tion prompts us to do most for those who least require our aid; Whereas Benevolence takes exactly the opposite direction. Men,' in general, care little for the approbation of their inferiors, their own household, or those of whom they are altogether independent; and he whose exertions are inspired chiefly by this faculty, will do extremely little to benefit them. To serve or please the great or the splendid, on the other hand, or strangers whose voice may raise or depress his fame, he will make the most animated exertions. Persons, accordingly, in whom Love of Approbation is very strong, and Benevolence and Conscientiousness deficient, are frequently the most agreeable acquaintances to those who are altogether independent of them, "they smile on all who care not for their frowns," while they neglect or torment their inferiors and equals. The abuses of this faculty may be traced in all ages, and in every variety of form. Combined with Secretiveness large, it prompts its possessor to pay to other individuals those unmeaning compliments which pass current in society, and which most persons receive well, when addressed to themselves, but treat with ridicule when bestowed lavishly on others. It prompts to the equivocation of "not at home," when the person is otherwise engaged. The faculty of Conscientiousness would desire that the plain fact should be stated; but Love of Approbation produces an instinctive feeling that the Self-Esteem of the person calling will be offended at the idea that any engagement could render it inconvenient to see him.' To save this pang, Love of Approbation and Secretiveness prompt to the invention of the little equivoque. This deceit is seen through by all, and nevertheless the use of it is more pleasing to persons in whom Self-Esteem and Love of Approbation are very large, than the announcement of the simple truth. Some individuals state candidly that they are "engaged;" and I have asked persons in whom the above organs are large, whether they felt more annoyed by this reply, than by "not at home," even when they suspected that the latter meant really the former. They acknowledged, that,' for the first time, they did feel slightly irritated by the idea that their friend was in the house and would not see them; but that moment's reflection satisfied them, that forcible reasons must exist for the refusal, and that the very announcement of the truth was an appeal to their higher feelings, and a proof of unhesitating confidence in their attachment and good sense; and ever after they were not offended by the reply "engaged." It is the same combination of Love of Approbation with Secretiveness, which prompts some individuals to the practice of calling on those whom they are pleased to style their friends, when they are sure they are not at home, for the purpose of leaving their card. This proceeding is an offer of flattery to the Self-Esteem and Love of Approbation of the persons called upon; but as it argues an absence of real affection and esteem for them, it is, in truth, an insult; and, besides, it necessarily implies so great a deficiency of Conscientiousness in the individuals who practise it, that they are not to be relied on in circumstances in which real friendship will be put to the test. When the developement of Love of Approbation is excessive, while the regulating organs are deficient, it is the cause of great unhappiness. It renders the little girl at school miserable, if her dress and the style of living of her parents be not equal to those of the parents of her associates. It overwhelms the artist, author, or public speaker, with misery, if a rival is praised in the journals in higher terms than himself. A lady is tormented at perceiving, in the possession of her acquaintance, finer dresses or equipages than her own. It excites the individual to talk of himself, his affairs, and connexions, so as to communicate to the auditor vast ideas of his greatness or goodness: in short, vanity is one form of its abuse. "Sir," says Dr. Johnson, "Goldsmith is so much afraid of being unnoticed, that he often talks, merely lest you should forget that he is in the company." When not combined with Conscientiousness and Benevolence, it leads to feigned professions of respect and friendship; and many manifest it by promises and invitations, never intended to be fulfilled or accepted. It, as well as Self-Esteem, prompts to the use of the first person; but its tone is that of courteous solicitation, while the I of SelfEsteem is presumptuous, and full of pretension. When, on the other hand, the organ is deficient, and the sentiment, in consequence, is feeble, the individual cares little about ვი the opinions entertained of him by others; and, provided they have not the power to punish his person, or abridge his possessions, he is capable of laughing at their censures and contemning their applause. Persons of this sort, if endowed with the selfish propensities in a strong degree, constitute what are termed "impracticable" men; their whole feelings are concentrated in Self, and they are dead to the motive which might induce them to abate one iota of their own pretensions to oblige others. If actuated by any strong passion, and endowed with intellect, it is astonishing what they are sometimes able to accomplish, in attaining their objects. Strangers to ceremony, and indifferent to censure, they meet with a thousand rebuffs which they never feel, and are loaded with an hundred mortifications which never affect them; free from the restraints which delicacy imposes upon others, they practise upon the benevolence, the disposition to oblige, or the interest of mankind, and succeed in circumstances in which a sensitive mind would have found only obstacles unsurmountable. Philosophers and acute observers of human nature, have long distinguished betwixt Pride and Vanity, but nevertheless, no error is more frequently committed by ordinary minds than to confound them; and no mistake is more common than to imagine that beaux and belles, and all individuals very tasteful and particular about their personal appearance or equipages, are necessarily extremely conceited. A large Love of Approbation and much Ideality, joined with Individuality, which produces attention to details, and Order, will, in general, give rise to the passion for neatness, propriety, and ornament; but such a combination, in place of producing a proud or conceited character, inspires with the very opposite dispositions. I rarely see a dandy who is not at bottom a polite, obliging, good-natured, but probably weak individual; and it is only when large Self-Esteem is added to the combination, and which is not an indispensable ingredient in beauxism, that the common opinion will be justified by the result. This faculty corresponds to the Desire of Esteem of Dr. Reid and Mr. Stewart, and to the Desire of Glory of Dr. Thomas Brown. Their observations on its functions are generally correct; but here, as in the case of Self-Esteem, they treat only of its heroic manifestations, and present us with no views of its operations on the more interesting theatre of private life. The faculty, when powerful, gives a soft soliciting tone to the voice, puts smiles into the countenance, and produces that elegant line of beauty in the lips which resembles Apollo's bow. As formerly mentioned, the French are remarkable for a large developement of the organ, while the English excel in Self-Esteem. The influence of the Love of Approbation shows itself in the manners, institutions, and daily literature of France, in an extraordinary degree. Compliments and praises are the current coin of conversation, and a late writer most justly observes, that, "in France, glory is the condiment to the whole feast of life; and the trumpet of fame is that which makes the sweetest music to their ears. In private life also, an individual, who has a great Love of Approbation in his own head, is extremely prone to pay compliments to others, from an instinctive feeling of the pleasure of being praised. The organ is very large in the American Indians; and the love of decorations and ornaments, whether these consist of stars, garters and medals, or of tatooed faces, bored noses and eagles' feathers, spring from it. The faculty is more active in women, in general, than in men; and it is observed, that a greater number of women than of men become insane from this feeling. Dr. Spurzheim mentions, that he had met with only one man who had become deranged from this cause. Its effects, when diseased, have already been described in the history of the discovery of the organ. The organ is possessed by the lower animals. The dog is extremely fond of Approbation, and the horse displays the sentiment, not only in his sensibility to marks of affection, but in his spirit of emulation in the race. Dr. Gall mentions, that, in the south of France, the peasants attach a "bouquet" to the mules when they have acquitted themselves well, and that the animals understand it as a mark of approbation, and feel afflicted when it is taken away. He mentions also, that he had a female monkey, who, on receiving a handkerchief, put it on as a robe, and took extraordinary delight in seeing it trail behind her as a train. In all these creatures the organ is largely developed. The organ is large in Dr. Hette, the Rev. Mr. M., in King Robert Bruce, Clara Fisher; and deficient in D. Haggart and Dempsey. It is established. 12.- CAUTIOUSNESS. THIS organ is situated near the middle of each parietal bone, where the ossification of the bone generally commences. The figures represent its appearance when large and small. Dr. Gall was acquainted at Vienna with a prelate, a man of excellent sense and considerable intellect. Some persons had an aversion towards him, because, through fear of compromising himself, he infused into his discourses interminable reflections, and delivered them with unsupportable slowness. When any one began a conversation with him, it was very difficult to bring it to a conclusion. He paused continually in the middle of his sentences, and repeated the beginning of them two or three times before proceeding farther. A thousand times he pushed the patience of Dr. Gall to extremity. He never happened by any accident to give way to the natural flow of his ideas; but recurred a hundred times to what he had already said, consulting with himself whether he could not amend it in some point. His manner of acting was in conformity with his manner of speaking. He prepared with infinite precautions for the most insignificant undertakings. He |