modified, by the mechanical force of the Bureau. This work, with that of maintaining the machines in operation, calls for a considerable amount of expert work, the constant aim being to produce improvements with a view to economizing and accelerating their work. The mechanical equipment used during the Thirteenth Census included 200 hand punching machines, 300 electric punching machines, 17 card-sorting machines, 96 card-tabulating machines, and over 350 adding machines.

The organization of the Bureau is of a twofold nature-one for intercensal years, the other a largely expanded force during decennial "census periods." The former force is provided for by the act of March 6, 1902, establishing the permanent office, and is modified from time to time in annual appropriation acts. Special provision is usually made by Congress for the expanded force during census periods, which cover three years immediately preceding and following the date of enumeration.

The permanent force may, briefly, be said to consist of a Director, chief clerk, geographer, four chief statisticians, eight chiefs of division, a small number of expert special agents, and such clerks and mechanical and subclerical employees as may be authorized. The total force at present is approximately 600. There is also a force of special agents, numbering about 700, who are residents of the cottongrowing States, and whose duties (which are occasional) consist of collecting statistics of cotton ginned, consumed, and on hand in their respective localities.

The force during the census period is expanded by the addition of a few officials, such as an Assistant Director, an appointment clerk, and a disbursing clerk, and a large number of employees in the clerical and subclerical grades. During the Thirteenth Census period this force in Washington reached a maximum of nearly 4,000. Supervisors and enumerators, to the number of approximately 330 and 70,000, respectively, were also employed for the actual enumeration in the field.

The force of the Bureau during either census or intercensal periods is divided into groups, according to the nature of the inquiries and statistics which constitute its main functions. These groups are (1) administrative force; (2) Division of Population; (3) Division of Agriculture; (4) Division of Statistics of Cities; (5) Division of Manufactures; (6) Division of Vital Statistics; (7) Division of Publication; (8) Division of Revision and Results; (9) Geographer's Division; (10) mechanical force, and (11) maintenance force.

The work of these divisions is sufficiently indicated by their designations. Their strength, with the exception of the administrative and maintenance forces, varies considerably from time to time, as the amount of work devolving on the divisions increases or diminishes.

UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY.

The authorization of the Coast Survey in 1807 established the first scientific bureau of the Government, and as soon as the proper instruments and skilled workmen were provided and the survey was undertaken the effect produced was a stimulus to all educational and scientific work. The methods used by the Survey have been the standard for similar undertakings in the United States, and many commendations of their excellence have been received from abroad, while the influence of the Survey in the various operations resulting from the advancing scientific activity of the country can hardly be overestimated.

A survey of the coast of the United States was authorized by act of Congress of February 10, 1807, and the plans formulated by F. R. Hassler, an eminent scientist of Swiss birth, were adopted. The necessity of securing instruments from abroad and the breaking out of hostilities with Great Britain delayed the organization of the Survey under the Treasury Department until 1816. The work had just begun when, by act of April 14, 1818, Congress repealed so much of the statute of 1807 as authorized the employment of other than Army and Navy officers in the Survey.

No surveys were made under the War Department, and after a full consideration of the unsatisfactory results obtained in the survey made under the Navy Department, as repeatedly suggested by the Secretary of the Navy and others, Congress revived the law of 1807, with somewhat extended scope, by the act of July 10, 1832, and the work was again placed under the Treasury Department. Operations had hardly been resumed before President Jackson, on March 11, 1834, directed that the Survey be transferred to the Navy Department. Again the work proceeded so unsatisfactorily that in two years— March 26, 1836-it was retransferred by President Jackson to the Treasury Department, where it remained until July 1, 1903, when the Coast and Geodetic Survey was placed under the supervision of the Secretary of this Department, in accordance with the act of Congress approved February 14, 1903.

By the act of March 3, 1843, prompted by suggestions of the expediency of a retransfer of the Survey to the Navy Department, Congress provided that the President should organize a board to make an intelligent and efficient inquiry for the development of a plan of permanent organization for the Survey. The report of this board, giving in detail its plan for reorganization, was approved by the

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President April 29, 1843, and the work of the Survey has ever since been modeled on the lines then laid down. For fifty years prior to 1898 nearly one-half of the vessels of the Survey were manned and officered by the Navy, but since the war with Spain these duties have devolved exclusively upon the civilians of the service.

By including in the appropriation for the Coast and Geodetic Survey a provision for the pay and subsistence for officers and men for the vessels of the Survey, formerly supplied by the Navy (which provision has been continued in subsequent acts), Congress in 1900 placed the service on a purely civilian basis.

The name "Coast and Geodetic Survey" was authorized by its use in the sundry civil appropriation act approved June 20, 1878.

FIELD WORK.

The Survey is now a bureau of the Department of Commerce, and its work is under the immediate supervision of the Superintendent, whose representatives in the field are the assistants who have charge of the parties and command the vessels. The Office at Washington and the suboffices at San Francisco and Manila are under assistants. Its original and principal duty is the survey of the coast of the United States, but there have been added, by legislation, the determination of the magnetic elements, and exact elevation and geographical position of points in the interior of the country.

The scope of the Survey has also been extended from time to time to include Lake Champlain, the Pacific coast from San Diego to Panama, a transcontinental triangulation between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and surveys of the Hawaiian Islands, Alaska, and "other coasts under the jurisdiction of the United States."

By joint resolution of February 5, 1889, the United States accepted the invitation of the Imperial German Government to become a party to the International Geodetic Association, and the delegates are by law officers of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, appointed by the President.

The use of the facilities of the Survey for research and study by scientific investigators and students of any institution of higher education is granted by law (31 Stat., 1039), and resolution of April 12, 1892.

The general continental coast line of the United States, including Alaska, measures, in extension, 11,500 miles, which is expanded by the indentations and convolutions of the littoral of its tidal rivers, islands, bays, sounds, and gulfs to 91,000 miles; and to these figures must be added, because of the recently acquired insular possessions, 5,400 miles of general coast line and 12,100 miles of detailed shore line. For the use of the mariner and surveyor the results of the Survoy's operations are published in 756 charts and maps; in its Tide

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Tables, which, prepared annually in advance of the year for which they are intended, give the daily high and low values of the tidal phenomena for each day of the year for every port in the United States and for all the leading ports of the world; in the 21 volumes of the Coast Pilot and Sailing Directions, and in its weekly notices to mariners, published in cooperation with the Bureau of Lighthouses. These publications supply such comprehensive, accurate, and detailed information concerning the navigation of our coasts and the approaches to our harbors that, save in the case of certain little-frequented sections of Alaska and the Philippines, and certain channels where storms and currents produce constant changes, it may be truthfully claimed that in American waters the mariner is afforded an unrivaled opportunity for the safe navigation of his vessel.

In addition to the foregoing the Survey issues a great variety of publications recording the researches of its officers as well as the results of its surveys. These are distributed free to schools, scientific institutions, libraries, and individuals particularly interested in them.

The first survey of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts of the mainland of the United States, except in the case of Alaska, has been completed, but the ceaseless changes due to the operation of the tides; to the alterations in the conditions of our great river systems, resulting from the subjection to cultivation of the interior of our continent; to the demands for change and improvement that are a consequence of the scale upon which modern works for meeting the demands of trade and commerce are planned; to the requirements of leviathans that are now considered essential for both the necessities of commerce and national defense; to the needs of the rapidly increasing fleets of motor boats, and, lastly, the secular results of continental upheaval and subsidence, necessitate revision of surveys from time to time.

On the Atlantic and Gulf coasts this work of revision and addition requires the employment of two steamers of the Survey, two schooners, and several chartered launches; another small steamer, which was especially designed for the work in which it is engaged, is necessary for the surveys and examinations which have to be made to keep the information in the Coast Pilot volumes for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts accurate and timely.

Along the Pacific coast four steamers and two large launches are required to meet the pressing demands for accurate surveys in Alaskan waters. In the winter season one of the steamers from this fleet is engaged in surveys in Hawaiian waters and the other steamers are on duty for chart revision and necessary resurveys to meet the constantly growing importance of the coast from the Strait of Juan de Fuca to San Diego.

The acquisition of Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines increased tremendously the responsibilities of the Survey. Porto Rico, although one of the oldest Spanish possessions in the New World, was so poorly charted that the Sailing Directions of the British Admiralty cautioned navigators to make an allowance of from 4 to 5 miles in approaching its shores. One of the first results of the work undertaken by the Coast and Geodetic Survey was the development of the land-locked harbor of Jobos, and this was followed by the development which first made available for commerce other harbors on the south and west coasts.

In the Philippines, on a larger scale, was presented the spectacle of a country lavishly endowed by nature with her richest gifts, islands with lands of exuberant fertility, and mountains seamed with precious veins of minerals and vestured with forests of the most magnificent woods almost impenetrably sealed against the world's uses by the indifference of its masters to surveying and charting its waterways and shores. The archipelago comprises 3,141 islands and islets, and as there is no point in the group distant more than 60 miles from the sea the importance of correct charting of its vast system of waterways is self-evident. This duty was one of the first undertaken in the islands by the United States, and in December, 1900, a suboffice of the Coast and Geodetic Survey was opened in Manila, simultaneously with which astronomic, topographic, and hydrographic parties began operations, which have been continued with the greatest diligence and have shown the most gratifying results. The importance of the work in the Philippines was almost instantly recognized by the insular government, which, from the beginning, most generously cooperated with the national authorities. The field results receive their preliminary discussion and are prepared for earliest possible publication in Manila. A large force of native draftsmen is employed in the Manila office in the preparation of chart drawings, which are engraved and printed in Washington, D. C.

A very important operation of the Survey is the determination of the exact elevations of standard points throughout the country by lines forming a network of refined levels, which furnishes a connection for securing the most useful results from the thousands of miles of levels run for works of public improvement.

The magnetic surveys, which at sea and on shore are so essential for the perfection of charts and so important for the property and political interests of this country, where the magnetic needle has been so generally used in determining property outlines and boundary lines, form a very important part of the activities of the Survey.

The character of the operations necessary for charting the great coast line of the United States demanded from the first the qualifications looked for in the technical experts to whom are intrusted