lowing regulations were made respecting the delivery of goods and lien for freight :

Where the owner of any goods imported in any ship from foreign parts into the United Kingdom fails to make entry thereof, or having made entry there of, to land the same or take delivery thereof, and to proceed therewith with all convenient speed, by the times severally hereinafter mentioned, the shipowner may make entry of, and land or unship the said goods at the times, in the manner, and subject to the conditions following; that is to say.

(1.) If a time for the delivery of the goods is expressed in the charter party, bill of lading, or agreement, then at any time after the time so expressed. (2) If no time for the delivery of the goods is expressed in the charter party, bill of lading, or agreement, then at any time after the expiration of seventy-two hours, exclusive of a Sunday or holiday, after the report of the ship. (3.) If any wharf or warehouse is named in the charter party, bill of lading, or agreement, as the wharf or warehouse where the goods are to be placed, and if they can be conveniently there received, the shipowner in landing them by virtue of this enactment shall cause them to be placed on such wharf or in such warehouse. (4.) In other cases the shipowner in landing goods by virtue of this enactment shall place them in or on some wharf or warehouse on or in which goods of a like nature are usually placed; such wharf or warehouse being, if the goods are dutiable, a wharf or warehouse duly approved by the commissioners of customs for the landing of dutiable goods. (5.) If at any time before the goods are landed or unshipped the owner of the goods is ready and offers to land or take delivery of the same, he shall be allowed so to do, and his entry shall in such case be preferred to any entry which may have been made by the shipowner. (6.) If any goods are, for the purpose of convenience in assorting the same, landed at the wharf where the ship is discharged, and the owner of the goods at the time of such landing has made entry, and is ready and offers to take delivery thereof, and to convey the same to some other wharf or warehouse, the expense of and consequent on such landing shall be borne by the shipowner. (7.) If at any time before the goods are landed or unshipped the owner thereof has made entry for the landing and warehousing thereof at any particular wharf or warehouse other than that at which the ship is discharging, and has offered and been ready to take delivery thereof, and the shipowner has failed to make such delivery, and has also failed at the time of such offer to inform the owner of the goods of the time at which such goods can be delivered, then the shipowner shall, before landing or unshipping such goods under the power hereby given to him, give to such owner or warehouse owner as aforesaid, twenty-four hours' notice in writing of his readiness to deliver the goods, and shall, if he lands or unships the same without such notice, do so at his own risk and expense.

If at the time when any goods are landed from any ship, and placed in the custody of any person as a wharf or warehouse owner, the shipowner gives to the wharf or warehouse owner notice in writing that the goods are to remain subject to a lien for freight or other charges payable to the shipowner to an amount to be mentioned in such notice, the goods so landed shall, in the hands of the wharf or warehouse owner, continue liable to the same lien, if any, for such charges as they were subject to before the landing thereof; and the wharf or warehouse owner receiving such goods shall retain them until the lien is discharged as hereinafter mentioned, and shall, if he fail so to do, make good to the shipowner any loss thereby occasioned to him.

Upon the production to the wharf or warehouse owner of a receipt for the amount claimed as due, and delivery to the wharf or warehouse owner of a copy thereof, or of a release of freight from the shipowner, the said lien shall be discharged.

The owner of the goods may deposit with the wharf or warehouse owner a sum of money equal in amount to the sum so claimed as aforesaid by the shipowner, and thereupon the lien shall be discharged without prejudice to any other remedy which the shipowner may have for the recovery of the freight.

If such deposit as aforesaid is made with the wharf or warehouse owner, and the person making the same does not within fifteen days after making it give to the wharf or warehouse owner notice in writing to retain it, stating in such notice the sum, if any, which he admits to be payable to the shipowner, or, as the case may be, that he does not admit any sum to be so payable, the wharf or warehouse owner may, at the expiration of such fifteen days, pay the sum so deposited over to the shipowner, and shall by such payment be discharged from all liability in respect thereof.

If such deposit as aforesaid is made with the wharf or warehouse owner, and the person making the same does within fifteen days after making it give to the wharf or warehouse owner such notice in writing as aforesaid, the wharf or warehouse owner shall immediately apprize the shipowner of such notice, and shall pay or tender to him out of the sum deposited the sum, if any, admitted by such notice to be payable, and shall retain the remainder or balance, or if no sum is admitted to be payable, the whole of the sum deposited, for thirty days from the date of the said notice; and at the expiration of such thirty days, unless legal proceedings have in the meantime been instituted by the shipowner against the owner of the goods to recover the said balance or sum or otherwise for the settlement of any disputes which may have arisen between them concerning such freight or other charges as aforesaid, and

notice in writing of such proceedings has been served on him, the wharf or warehouse owner shal pay the said balance or sum over to the owner of the goods, and shall by such payment be discharged from all liability in respect thereof.

If the lien is not discharged, and no deposit is made as herein before mentioned, the wharf or warehouse owner may, and, if required by the shipowner, shall, at the expiration of ninety days from the time when the goods were placed in his custody, or, if the goods are of a perishable nature, at such earlier period as he in his discretion thinks fit, sell by public auction, either for home use or exportation, the said goods or so much thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the charges hereinafter mentioned.

Before making such sale the wharf or warehouse owner shall give notice thereof by advertisement in two newspapers circulating in the neighbourhood, or in one daily newspaper published in London and in one local newspaper, and also, if the address of the owner of the goods has been stated on the manifest of the cargo, or on any of the documents which have come into the possession of the wharf or warehouse owner, or is otherwise known to him, give notice of the sale to the owner of the goo is by letter sent by the post; but the title of a bona fide purchaser of such goods shall not be invalidated by reason of the omission to send notice as hereinbefore mentioned, nor shall any such purchaser be bound to inquire whether such notice has been sent.

In every case of any such sale as aforesaid the wharf or warehouse owner shall apply. the monies received from the sale as follows, and in the following order: 1. In payment of any customs or excise duties owing in respect of the goods if sold for home use. 2. In payment of the expenses of the sale. 3. In the absence of any agreement between the wharf or warehouse owner and the shipowner concerning the priority of their respective charges, in payment of the rent, rates, and other charges due to the wharf or warehouse owner in respect of the said goods. 4. In payment of the amount claimed by the shipowner as due for freight or other charges in respect of the said goods. 5. But in case of any agreement between the wharf or warehouse owner and the shipowner concerning the priority of their respective charges, then such charges shall have priority according to the terms of such agreement; and the surplus, if any, shall be paid to the owner of the goods.

Whenever goods are placed in the custody of a wharf or warehouse owner under the authority of this act, the said wharf or warehouse owner shall be entitled to rent in respect of the same, and shall also have power from time to time, at the expense of the owner of the goods, to do all such reasonable acts as in the judgment of the said wharf or warehouse owner are necessary for the proper custody and preservation of the said goods, and shall have a lien on the said goods for the said rent and expenses.

Nothing in this act contained shall compel any wharf or warehouse owner to take charge of any goods which he would not be liable to take charge of if this act had not passed; nor shall he be bound to see to the validity of any lien claimed by any shipowner under this act. Nothing in this act contained shall take away or abridge any powers given by any local act to any harbour trust, body corporate, or persons whereby they are enabled to expedite the discharge of ships or the landing or delivery of goods; nor shall anything in this act contained take away or diminish any rights or remedies given to any shipowner or wharf or warehouse owner by any local act.

PIERS AND HARBOURS.

CAP. XIX.-An Act to amend the General Pier and Harbour Act, 1861 (16th May, 1862.)

The Act lays down further rules relating to the preparation of drawings for any works, the opening of the pier and harbours on payment of the rate to all persons for the shipping and unshipping goods, and the embarking and landing of passengers. It gives power to the Board of Trade to reduce the rates on such piers and harbours, if the profits amount to or exceed 10%. per centum per annum; and gives power to the Board of Trade to inspect the accounts, and even to appoint an auditor to audit and examine them.

HARBOURS TRANSFER.

CAP. LXIX.-An Act for transferring from the Admiralty to the Board of Trade certain powers and duties relative to Harbours and Navigation, under local and other Acts, and for other purposes. (29th July, 1862.)

PIER AND HARBOUR ACTS.

CAP. LI.-An Act for confirming with amendments certain provisional Orders made by the Board of Trade under the General Pier and Harbour Act, 1861, and the General Pier and Harbour Act, 1861, Amendment Act relating to Carrickfergus, Deal, Oban, St. Ives, Tobermory, and Hastings. (29th July, 1862.)

TURNPIKE ACTS.

CAP. LXXII.-An Act to continue certain Turnpike Acts in Great Britain. (7th August, 1862.)

TURNPIKE TRUSTS.

CAP. LVI.-An Act to confirm certain provisional Orders made under an Act of the 15th year of her present Majesty to facilitate arrangements for the relief of Turnpike Trusts. (29th July, 1862.)

HIGHWAYS.

CAP. LXI.-An Act for the better management of Highways in England. (29th July, 1861.)

Certain highway districts may be formed by any five or more trustees of a county, giving notice of the same to the general or quarter sessions. And in each highway district a highway board to be formed, to consist of the waywardens elected in the several places within the district, and of the justices acting for the county, and residing within the district. As soon as a highway district is formed, all the property is vested in the highway board of the district. The highway board to have the power to levy rates.

HIGHLAND ROADS AND BRIDGES.

CAP. CV.-An Act to transfer the Roads and Bridges under the management of the Commissioners of Highland Roads and Bridges to the several Counties in which the same are situate, and to provide for other matters relating thereto. (7th August, 1861.)

MILITARY PRISONS.

Report on the Discipline and Management of the Military Prisons, for 1861. By Major-General Sir Joshua Jebb, K. C.B., Inspector-General.

Ir were vain to expect that punishment alone will accomplish all that is desirable in the repression of military offences; but there exists sufficient evidence to prove beyond a doubt that the system of imprisonment which has now been in operation upwards of fourteen years has been generally effective for its object. During that period it has been carried out by governors of experience, and superintended by visitors under the general officers in command of districts, whose suggestions have afforded from time to time the opportunity of introducing such improvements as might be required. To whatever extent, however, the discipline may be perfected, and have its share in diminishing crime, there can be no doubt that the preventive measures now in progress for raising the moral standard of the army and improving its efficiency will be found of infinitely higher importance to the service than the best devised scheme of punishment.

Though it is necessary to adopt the most vigorous and exemplary measures in dealing with military offences, and such measures are usually taken, because crime forces itself on attention, and cannot be neglected for a single day, yet if the subject be seriously considered, it will be evident that if the questions were taken in the order of their relative importance, efforts should be first directed to the removal of the causes of crime rather than allowing them to follow in the wake of those necessary for its punishment.

To all who take an interest in the soldier and the army, it cannot fail to be a matter of the deepest satisfaction to see that this subject, which from circumstances did not in former times receive the attention to which it had a claim, has for years past been so earnestly considered by the Secretary of State for War and his Royal Highness the General Commanding-in-Chief, and that the measures they have determined upon have been so effectually provided for by Parliament.

The greater the comfort of the soldier in his barrack-room, the greater the attention to his learning every part of his duty in the field, the more fully his time is applied usefully and profitably to himself and the public, and the greater amount of instruction bestowed upon him, the better will be the class of recruits who will present themselves for enlistment, the less will be the crime, and the higher will be the general character of the army. It is no impossible or wild theory to seek the object of making the British soldier as much respected in his quarters as he is admired for his surpassing bravery and endurance in the field.

The measures alluded to are each and all essential, and in their several degrees are calculated to forward this object; and, combined as they are with school instruction, libraries, and rational amusements, the period is not remote when the effects of such improvements as are now in progress will most certainly be visible.

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Reference has been made to the time of soldiers being usefully and fitably employed as one means of reducing crime and improving their habits. The means of carrying out such a plan would be to attach to every barrack workshops for the different trades of carpenters, smiths, painters, &c., in which certain men selected from the force occupying

such barracks could be employed, under the direction of the engineer department, in the necessary repairs, or in the execution of the smaller class of new works, the working parties for the performance of labourers' work being taken by roster or from volunteers. The soldiers so employed might be divided into two classes, and receive a moderate rate of working pay, in proportion to the ability or industry they evinced, or for the completion of an allotted task.

This system was in full operation in 1812, when the fortifications on the heights of Dover were in progress, and the result was alike beneficial to the soldier and to the public. A vast amount of work was done at a comparatively small cost; and instead of habits of idleness being induced by the ordinary life of a soldier, habits of industry took their place.

This system is now largely acted upon in the execution of the new forts in the neighbourhood of Antwerp. The soldiers volunteer for the work, and are paid for what they do. Another means of raising the character of the army, namely, the moral and religious training of the men, is this. From experience in the superintendence of large bodies of convicts it seems certain that care judiciously bestowed in systematic instruction never fails, under God's blessing, to produce very favourable results on the feelings and conduct of the many among them, and facts may be adduced to show that soldiers will avail themselves of facilities that are afforded of obtaining such instruction. If it be said that a more full development of the chaplain's department in the army would add materially to the expense, it is not too much to ask of the country to take the same care of the highest interests of the soldier that is bestowed upon the felon. The subjoined extract from the 4 Geo. IV. c. 64, passed in 1823,* will show the views of the legislature, both as regards the appointment of chaplains even to the smallest prisons, and the duties to which I have briefly referred.

Another consideration may be advanced in favour of affording the soldier the best means of moral and religious instruction, combined as far as may be practicable, with industrial training. The shorter terms of service and occasional embodiment of the militia will cause a far greater proportion of those who have spent some years in the army to be mixed up on their discharge with the population of every town and village in the country. Hence the importance of not losing so excellent an opportunity of training them to habits that will render them useful and respectable.

The same military prisons were in operation in 1861 as in the previous year. In March, 1856, a temporary establishment was formed at Aldershot to provide for prisoners from the camp until the new prisons which were then about to be erected could be completed. This temporary arrangement has continued from year to year. Though it is as well organized as circumstances will permit, and has ever been in excellent order, there do not exist there any adequate means for properly enforcing a sentence of imprisonment.

Fourth Geo. IV. Cap. 64. Clause xxviii.-"And be it further enacted, that the justices assembled in General or Quarter Sessions shall and they are hereby required from time to time to nominate for each prison within their jurisdiction to which this Act shall extend a clergyman of the Church of England to be chaplain, thereof and such chaplain shall frequently visit every room and cell in the prison occupied by prisoners, and shall direct such books to be distributed and read and such lessons to be taught in such prison as he may deem proper for the religious and moral instruction of the prisoners therein, and he shall visit those who are in solitary confinement, &c."