Acquisition, national spirit of, reflec- tions on, II. 312. ADAMS, JOHN, delegate to first Conti- nental Congress, I. 13. On Wash- ington's appointment as commander- in-chief, 42. One of the committee to prepare Declaration of Indepen- dence, 50. His account of the Dec- laration, 82. First minister to Great Britain, 257. Answer to his com- plaints about the treaty, 257. In- structed to negotiate treaty with the Netherlands, 280. One of the com- missioners to procure commercial treaties, 287. Views of, respecting taxation of slaves, II. 159. Practice of, respecting cabinet, 409. ADAMS, SAMUEL, delegate to first Continental Congress, I. 13. serve of, respecting Constitution, II. 533. Disapproves of Constitution,
Character of, 534. Position of, in convention of Massachusetts, 534. In favor of Hancock's amend- ments to Constitution, 538. ADAMS, captain in the Revolutionary naval force, I. 74.
Aliens, rights to be conceded to, in certain treaties, I. 280. See For- eigners.
Allegiance of people of the Colonies, transferred, I. 52.
Alliance. See Treaty of Alliance. Ambassadors, proposed appointment of, by Senate, II. 223, 410; by Pres- ident, 234. Received by President, 415. To be nominated by President, 418. Jurisdiction of cases affecting, 444.
Amendment of Constitution, II. 84. Provision for, adopted without debate, 177. And revolution, distinction be- tween, 473.
Amendments of Constitution, when to be proposed by Congress, II. 268. How to be proposed and adopted, 473. How ratified, 477. Power to make, limited, 477. States at liberty to propose, 486. Proposed by Han- cock, 537; by Massachusetts, classi- fied, 539; by South Carolina, 548; by Patrick Henry, 580; by Virginia, 581; by New York, 587, 588; by North Carolina, 597. Refused in Maryland convention, 543. Proposed, not made conditions of adoption, 551. Amendments of Articles of Confedera- tion, how made, II. 84, 473, 481. America, natural advantages of, for commercial pursuits, II. 309. Vari- ety of climate and products of, 309. American Constitutions, character of, I. 261.
American Feeling, Washington's efforts to create, I. 110. American People perceive the insuffi- ciency of State governments, I. 114. Early familiarity of, with the princi- ples of government, 117. Perceive the necessity of a union, 121. See People of America.
American Revolution, commencement
of, I. 3. Attempt to alter charter governments, a principal cause of, 6. Found local legislatures in all the Colonies, 7. Fundamental principle established by, 379. Object and ef- fects of, II. 196. Policy which led to, real cause of, 238. Effect of, on views of people of United States, relating to government, 238. Annapolis, general commercial con- vention at, I. 326, 340, 350. Recom- mends general convention to revise the federal system, 349. Recom- mendation, how received, 351. See HAMILTON and MADISON. Annapolis Commissioners, report of, acted upon in Congress, I. 355. Anti-Federalists, plan of, to postpone action of Virginia on Constitution, II. 568. See Federalists. Appropriation Bills, provision concern- ing, objected to, II. 147. See Money Bills and Revenue Bills. Arms of the United States, when adopt- ed, I. 151.
ARMSTRONG, JOHN, wrote the New- burgh Addresses, I. 168. Army, power of Congress to raise and support, II. 333. Appropriation of money for support of, 333. Power of Congress to make rules for, 334. Standing, repugnant to American feelings, 336. Not to be kept by States in time of peace, 371. Presi- dent commander-in-chief of, 413. Power of President to employ, 413. Army of the Revolution, first suggested, I. 31. How first raised, 32. State of, when Washington arrived at Cambridge, 55. How constituted, 58. Short enlistments in, how ac- counted for, 60. Committee of Con- gress sent to examine, 60. Discon- tents in, 79, 158, 186. History of, after the evacuation of Boston, 91. Reorganized, 91, 92. Defects in or- ganization of, 93. Officers of, how appointed, 93; how treated in 1776, 94. Bad construction of, 94, 96. Third effort of Washington to reor- ganize, 109. Embarrassments and difficulties attending, 110. State of, in April, 1777, 111; in May, 1782,
ed to the States, 53, 104, 113. Adop- tion of, by the States, 124. Amend- ments to, proposed by the States, 128; by New Jersey, for regula- tion of commerce, 129. Chief obsta- cle to the completion of, 131. States urged to accede to, 134. Ratified by New Jersey, 135; by Delaware, 135; by Maryland, 136. Completion of, announced, 137. Established by pa- tatriotic sacrifices, 139. Outline of, 142. Construction of third article of, 265. Circular letter of Congress, rec- ommending adoption of, 491. Rep- resentation of New Jersey respecting, 493. Act of New Jersey accepting, 497. Resolves of Delaware respect- ing, 498. Action of Maryland on, 501; of New York on, 505. Amend- ment of, at first contemplated, II. 16. How altered, 84, 180, 481. Citizen- ship under, 206. Effort to include in, power over Western Territory, 341. Admission of new States under, 345. On what terms ratified by small- er States, 346. Restraints imposed on States by, 363. Inter-state privi- leges under, 447.
Assemblies in Provincial governments, how constituted, I. 4. Assembling, one of the common law rights, I. 23.
Association, drawn up by House_of Burgesses in Virginia, I. 12. For non-importation, &c., how carried out by colonists, 24. Attainder, Bills of, defined, II. 360. Congress prohibited to pass, 360. States prohibited to pass, 368. Attestation to Constitution, form of, II.
BALDWIN, ABRAHAM, model of Sen- ate suggested by, II. 139. Vote and views of, respecting representation in Senate, 142.
Baltimore, public rejoicings in, in hon- or of Constitution, II. 543. BARNWELL, ROBERT, in favor of Constitution, II. 510. Arguments of, in convention of South Carolina, 548.
BELKNAP, Dr., on slavery in Massa- chusetts, II. 454.
Bill of Rights, want of, a strong argu- ment with some against Constitution, II. 498. James Wilson's views re-
specting, 522. States equally divid- ed on question of, in Convention, 523. Considered essential by Patrick Henry, 554. Proposed by Virginia, 581.
Bills of Credit, power to emit, prohib- ited to States, II. 328, 364. Mean- ing of, 329.
Boston, occupied by royal troops in 1774-75, L. 27. Invested by army under General Ward, in 1775, 32. Reception of Constitution by people of, II. 501. Rejoicings in, in honor of Constitution, 540.
Boundary, Southern, fixed by the Treaty of Peace, I. 312. Questions of, proposed to be determined by Senate, II. 223, 231; plan respect- ing, 235. Determination of, a judi- cial question, 232. See Western Ter- ritory, Lands, and Northwestern Ter- ritory.
Bounties offered for enlistment in 1776, I. 93. Additional, offered by States, 95; effect of, 110. BOWDOIN, JAMES, delegate to first Continental Congress, I. 13. Gov- ernor of Massachusetts, 270. Sup- presses Shays's rebellion, 270. Mes- sage of, suggesting a general conven- tion, 336.
Brandywine, battle of the, force en- gaged in, I. 113.
Bribery, by executive, dangers of, II.
Cases arising under Constitution, &c., meaning of, II. 430.
Census, periodical, proposed by Wil- liamson of North Carolina, II. 153. Vote respecting, 153. See Federal Census.
Cessions of Northwestern Territory, II. 342 Of land by States to United States, 356. See Western and North- western Territory.
Charleston, rejoicings in, on adoption of Constitution, II. 548. Charter, of William and Mary to Mas- sachusetts, I. 5; attempt to alter, 6. Inviolability of, 23. How distin- guished from constitution, II. 7. Charter Governments, form and charac- ter of, I. 5.
CHASE, SAMUEL, views of, respecting taxation of slaves, II. 159. Checks of one department on another, II. 301.
Citizenship, as qualification of national officers, II. 186, 188, 204; of sena- tors, 223. State rules respecting, unlike, 199. General privileges of, under Confederation, 206, 448; un- der Constitution, 448. See Naturali-
CLARKE, GEORGE ROGERS, General, proceedings of, in Kentucky, I. 322. CLINTON, GEORGE, message of, as Governor of New York, on revenue system of 1783, I. 359. Head of party in New York opposed to Con- stitution, II. 502.
Coinage of the United States, origin of, I. 443.
COIT, captain in the Revolutionary naval force, I. 74.
Colonies, thirteen English, I. 3. Ante- Revolutionary governments of, 3. Form a union, 3. No union of, be- fore the Revolution, 7. Common grievances of, 9. People of, how descended, 9. Rights of, how to be determined, 16; when and how stated, 20; declaration of, 22; what included in, 22; how to be enforced, 23. Trade of, how far right to regu- late in Parliament, 20. Reduction
of, to submission, great preparations for, 38. Trade with, prohibited by Parliament, December, 1775, 38. Change of, into States, 116. Consti- tutional power of, II. 179. Commerce, of the United States, I. 276; capacity of, at the close of the war, 284. Regulation of, a leading
object of Constitutional Convention, II. 12; became an exigency of the Union, 13; how provided for, by Virginia plan, 90; if universal, must include slave-trade, 285; report of committee of detail respecting, 289; generally conceded to general gov- ernment as necessary, 290; views of Southern statesmen respecting, 290; by Congress, beneficial to North and South 291; a power conceded by South to North, 291; indivisible, 370; reluctance of South Carolina to concede, 546. Want of power over, in Confederation, 279. Interest of, in different States, not identical, 291, 299. Powers of government over, influence of, 311.
of, basis of Constitution, 312. Regulation of Commerce. Commercial Convention. See Annapo- lis and Virginia.
Commercial Power asked for by Con- gress, I. 285. Action of the States respecting, 286.
Commercial Treaties, want of, dis- played, I. 277. Existing at the peace, 279. How far the Confederation com- petent to make, 279. Why not made with England, 282. Congress endeav- ors to get power to make, 285. At- tempt to negotiate without power, 286. States refuse the power to make, 287. Fruitless efforts of the commis- sioners to negotiate, 289.
Commission. See Commercial Treaties and JOHN ADAMS.
Committee of Congress sent to confer with Washington, I. 60, 93.
Committee of the States under the Con- federation, I. 146.
Committees of Correspondence recom- mended by Virginia, I. 11. Agency of, 12.
Common Law, one of the rights of the Colonies, I. 23. And equity, distinc- tion between, preserved by Constitu- tion, II. 425. Basis of State jurispru- dence, 425.
Commutation. See Half-Pay. Compromises between national and fed- eral systems, II. 102, 104. Lie at the basis of the Constitution, 129. Respecting formation of Congress, 141, 167, 195; representation in Con- gress, 146. Respecting slavery, 1611 how to be effected, 163; reflections on, 309. Committee of, proposed by Gouverneur Morris, 201. Respecting
Senate, as affected by money bills, 217; choice of executive, 220. How to be studied, 220. Respecting slave- trade and navigation act, 302. If not made, necessary consequences, 315.
Confederation, office of, in American history, I. 140, 149. Revenues of, 147. Defects of, 148, 155; II. 11, 14, 15, 35, 60, 79, 376. Restraints imposed by, upon the States, I. 149. Legal commencement of, 149. Op- eration of, to the close of the war, 181. Power of, to maintain an army and navy in peace, 215. Analyzed by Hamilton, 221. Principle of, ad- hered to, 225. Summary of its oper- ations, 228. Incapacity of, to protect the State governments, 260. Had no strict power to hold or manage public lands, 291. Decay and fail- ure of, 328; II. 13. Fatal defect in the principle of the, I. 371. Nature of, II. 16. Had no power of compul- sion, 16, 376. Powers of, 27. Prin- ciple of, 33. Rule of suffrage under, 42. Had no executive or judiciary,
Laws of, to be executed by State tribunals, 61. Compared with Constitution, 90. Articles of, framed in 1776, 158. Assessments on States under, 160. Still in force while Con- vention in session, 178. Relation of, to States, 179. States opposed to entering, except on full federal equal- ity, 227. Had no seat of govern- ment, 268. Want of power in, over commerce, 279; over revenues, 279. Engagements of, proposal to assume, 321. Want of power in, to admit new States, 349. Rule of, respecting making of treaties, 376, 416, 441. Nature and objects of, 448. How amended, 473. Chief cause of fail- ure of, 573. See Articles of Confeder- ation and Congress.
Confiscations, provided against, by the Treaty of Peace, I. 250. Strict right of, belonged to the Union, 251. Congress of the Revolution, leaves Philadelphia after the battle of the Brandywine, I. 113; assembles at Lancaster and Yorktown, 113. Of the Confederation, first meeting of, 125; structure and form of, 143, II. 133, 226; powers of, I. 144; restric- tions on powers of, 146; attendance diminished after the peace, 189; driv- en from Philadelphia by a mutiny,
220; decline of, 226; meeting of, in 1783, 235; thinly attended, 235; appointment and attendance of dele- gates, 237, 239; perpetually in ses- sion, 238; public objects to be ac- complished by, 239; condition of, in 1785, 339; unfitted to revise the fed- eral system, 364; had but one cham- ber, II. 132; resolution for continu- ance of, 176; method of voting in, 226; members of, chosen annual- ly, and liable to recall, 241; ap- pointment of officers by, complaints respecting, 248; met where, 268; presence of, in New York, benefits resulting from, 273; attempts of, to procure cessions from States, 342; resolve of, for regulation of North- west Territory, 342; power of, to admit new States, 344; transmission of Constitution to, 486; action of, on Constitution, 499. Old, authority of, continued till new adopted, 86. Under Virginia plan, to have two houses, 101. Under New Jersey plan, to be one body, 101. Present constitution of, by whom first sug- gested, 138; compromise respecting, 141, 167. Power of, to legislate for general interests of Union, 170; to negative State laws, 170; respecting elections to, 257; in general, 279; over taxes, duties, &c., 322; to pay debts of United States, 322; to provide for common defence, &c., 322; over places purchased for forts, &c., 340; over Territories, different views con- cerning, 340, 358; limited, 340; over soil of national domain, 351; pro- posed, over property of United States, 355; restraints on, 359; to establish inferior tribunals, 423, 427. Acts of, supreme law, 170; how passed, 264. Proposal that executive be chosen by, 171. Members of, qualifications of, 194; ineligibility of, to office, 250; time, &c. of electing, left to States, 258; pay of, proceedings in Conven- tion respecting, 258; objections to States paying, 259; privileged from arrest, 263; punishment and expul- sion of, 263; not to be questioned elsewhere for speech or debate, 263. Importance of early legislation of, 208. Proposed to be modelled after Congress of Confederation, 226. Ad- mission of members of Cabinet, &c. to, question respecting, 253. Each house of, to be judge of elections,
&c. of its own members, 262; to de- termine its own rules of proceeding, 263; to keep journal, 263. Adjourn- ment of, 275, 419. Exclusive sover- eign of District of Columbia, 277. Time of meeting of, 277. To make all necessary and proper laws for ex- ecution of powers, 338. To declare war, 413. To authorize calling out of militia, 413. Special relations of President to, 419. To prescribe mode of proof and effect of State rec- ords, &c., 449. To propose amend- ments to Constitution, 477. To call Convention to amend Constitution, when, 477.
Connecticut, a charter government, I. 5. Governor, council, and representa- tives always chosen by the people, 6. Had five representatives in first House, 149. Cedes claims to West- ern territory, 300, 344. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Con- vention, 369. Opposed to Conven- tion, II. 23; to executive holding of- fice during "good behavior," 173; to property qualification for office, 189; to nine years' citizenship as qualification of Senator, 224; to tax- ing exports, 296; to restricting Pres- ident to stated salary, 407. In favor of equality of suffrage in both branch- es of Congress, 122, 138; of equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165; of census of free in- habitants, 153; of referring Consti- tution to State legislatures, 184; of each State having one vote in Sen- ate, 227. Vote of, respecting citizen- ship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218; re- specting eligibility of members of Congress to office, 251; respecting slave-trade, 305. Ratification of Con- stitution by, 515. Convention of, 527; debates in, mostly lost, 529. Connecticut Reservation, note on, I. 300. Constitution, how framed, II. 3. Means of peaceful coercion a leading object of, 62. An abridgment of State pow- ers in some respects, 73. Republican government guaranteed to States by, 80, 458, 468. Capacity of, of amend- ment, 84. Why submitted to peo- ple for ratification, 84. As reported to Convention, 86. Different plans of, proposed in Convention, 89. Compared with Confederation, 90. Compromise of, between national
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