it. If he can not tell intelligibly what he is, find out what he does, and describe his occupation accordingly. The name of the place worked in or article made or worked upon should not be used as the sole basis of the statement of a person's occupation. Endeavor to ascertain always the character of the service rendered or kind of work done, and so state it.

The illustrations given under each of the general classes of occupation show the nature of the answers which should be made to this inquiry. They are not intended to cover all occupations, but are indicative of the character of the answers desired in order to secure, for each person enumerated, properly descriptive designations of service rendered or work done by way of occupation and as the means of gaining a livelihood.

Agricultural Pursuits.-Be careful to distinguish between the farm laborer, the farmer, and farm overseer; also between the plantation laborer, the planter, and plantation overseer. These three classes must be kept distinct, and each occupation separately returned.

Do not confuse the agricultural laborer, who works on the farm or plantation, with the general or day laborer, who works on the road or at odd jobs in the village or town. Distinguish also between woodchoppers at work regularly in the woods or forests and the laborer, who takes a job occasionally at chopping wood.

Make a separate return for farmers and planters who own, hire, or carry on a farm or plantation, and for gardeners, fruit growers, nurserymen, florists, vine-growers, etc., who are engaged in raising vegetables for market or in the cultivation of fruit, flowers, seeds, nursery products, etc. In the latter case, if a man combines two or more of these occupations, be careful to so state it, as florist, nurseryman and seed-grower.

Avoid the confusion of the garden laborer, nursery laborer, etc., who hires out his services, with the proprietor gardener, florist, nurseryman, etc., who carries on the business himself or employs

others to assist him.

Return as dairymen or dairywomen those persons whose occupation in connection with the farm has to do chiefly with the dairy. Do not confuse them with employés of butter and cheese or condensed milk factories, who should be separately returned by some distinctive term.

Return stock-herders and stock-drovers separately from stockraisers.

Do not include lumbermen, raftsmen, log-drivers, etc., engaged in hauling or transporting lumber (generally by water) from the forest to the mill, with the employés of lumber yards or lumber mills.

Fishing. For fishermen and oystermen describe the occupation as accurately as possible. Be careful to avoid the return of fishermen on vessels as sailors. If they gain their living by fishing, they should be returned as "fishermen," and not as sailors.

Mining and Quarrying.—Make a careful distinction between the coal miners and miners of ores; also between miners generally and quarrymen. State the kind of ore mined or stone quarried.

Do not return proprietors or officials of mining or quarrying companies as miners or quarrymen, but state their business or official position accurately.

Professional Pursuits.-This class includes actors, artists and teachers of art, clergymen, dentists, designers, draughtsmen, engravers, civil engineers and surveyors, mechanical and mining engineers, government clerks and officials, journalists, lawyers, musicians and teachers of music, physicians, surgeons, professors (in colleges and universities), teachers (in schools), and other pursuits of a professional nature. Specify each profession in detail, according to the fact. These are cited simply as illustrations of these classes of pursuits.

Distinguish between actors, theatrical managers, and showmen. Make a separate return for government clerks occupying positions under the national, state, county, city, or town governments from clerks in offices, stores, manufacturing establishments, etc.; also distinguish government officials.

Return veterinary surgeons separately from other surgeons.

Distinguish journalists, editors, and reporters from authors and other literary persons who do not follow journalism as a distinct profession.

Return separately chemists, assayers, metallurgists, and other scientific persons.

Domestic and Personal Service.-Among this class of occupations are comprised hotel keepers, boarding-house keepers, restaurant

keepers, saloon keepers, and bartenders; housekeepers, cooks, and servants (in hotels, boarding-houses, hospitals, institutions, private families, etc.); barbers and hairdressers; city, town, and general day laborers; janitors, sextons, and undertakers; nurses and midwives; watchmen, policemen, and detectives. Specify each occupation or kind of service rendered in detail, according to the fact. The above are given only as examples of the occupations which would naturally be included under this general class of work.

Distinguish carefully between housekeepers, or women who receive a stated wage or salary for their services, and housewives, or women who keep house for their own families or for themselves, without any gainful occupation. The occupation of grown daughters who assist in the household duties without fixed remuneration should be returned as "Housework-without pay."

As stated under agricultural pursuits, do not confuse day laborers, at work for the city, town, or at odd jobs, with the agricultural laborer, at work on the farm or plantation or in the employ of gardeners, nurserymen, etc. State specifically the kind of work done in every instance.

Clerks in hotels, restaurants, and saloons should be so described and carefully distinguished from bartenders. In many instances bartenders will state their occupation as "clerk" in wine store, etc., but the character of the service rendered by such persons will readily determine whether they should be classed as bartenders" or not.

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Stationary engineers and firemen should be carefully distinguished from engineers and firemen employed on locomotives, steamboats, etc.

Soldiers, sailors, and marines enlisted in the service of the United States should be so returned. Distinguish between officers and enlisted men, and for civilian employés return the kind of service performed by them.

Pursuits of Trade and Transportation.-Distinguish carefully between real estate agents, insurance agents, claim agents, commission agents, etc. If a person is a real estate agent and also an auctioneer, as is often the case, return his occupation as real estate agent and auctioneer.

Return accountants, bookkeepers, clerks, cashiers, etc., separately, and state the kind of service rendered, as accountant—

insurance; bookkeeper-wholesale dry goods; clerk-gas company; cashier-music store.

Do not confound a clerk with a salesman, as is often done, especially in dry goods stores, grocery stores, and provision stores. Generally speaking, the persons so employed are to be considered as salesmen, unless the bulk of their service is in the office on the books and accounts; otherwise they should be returned as salesman-dry goods; salesman-groceries, etc.

Stenographers and typewriters should be reported separately, and should not be described simply as "clerks."

Distinguish carefully between bank clerks, cashiers in banks, and bank officials, describing the particular position filled in each case. In no case should a bank cashier be confounded with cashiers in stores, etc.

Distinguish between foremen and overseers, packers and shippers, porters and helpers, and errand, office, and messenger boys in stores, etc., and state in each case the character of the duties performed by them, as foreman-wholesale wool house; packercrockery; porter—rubber goods; errand boy—dry goods; messenger boy-telegraph.

State the kind of merchants and dealers, as dry goods merchant, wood and coal dealer, etc. Whenever a single word will express the business carried on, as grocer, it should be so stated.

In the case of hucksters and peddlers also state the kind of goods sold, as peddler-tinware.

Distinguish traveling salesmen from salesmen in stores, and state the kind of goods sold by them.

Return boarding and livery-stable keepers separately from hostlers and other stable employés.

Distinguish also between exprcssmen, teamsters, draymen, and carriage and hack drivers.

Steam railroad employés should be reported separately, according to the nature of their work, as baggagemen, brakemen, conductors, laborers on railroad, locomotive engineers, locomotive firemen, switchmen, yardmen, etc.

Officials of railroad, telegraph, express, and other companies should be separately returned and carefully distinguished from the employés of such companies.

Boatmen, canalmen, pilots, longshoremen, stevedores, and sailors (on steam or sailing vessels) should be separately returned.

Telegraph operators, telephone operators, telegraph linemen, telephone linemen, electric-light men, etc., should be kept distinct, and a separate return made for each class.

Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits. In reporting occupations pertaining to manufactures there are many difficulties in the way of showing the kind of work done rather than the article made or the place worked in. The nature of certain occupations is such that it is well nigh impossible to find properly descriptive terms without the use of some expression relating to the article made or place in which the work is carried on.

Do not accept "maker" of an article or "works in " mill, shop, or factory, but strive always to find out the particular work done. Distinguish between persons who tend machines and the unskilled workman or laborer in mills, factories, and workshops.

Describe the proprietor of the establishment as a "manufacturer," and specify the branch of manufacture, as cotton manufacturer, etc. In no case should a manufacturer be returned as a "maker" of an article.

In the case of apprentices, state the trade to which apprenticed, as Apprentice-carpenter, etc.

Distinguish between butchers, whose business is to slaughter cattle, swine, etc., and provision dealers, who sell méats only.

Distinguish also between a glover, hatter, or furrier who actually make or make up in their own establishments all or part of the gloves, hats, or furs which they sell, and the person who simply deals in but does not make these articles.

Do not use the words "factory operative," but specify in every instance the kind of work done, as cotton mill—spinner; silk mill— weaver, etc.

Do not describe a person in a printing office as a "printer" where a more expressive term can be used, as compositor, pressman, press feeder, etc.

Make the proper distinction between a clock or watch "maker" and a clock or watch "repairer." Do not apply the word "jeweler" to those who make watches, watch chains, or jewelry in large establishments.

Avoid in all cases the use of the word "mechanic,” and state whether a carpenter, mason, house painter, machinist, plumber, etc. Do not say 66 'finisher," "molder,” ," "polisher," etc., but state