and nervous temperaments

described on pages 29, 30, and 94, afford external indications of constitutional activity. Moderate size of brain, with favorable combination, and much activity, will constitute what is commonly understood by a clever man in ordinary life; such an individual will form ideas rapidly, do a great deal of work, show tact and discrimination, and prove himself really a valuable and useful member of society; but he must not be overloaded with difficulties, or encumbered with obstacles, nor must the field in which he is called on to labor be too extensive.

Great errors are often committed in society through ignorance of this fact. An individual possessing a small brain, but a fine temperament, and favorable combination, perhaps distinguishes himself in a limited and subordinate sphere, or he makes one great and successful effort, in which his powers are tasked to the utmost of their limits;-the notion is then adopted that he is capable of higher duties, and of exhibiting habitually the force of mind thus displayed on a single occasion. He is, in consequence, promoted to a more arduous station. He continues to execute small matters so well, that it is difficult to point out individual instances of failure, and yet a general impression of his incapacity arises, want of success and discontent increase, and at last, after great suffering to himself, and annoyance to his employers, he is dismissed. The small brain is the origin of the incapacity; and ignorance of its effects the cause of his being misplaced.

Mankind, in extreme cases, recognise power or feebleness of mental character, and modify their conduct accordingly. Those in whom moral and religious principles do not constitute the habitual rule of conduct, treat individuals in the most different manner, according to the impression which they receive from their manner, and the estimate they form from it of their strength or weakness of mind. There are men who carry in their very look the intimation of greatness, whose manner at once proclaims, "Nemo me impune lacesset ;" the world reads this notice, and holds it safest to allow them to follow their own course without obstruction, while they avoid giving offence. Contrasted with them, are the feeble and vacillating; men as unstable as water,

unsteady as the wind. The wicked seize upon them, and make them their prey. The treatment received by different persons from society, is thus widely different; and it may truly be said, that a large portion of mankind cannot easily conceive the miseries inflicted on the weak by the powerful and unprincipled taking advantage of their deficiencies.

When a favorable combination, a fine temperament, and large size, are conjoined in an individual, they constitute the perfection of genius. This I conceive to have been the case in Homer and in Shakspeare. Vivacious buoyancy, ease, and fertility, arising from the first and second causes, joined with depth, strength, comprehensiveness, and masculine energy, the result of the third, place these authors above all others whom the world has ever seen. And when we consider that these rare and splendid gifts must again be united in one individual, before their equal can reappear, we shall have no difficulty in perceiving why so few Homers and Shakspeares are given by nature to the world.

In these observations, I have treated of the effects of Size in the brain in general, on the general manifestations of the mind, to bring the doctrine clearly and forcibly before the reader; but I beg of him not to fall into the mistake of taking general size as an indication of particular power, for then difficulties without end will be encountered. For example, it has often been objected, that a particular individual wears a large hat, indicating a large brain, and yet that he has no scope of intellect, and no ability, in the general sense of the term. The answer is, that we must look for the power in the direction of the Size, as explained on p. 90. If the large hat is requisite, on account of a great developement of the animal organs, we must expect the individual to be only a powerful animal, and he may be this, and at the same time a weak man. If the size predominate in the region of the sentiments, we may then look for greatness in moral worth; but it is only when great size, combined with an active temperament, pervades the whole three classes of organs, Propensities, Sentiments, and Intellect, that Phrenology authorises us to expect a general character, vigorous, comprehensive and profound.

The circumstances which modify the effects of size have already been stated (pp. 29, 30. 93,) when treating of the principles of the science, to which the reader is respectfully referred.

COMBINATIONS IN SIZE, OR EFFECTS OF THE ORGANS WHEN COMBINED IN DIFFERENT RELATIVE PROPORTIONS.

THE primitive functions of each organ were discovered, by observing cases in which it decidedly predominated over, or fell short of, other organs, in point of size; and by similar observations. each must still be verified. After the discovery is established, its practical application deserves attention. Every individual possesses all the organs, but they are combined in different degrees of relative size in different persons; and the manifestations of each are modified in some degree by the influence of those with which it is combined. The effect of combination, however, is not to change the proper functions of the different organs, but only to modify the manner in which they are manifested; or the acts in which they seek gratification.

Three rules may be laid down for estimating the effects of differences in relative size, occurring in the organs of the same brain.

RULE FIRST.-Every faculty desires gratification with a degree of energy proportionate to the size of its organ; and those faculties will be habitually indulged, the organs of which are largest in the individual. †

*The condition, cæteris paribus, is always understood, and therefore need not be repeated, in treating of the effects of Size.

Having been solicited to state, in methodical order, the effects of the combin, ations so far as observed, I tried to do this in the MS. of the present work; but found the result to be a tedious enumeration of propositions, adapted to Individuality alone, difficult to be remembered, and withal extremely incomplete. I have therefore preferred stating principles chiefly, accompanied with illustrations, to render them intelligible, and show their application. This method was adopted in the Elements for the sake of brevity, and, on mature examination it appears

Examples. If the animal organs in general are large, and the organs of the moral sentiments and intellect in general small, the individual will be naturally prone to animal indulgence in the highest degree, and disposed to seek gratification in the directest way, and in the lowest pursuits.

If, on the other hand, the organs of the moral sentiments and intellect greatly predominate, the individual will be naturally prone to moral and intellectual pursuits; such persons are "a law unto themselves."

In illustration of this rule, the skull of a Charib, and the head of Pope Alexander VI., who was a monster of wickedness in human form, may be contrasted with the skull of Raphael, and the head of Melancthon the Reformer.

In farther illustration, the heads of Burke and Hare the murderers, represented on page 80, may be contrasted with those of the Reverend Mr. M., given on page 81, and Captain Parry, on p. 529. In the Charib, Alexander VI., Burke, and Hare, the basilar to be preferable in itself. The reader in whom the Reflecting Organs and Concentrativeness are amply developed, will not only easily comprehend the rules here laid down, but be able greatly to enlarge the sphere of their application.