collections contain special and peculiar products, and in conjunction with the Chinese collection of food already existing in the Museum, constitute a very interesting illustration of the diet of Oriental nations. A small collection of products obtained from the bottom of one of the Swiss lakes, illustrates in a very interesting manner the diet and habits of the people who formerly inhabited the island residences of these and other lakes in Europe.

Water.-Amongst the specimens and objects exhibited in the general part of the food collection, I may mention a series of illustrations of the water supplied to the great towns of Great Britain, as Manchester, Glasgow, and other places. A series of specimens illustrating the analysis of water, and the most simple methods of detecting the various impurities of water supplied for dietetical purposes, have been exhibited. The makers of filters have also contributed their inventions, and the water supplied to the establishment is filtered, and the influence of the filter in purifying the water is exemplified by specimens.

Diseased Meat.-My attention has been drawn during the past year to the extensive sale of bad meat in the metropolis and other parts of the country. In order to make people acquainted with the appearance of diseased meat, and meat unfit for human food, wax models of the diseased meat have been exhibited. Specimens of measled pork, the cause of tape-worms, and of horses' tongues which are sold for bullocks' and reindeer's tongues, have been modelled, and are exhibited in the Museum.

Animals used as Food.-In addition to the case of pheasants purchased by the department as illustrative of the natural history of animals used as food, Dr. Sclater has presented a case of game birds from Nova Scotia. Two or three heads have been added to the groups of higher mammalia, and I hope, through the liberality of individuals, and the countenance of the department, to render this part of the Museum available for instruction in the history and characteristic qualities of those animals which afford the most nutritious and economical food.

Microscopes.-The Museum microscopes have been refitted with specimens of the microscopic structure of food.

Diagrams and Photographs. -A large number of illustrations of the structure of articles of food, and of the plants producing them, have been exhibited in the form of diagrams, drawings, and photographs. A series of diagrams by Miss Sowerby, illustrating the microscopic structure of adulterated food, have been suspended on the walls of the east gallery. At my request the inland revenue department allowed a series of copies of drawings which they had made for the use of the revenue officers in the laboratory of their department, to be made in photography by Mr. Thurston Thompson. These photographs have succeeded admirably, and form a series of interesting illustrations of the microscopic structure of substances used in the adulteration of tobacco, pepper, and snuff.

Adulteration of Food.-Illustrations of the adulteration of pepper, milk, sugar, cocoa, bread, and of the colouring of sugar, have been exhibited during the year.

The Chemical Composition of Food.-During the past year I have made a large number of calculations on the composition of various articles of food. The results of these calculations have been reduced in such a manner as to enable the curators to exhibit the composition of the same weights of various kinds of food in common use, and thus to present at once to the eye the special value of particular kinds of food.

TITHE COMMISSION.

Copy of the Report of the Tithe Commissioners to Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the Home Department, for the year 1862.

The commissioners reported that they received during the year 7070 agreements and confirmed 6778. They made 5647 drafts of compulsory awards, and confirmed 5449. In 12,227 districts, as will be seen from the above statement, the tithes have been commuted by confirmed agreements or confirmed awards. In 413 of these districts the rentcharges have been disposed of by redemption or merger. They received 11,786 apportionments, and confirmed 11,780; of which 2 were confirmed during the year 1862. They made 2778 altered apportionments, and confirmed 2402; and of these 168 have been received and 129 confirmed during the year 1862. They received 929 applications for the exchange of glebe lands, and confirmed 823 of such exchanges; and of these 59 applications were received and 32 exchanges confirmed during the past year. They received 463 applications for the redemption of rentcharge, and have completed 319 of such redemptions; and of these 110 were received, and 37 completed during the year 1862. They received 6 applications to convert variable corn rents payable under local Acts of Parliament into rentcharges to be henceforth payable in like manner as ordinary tithe rentcharges, and have completed awards in 2 of these cases. At the close of 1862 they had confirmed 14,595 distinct mergers of tithes or rentcharges.

CHURCH ESTATES.

Eleventh General Report from the Church Estates Commissioners. The commissioners stated that in the previous year they had reported that the transactions approved by them, between August 1851 and March 1861, were 2127 in number, and that the value in fee of the estates so agreed to be dealt with was more than 7,750,000l. During this year they approved the terms agreed upon in 146 cases; 120 being cases of sales of reversions, and 26 cases of purchases of leasehold interests, and the value in fee of the estates so agreed to be dealt with exceeds 850,000l. The aggregate number of cases enumerated in their yearly reports as approved is therefore 2,273, and the value of the property dealt with exceeds 8,600,000l. In 9 cases they declined to approve the terms proposed; but in 3 of these the terms have been modified so as to meet with their sanction, and they have been included in the number above stated to have been approved.

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ECCLESIASTICAL DILAPIDATIONS.

Report from the Committee of the House of Lords on the Ecclesiastical Dilapidation Bill. (130.)

On the 5th May, 1862, this bill was referred to a select committee of the House of Lords, of which the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Chancellor, Lord Archbishop of York, Duke of Devonshire, Earl of Derby, Earl Cowper, Earl Stanhope, Earl of Carnarvon, Earl of Romney, Earl of Ellenborough, Viscount Dungannon, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord Bishop of London, Lord Bishop of Winchester, Lord Bishop of Oxford, Lord Bishop of Lincoln, Lord Portman, Lord Overstone, Lord St. Leonards, Lord Chelmsford, and Lord Taunton. The committee sat seven days, and finally reported on the 7th June, 1862

That the committee have met, and have gone through the bill, clause by clause, and made numerous amendments therein.

The period of the session being now so far advanced, the committee recommend that the bill should stand over until next year; the bill, as amended, being meanwhile, and at once, re-printed for consideration and discussion among the persons interested.

And the committee have directed the bill, as amended, to be reported to your lordships.

DURHAM UNIVERSITY COMMISSION.

Report of the Commissioner appointed for the purpose of the Durham University Act, 1861.

In 1832, an Act was passed, endowing the University with an estate of which the gross income, during the last four years, has averaged 22401., and the net income 1710l. On the 20th July, 1835, the dean and chapter made twelve regulations for the better establishment of the University. In 1837, a Royal charter was granted; and, in 1840, an Act was passed, giving powers to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners to prepare, and lay before her Majesty in Council, schemes for maintaining the University of Durham in a state of respectability and efficiency. And, in 1841, an order in council was made applying a scheme of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, endowing the University with an estate of which the gross income had averaged 43307., and the net income 3700l., besides other foundations and endowments. The commissioners reported that the average rental of the original and order-in-council estates amounted to 71707., and the average outgoings to 1760l, or nearly one-fourth of the gross rental. The fees of students amounted to 1264, and the accounts show a deficit of upwards of 1,000l. a year. The number of students has, of late years, fallen off from 79, in 1857-58, to 44, in 1862-63. The studies are divided into two principal heads-school of arts, including classics and mathematics; and school of divinity. The commissioners having examined the causes of decline, framed sixteen ordinances, the principal portions of which are as follows:

The Senate. The senate shall consist of the warden, the professors, and the tutors. The senate shall manage the property, maintain the discipline, direct the studies and examinations, and transact the business of the Uni

versity. The senate may appoint such officers as they deem necessary for the management, under their superintendence, of the property and income of the University, with such stipends as the senate, with consent of convocation, shall fix, and may at the time remove any of such officers. All future statutes of the University shall be originated by the senate, but shall require the confirmation of convocation. The senate shall meet once, at least, in every week during term, and the warden may call a special meeting of the senate whenever he thinks fit: three shall form a quorum. The warden shall preside, and, in case of equality of votes, shall have a second or casting A meeting of the senate shall be dissolved by vote, or by the absence of the required quorum.

Convocation.-Convocation shall consist of the warden, the professors, the tutors, all persons who, at the date of the approbation of this ordinance by her Majesty in Council shall be members of convocation, and such persons as shall after that date have proceeded to the second degree in any one of the three schools named in the fifth ordinance, and have paid the prescribed fees. Convocation shall confirm or reject what is submitted to it by the senate, but shall have no power to originate or amend. The warden shall call a meeting of convocation as often as an act of the University shall have been passed by the senate requiring the confirmation of convocation. Five shall form a quorum. The warden shall preside, and, in case of equality of votes, shall have a second or casting vote. A meeting of convocation shall be dissolved by vote, or by the absence of the required quorum.

The Schools and Degrees.-Degrees shall be granted by the University in three separate schools, as under-mentioned :

I. Arts (classics and mathematics), B.A. and M.A. 2. Theology, B.T. and M.T. 3. Physical science, B.S. and M.S.

The first degree in any school shall be granted to such matriculated students as shall have passed the prescribed examination in that school for that degree. No matriculated student shall be required to have kept more than four terms in order to proceed to the degree of bachelor in any one of the three schools. A graduate in any one of the three schools may, after an interval of three years, if he keep his name on the register of the University, proceed to the second degree in the same school. A graduate in any one of the three schools may at any time afterwards, with or without further residence, on passing the prescribed examination, proceed to the first degree, and, after an interval of three years, if he keep his name on the register of the University, to the second degree, in any other of those schools. Nothing contained in this ordinance will preclude the University from granting the degrees of bachelor and doctor of divinity, or degrees in medicine or in any other faculty, at their discretion; or affect in any way terms of connection between the Newcastle-upon-Tyne College of Medicine and the University. The senate, with consent of convocation, shall have power to alter or repeal those terms of connection as they think fit. A licentiate or graduate in medicine may proceed, on passing the prescribed. examination, to the degree of B.A., B.T., or B.S., provided he have resided one year in the University of Durham.

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Any person who shall, at the date of the approbation of this ordinance by her Majesty in Council, be a licentiate in theology of the University, shall be admissible, without further residence or examination, to the degree of B.T., and, after an interval of three years, if he keep his name on the register of the University, to the degree of M.T. Any person shall be

admissible, by grace of the University, to the same degree which he possesses in another University; but such admission shall not qualify him to be a member of convocation. Any distinguished person shall be admissible, by grace of the University, to any honorary degree; but such admission shall not qualify him to be a member of convocation. All degrees shall be conferred by the warden in convocation.

Professors and Tutors.-The visitor has the appointment of the professors, to whose professorships canonries are annexed. The senate shall have the appointment of all other professors, and of all tutors. There shall be one professor of mathematics and astronomy, and in the school of physical science there shall be at least three professors-namely, the professor of chemistry and metallurgy, the professor of geology and mineralogy, and the professor of mining and machinery. The senate shall fix, from time to time, the number of tutors required for the instruction of the students; and may decide at any time upon an increase in the number of the professors; and may, with the consent of the visitor, suspend the appointment of a successor to any professor, in case the number of students wishing to attend the lectures of such professor shall appear too small to justify the appointment. All professors, other than those to whose professorships canonries are annexed, shall receive a fixed salary of 300l. a year each. Each of the tutors shall receive a fixed salary of 250l. a year. The fund arising from the fees paid for tuition shall be divided each term amongst the professors and tutors, in proportion to the number of lectures delivered by them respectively, and the number of students who have attended such lectures. The professors of divinity and ecclesiastical history and of Greek and classical literature shall not receive the salary assigned above to the professors, nor share in the division of the tuition fund, so long as canonries are annexed to their professorships. No separate fees shall be paid by matriculated students to professors whose lectures they attend. It shall be the duty of the tutors, besides taking part in the instruction, to superintend and control the conduct of the students. The senate shall have power to appoint such teachers of modern languages, bookkeeping, drawing, surveying, or other subjects, and with such salaries as they think fit, and of may at such teachers. Students.-There shall be no limitation of age for students. Students may be of two kinds, matriculated students, that is, students whose names. have been placed, by the authority of the warden, on the register of the University; and non-matriculated students, that is, students who, though not on the register of the University, have the permission of the professor of mathematics and astronomy, or of one of the professors of physical science, to take advantage of his lectures. Every student wishing to be matriculated shall state to which school or schools he proposes to belong, and shall thereupon be subjected to an elementary examination adapted to the studies of such school or schools, as the case may be. He shall not be matriculated without having passed such an examination, unless he has gained a University scholarship. A matriculated student shall reside within the precincts of the college, or of some licensed hall or house, unless a dispensation to reside elsewhere be granted to him by the senate. Nonmatriculated students shall pay such fees as the professor whose lectures they attend may fix. The senate shall have power to make rules for the maintenance of discipline and good order amongst such students. No person shall be held to be a member of the University who has not been

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