manifested in his crime, in a degree that was almost inconceivable. He had mounted on the shoulders of an accomplice to the second story of a dwelling-house, entered by a window, and, although persons slept in the bedrooms of that floor, and the lamp in the lobby was burning, he proceeded down stairs, reached the diningroom, robbed the side-board of plate, and got clear off without being heard.

Another effect of great Secretiveness, especially when aided by much Firmness, is to produce the power of repressing, to an indefinite extent, all outward expression of pain, even when amounting to positive torture. Ann Ross (whose case is reported by Mr. Richard Carmichael of Dublin,*) with a view to excite the compassion of some pious and charitable ladies, thrust needles into her arm to produce disease, and carried the deception so far as to allow her arm to be amputated without revealing the cause. The needles were found on dissection, and she was more mortified by the discovery of the trick, than afflicted by the loss of her arm. She manifested the same faculty in a variety of other deceptions. I examined her head, and Mr. Carmichael also furnished the Phrenological Society with a cast of it, and in it the organs of Secretiveness and Firmness are decidedly large. The North American Indians also are celebrated for their power of enduring torture, and the same combination occurs in casts of two of their skulls in the Society's collection. It is not large in the Negroes, and they are an open minded race compared with the cunning varieties of mankind.

Dr. Murray Patterson mentions, that the Hindoos manifest Secretiveness in a high degree, in the form of cunning and duplicity, and the organ is very large in their heads.

This propensity, when predominantly active, produces a close sly look; the eyes roll from side to side; the voice is low; the shoulders are drawn up towards the ears, and the footstep is soft and gliding. The movements of the body are towards the side. Sir Walter Scott accurately delineates the look produced by this faculty and Cautiousness in the following lines.

* Phren. Journ. No. v.

Speaking of Cormac Doil, he says,

"For evil seemed that old man's eye
Dark and designing, fierce yet shy,
Still he avoided forward look,
But slow and circumspectly took

A circling never ceasing glance,

By doubt and cunning marked at once;

Which shot a mischief-boding ray,

From under eye-brows shagged and gray."

Lord of the Isles, Canto iv.

7. p. 24.

When this organ is very large in the head of an author, it produces a curious effect on his style. The different members of his sentences are involved, parenthetical, and often obscure, as if he were in doubt whether he selected the proper place for his expressions, and hesitated between what he ought to put down and what he might leave to be understood. He is also liable to quaintness. Pope's style occasionally indicates this quality, and the faculty is strongly manifested in his character. Dr. Thomas Brown's style, also, is characterized by Secretiveness, and the organ was large in his head. Croly's poetry presents the expression of it. Goldsmith's writings display a moderate endowment. This faculty, by enabling an author skilfully to work up his incidents and events, and to conceal the denouement of his plot or story, till the most appropriate time and place for the elucidation, greatly aids him in producing effect.

It prompts, says Dr. Gall, the general of an army to the use of stratagems to deceive the enemy, while it leads him to conceal his own forces and enterprises, to make false attacks and counterfeited marches.

This organ is possessed by the lower animals, and Dr. Gall remarks, that it requires a particular study in each species. In the common species of ape, for example, it commences above the origin of the zygomatic arch, and extends forward to nearly the middle of this bone. Its situation is the same in the tiger, cat and fox. In carnivorous animals, and in birds distinguished for cunning, this region will also, in general, be found large.

Manifestations of this propensity, clearly attributable to disease

of the organ, are described by authors on insanity. The cunning shown by many of the insare, especially in concealing their true state, has often excited astonishment. Foderé speaks of two patients who had been long confined in the asylum at Marseilles. After an apparent cure of considerable duration, their friends demanded their dismissal. He, however, suspected deception, and determined to hold a long conversation with them. For an hour and a half, during which he avoided the kind of ideas in regard to which he knew them to be insane, they spoke, reasoned, and acted like men of sound judgment. But when he introduced the subject which excited their diseased faculties, their eyes began to sparkle, the muscles of the face to contract, and an evident agitation took place, accompanied with an effort to preserve calmness. They were ordered to be detained. Pinel mentions the cunning and tricks of some lunatics as remarkable. Dr. Marshall * notices the case of a man in Bethlem Hospital in 1789, who fancied he was a great man. "He was very crafty, and used much flattery to the keepers, calling them fine men, gentlemen,' especially when he wanted any indulgence; but when his complacent looks and genteel expressions did not avail him, he became revengeful, made up some plausible story against them, and slyly told it to the steward. When fresh patients came into the house, he always introduced himself to them; he was very civil to them, and, after gaining their confidence, he tried to get their money from them, which, if he could not do by other means, he had recourse to stratagem to get possession of it."

nature.

The regular metaphysicians have not admitted any faculty corresponding to this propensity, nor am I aware that they give any theory of cunning, although it is an obvious ingredient in human The quality, however, is familiarly recognised by a variety of writers. Lord Bacon, in his Essay on Cunning, graphically describes a number of the abuses of Secretiveness. "We take cunning," says he, "for a sinister or crooked wisdom, and certainly there is a great difference between a cunning man and a wise man, not only in point of honesty, but in point of ability. Page 192.

There be that can pack the cards, and yet cannot play well; so there are some that are good in canvasses and factions, that are otherwise weak men." The following illustrations are extracted from this essay :-"I knew," says Bacon, "one that, when he wrote a letter, he would put that which was most material in the postscript, as if it had been a by matter. I knew another that, when he came to have speech, would pass over that he intended most, and go forth and come back again, and speak of it as a thing he had almost forgot. It is strange how long some men will lie in wait to speak somewhat they desire to say; and how far about they will fetch, and how many other matters they will beat over to come near it it is a thing of great patience, but yet of much use."

Chesterfield thus counsels his son :-"There are many inoffensive arts which are necessary in the course of the world, and which he who practices the earliest will please the most and rise the soonest. The principle of these things is the mastery of ones temper, and that coolness of mind and serenity of countenance which hinder us from discovering, by words, actions, or even looks, those passions by which we are inwardly moved or agitated; and the discovery of which gives cooler and abler people such infinite advantages over us, not only in great business, but in all the most common occurrences of life. A man who does not possess himself enough to hear agreeable things without sudden bursts of joy and expansion of countenance, is at the mercy of every artful knave or pert coxcomb." To the same effect is a saying of Solomon,-"A fool uttereth all his mind; but a wise man keepeth it till afterwards." (Prov. xxix. 11.)

"His

In Peveril of the Peak, we have the following dialogue. "Your Grace holds his wisdom very high," said the attendant. cunning at least, I do," replied Buckingham, "which, in Court affairs, often takes the weathergage of wisdom."

The organ is established.

8.-ACQUISITIVENESS.

THE organ of this faculty is situated at the anterior inferior angle of the parietal bone. By Dr. Spurzheim it was called Covetiveness; Sir G. S. Mackenzie suggested the more appropriate name of Acquisitiveness, which Dr. Spurzheim has since adopted.

The metaphysicians have not admitted a faculty in the mind, the function of which is to produce the propensity to acquire, and which is gratified by the mere act of acquisition, without any ulterior object. Dr. Hutcheson says, (6 Thus, as soon as we come to apprehend the use of wealth or power to gratify any of our original desires, we must also desire them; and hence arises the universality of these desires of wealth and power, since they are the means of gratifying all other desires." In like manner, we are told by Mr. Stewart, that, "Whatever conduces to the gratification of any natural appetite, or of any natural desire, is itself desired, on account of the end to which it is subservient; and by being thus habitually associated in our apprehension with agreeable objects, it frequently comes, in process of time, to be regarded as valuable in itself, independently of its utility. It is thus that wealth becomes with many an ultimate object of pursuit ; though, at first, it is undoubtedly valued, merely on account of its subserviency to the attainment of other objects."*

The same author says in another place, that "avarice is a particular modification of the desire of power; arising from the various functions of money in a commercial country. Its influence as an active principle is much strengthened by habit and association."† Dr. Thomas Brown admits the desire of wealth to be a modi * Elements, p. 388.

Outlines, p. 92.

Vol. iii. p. 474.