Manual of Useful Information: Embracing More Than 100,000 Facts, Figures and ...

Do not fill your letter with repetitions and apologies.

Avoid writing with a pencil. Use black ink. Blue or violet may be used, but black is better.

In acknowledging receipt of a letter always mention date.

Note, packet or letter size should be used. It is unbusiness-like and very poor taste to use foolscap or mere scraps.

If single sheets are used they should be carefully paged. Business letters should be written on but one side of the sheet.

A letter sheet should be folded from bottom upward. Bring lower edge near the top so as to make the length a trifle shorter than the envelope, then fold twice the other way. The folded sheet should be just slightly smaller than the envelope.

If note sheet, fold twice from bottom upward. If envelope is nearly square, single fold of note sheet is sufficient.

Envelopes, like the paper, should be white, and of corresponding size and quality. It is poor taste to use colored paper, or anything but black ink.

The postage stamp should be placed at the upper right hand corner. The address should be so plainly written that no possible mistake could be made either in name or address. It is unnecessary to add the letters P. O. after the name of the place. When the letter reaches the town it is not likely to go to the court house or jail. Letters of introduction should bear upon envelope the name and address of the person to whom sent, also the words in the lower left hand corner, "Introducing

PUNCTUATION AS IT SHOULD BE.

A period (.) after every declarative and every imperative sentence; as, It is true. Do right.

A period after every abbreviation; as, Dr., Mr., Capt.

An interrogation point (?) after every question.

The exclamation point (!) after exclamations; as, Alas! Oh, how lovely!

Quotation marks ("") enclose quoted expressions; as, Socrates said: "I believe the soul is immortal."

A colon (:) is used between parts of a sentence that are subdivided by semicolons.

A colon is used before a quotation, enumeration, or observation, that is introduced by as follows. the following, or any similar expression; as, Send me the following: 10 doz. “Armstrong's Treasury."

A semicolon (;) between parts that are subdivided by commas.

The semicolon is used also between clauses or members that are disconnected in sense; as, Man grows old; he passes away; all is uncertain. When as, namely, that is, is used to introduce an example or enumeration, a semicolon is put before it and a comma after it; as, The night was cold; that is, for the time of year.

A comma (,) is used to set off co-ordinate clauses, and subordinate clauses not restrictive; as, Good deeds are never lost, though sometimes forgotten.

A comma is used to set off transposed phrases and clauses; as, "When the wicked entice thee, consent thou not."

A comma is used to set off interposed words, phrases and clauses; as, Let us, if we can, make others happy.

A comma is used between similar or repeated words or phrases; as, The sky, the water, the trees, were illumined with sunlight.

A comma is used to mark an ellipsis, or the omission of a verb or other important word.

A comma is used to set off a short quotation informally introduced; as, Who said, "The good die young"?

A comma is used whenever necessary to prevent ambiguity.

The marks of parenthesis ( ) are used to enclose an interpolation where such interpolation is by the writer or speaker of the sentence in which it occurs. Interpolations by an editor or by anyone other than the author of the sentence, should be inclosed in brackets, [ ].

Dashes (-) may be used to set off a parenthetical expression, also to denote an interruption or a sudden change of thought or a significant pause.

THE USE OF CAPITALS.

1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital.

2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, should begin

with a capital.

All appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital.
Official and honorary titles begin with a capital.

5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital.

6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions are printed in capitals.

7. The pronoun I, and the exclamation, O, are always capitals. 8. The days of the week, and the months of the year, begin with capitals.

9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter.

10.

11.

Names of religious denominations begin with capitals.

In preparing accounts, each item should begin with a capital. 12. Any word of special importance may begin with a capital.

ANALYSIS OF VOLAPUK.

Numerous efforts have been made for two centuries past to found a universal language, but these have all seemed to lack some important particular of success. The most recent attempt in this line is much more promising than any which has preceded it. Volapuk is the invention of the Rev. Dr. Johan Martin Schleyer, of Baden, Germany, an accomplished linguistic student. He can speak and write, it is said, twentyeight languages. He had been working upon his universal language scheme for some time when in 1879 he announced it, and he had so far perfected the plan of it in 1880 as to publish a pamphlet concerning it. The name is from vola, of the world, and puk, language. It is founded on the model of the Aryan tongues, the signs representing letters and words, not ideas; and all the root words, or nearly all, are taken from living modern tongues, the English being used to a much greater extent than any other language. The Roman alphabet is used, with some German dotted letters, and the continental sounds are given to all letters. All words are phonetically spelled. The Arabic numerals are used, and the names of the numbers are indicated by the use of the vowels in regular order. All plurals are formed in "s." All verbs are regular, and there is only one conjugation. Tenses are shown by vowels before the verbs; preceding these vowels by "p" gives the passive voice. The per

U. I.-5

MANUAL OF USEFUL INFORMATION.

One advantage of this language is that it can be learned very quickly. It is estimated that over 10,000 persons in Europe have mastered it, and it has been tried to some extent in this country also. If it could be adopted in commercial transactions between nations speaking different languages it would, no doubt, prove a very great advantage as well as an economy.

sonal pronoun placed after the root shows the person.

THE MEANING OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.

To trace the origin of names is always a pleasing and interesting We have prepared for our readers the subjoined list of Christian or first names of men and women:

task.

CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN.

Aaron, Hebrew, a mountain, a loft.
Abel, Hebrew, vanity.
Abraham, Hebrew, the father of many.
Absalom, Hebrew, the father of
Adam, Hebrew, red earth,

peace.

Adolphus, Saxon, happiness and help.
Adrian, Latin, one who helps.

Alan, Celtic, harmony;

hound.

Albert, Saxon, all bright.

Slavonic, a

Alexander, Greek, a helper of men.
Alfred, Saxon, all peace.

Alonzo, form of Alphonso, q. v.

Alphonso, German, ready or willing.
Ambrose, Greek, immortal.
Amos, Hebrew, a burden.
Andrew, Greek, courageous.
Anthony, Latin, flourishing,

Archibald, German, a bold observer.
Arnold, German, a maintainer of honor.
Arthur, British, a strong man.

Augustus, Latin, venerable, grand.
Augustin,
Baldwin, German, a bold winner.
Bardulph, German, a famous helper.
Barnaby, Hebrew, a prophet's son.
Bartholomew, Hebrew, the son of him who
made the waters to rise.

Beaumont, French, a pretty mount.
Bede, Saxon, prayer.

Benjamin, Hebrew,the son of a right hand.
Bennet, Latin, blessed.

Bernard, German, bear's heart.

Bertram, German, fair, illustrious.
Bertrand, German, bright raven.
Boniface, Latin, a well doer.

Brian, French, having a thundering voice.
Cadwallader, British, valiant in war.
Cæsar, Latin, adorned with hair.
Caleb, Hebrew, a dog.
Cecil, Latin, dim-sighted.

Charles, German, noble-spirited.

Christopher, Greek, bearing Christ.
Clement, Latin, mild tempered.
Conrad, German, able counsel.
Constantine, Latin, resolute.
Cornelius, Latin, meaning uncertain.
Crispin, Latin, having curled locks.
Cuthbert, Saxon, known famously.
Dan, Hebrew, judgment.

Daniel, Hebrew, God is judge.
David, Hebrew, well-beloved.

Douglas, Gaelic, dark gray.
Duncan, Saxon, brown chief.
Dunstan, Saxon, most high.
Edgar, Saxon, happy honor.
Edmund, Saxon, happy peace.
Edward, Saxon, happy keeper.
Edwin, Saxon, happy conqueror.
Egbert, Saxon, ever bright.
Elijah, Hebrew, God the Lord.

Elisha, Hebrew, the salvation of God.
Emmanuel, Hebrew, God with us.

Enoch, Hebrew, dedicated.

Ephraim, Hebrew, fruitful.

Erasmus, Greek, lovely, worthy to be loved.

Ernest, Greek, earnest, serious.

Esau, Hebrew, hairy.

Eugene, Greck, noble, descended.

Eustace, Greek, standing firm.

Evan or Ivan, British, the same as John.
Everard, German, well reported.

Ezekiel, Hebrew, the strength of God.
Felix, Latin, happy.

Ferdinand, German, pure peace.
Fergus, Saxon, manly strength.
Francis, German, free.

Frederic, German, rich peace.
Gabriel, Hebrew, the strength of God.
Goeffrey, German, joyful.

George, Greek, a husbandman.
Gideon, Hebrew, a breaker.
Gerard, Saxon, strong with a spear.
Gilbert, Saxon, bright as gold.
Giles, Greek, a little goat.

Godard, German, a godly disposition.
Godfrey, German, God's peace.
Griffith, British, having great faith.
Godwin, German, victorious in God.
Guy, French, a leader.

Hannibal, Punic, a gracious lord.
Harold, Saxon, a champion.
Hector, Greek, a stout defender.
Henry, German, a rich lord.
Herbert, German, a bright lord.
Hercules, Greek, the glory of Hera or Juno.
Hezekiah, Hebrew, cleaving to the Lord.

Horace, Latin, meaning uncertain.

Horatio, Italian, worthy to be beheld.
Howell, British, sound or whole.
Hubert, German, a bright color.
Hugh, Dutch, high, lofty.

Humphrey, German, domestic peace.

Denis, Greck, belonging to the God of Ignatius, Latin, fiery.

wine.

Ingram, German, of angelic purity.

Isaac, Hebrew, laughter.

Jabez, Hebrew, one who causes pain.
Jacob, Hebrew, a supplanter.
James or Jacques, beguiling.
Joab, Hebrew, Fatherhood."
Job, Hebrew, sorrowing.
Joel, Hebrew, acquiescing.

John, Hebrew, the grace of the Lord.
Jonah, Hebrew, a dove.

Jonathan, Hebrew, the gift of the Lord.
Joscelin, German, just,
Joseph, Hebrew, addition.

Joshua, Hebrew, a Savior.

Percival, French, a place in France.
Percy, English, adaptation of "pierce eye."
Peregrine, Latin, outlandish,
Peter, Greek, a rock or stone.
Philip, Greek, a lover of horses.
Phineas, Hebrew, of bold countenance.
Ralph, contracted from Randolph, or
Randal, or Ranulph, Saxon, pure help.
Raymond, German, quiet peace.
Reuben, Hebrew, the son of vision.
Reynold, German, a lover of purity.
Richard, Saxon, powerful.

Robert, German, famous in counsel.

Josiah or Josias, Hebrew, the fire of the Roderick, German, rich in fame. Lord.

Julius, Latin, soft hair.

Lambert, Saxon, a fair lamb.

Lancelot, Spanish, a little lance.

Laurence, Latin, crowned with laurels.
Lazarus, Hebrew, destitute of help.
Leonard, German, like a lion.

Leopold, German, defending the people.

Lewis or Louis, French, the defender of the people.

Lionel, Latin, a little lion.
Llewellin, British, like a lion.
Llewellyn, Celtic, lightning.
Lucius, Latin, shining.

Luke, Greek, a wood or grove.

Manfred, German, great peace.
Mark, Latin, a hammer.
Martin, Latin, martial.

Matthew, Hebrew, a gift or present.
Maurice, Latin, sprung of a Moor.
Meredith, British, the roaring of the sea.
Michael, Hebrew, Who is like God?
Morgan, British, a mariner.
Moses, Hebrew, drawn out.
Nathaniel, Hebrew, the gift of God.
Neal, French, somewhat black.
Nicholas, Greek, victorious over the people.
Noel, French, belonging to one's nativity.
Norman, French, one born in Normandy.
Obadiah, Hebrew, the servant of the Lord.
Oliver, Latin, an olive.

Orlando, Italian, counsel for the land.
Orson, Latin, a bear.

Osmund, Saxon, house peace.

Oswald, Saxon, ruler of a house.

Owen, British, well descended.

Patrick, Latin, a nobleman.

Paul, Latin, small, little.
Paulinus, Latin, little Paul.

Roger, German, strong counsel.

Roland or Rowland, German, counsel for

the land.

Rollo, form of Roland, q. v.
Rufus, Latin, reddish.
Samson, Hebrew, a little son.

Samuel, Hebrew, heard by God.
Saul, Hebrew, desired.

Sebastian, Greek, to be reverenced.
Seth, Hebrew, appointed.

Silas, Latin, sylvan or living in the woods.
Simeon, Hebrew, hearing.

Simon, Hebrew, obedient.

Solomon, Hebrew, peaceable.

Stephen, Greek, a crown or garland.
Swithin, Saxon, very high.

Theobald, Saxon, bold over the people.

Theodore, Greek, the gift of God.

Theodosius, Greek, given of God.
Theophilus, Greek, a lover of God.
Thomas, Hebrew, a twin.

Timothy, Greek, a fearer of God.
Titus, Greek, meaning uncertain.
Toby, or Tobias, Hebrew, the goodness of
the Lord.

Valentine, Latin, powerful.
Victor, Latin, conqueror.
Vincent, Latin, conquering.
Vivian, Latin, living.

Walter, German, a conqueror.
Walwin, German, a conqueror.
Wilfred, Saxon, bold and peaceful.
William, German, defending many.
Zaccheus, Syriac, innocent."

Zachary, Hebrew, remembering the Lord.
Zachariah, Hebrew, remembered of the
Lord.

Zebedee, Syriac, having an inheritance. Zedekiah, Hebrew, the justice of the Lord.

CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.

Aurora, Latin, morning brightness.
Barbara, Latin, foreign or strange
Beatrice, Latin, making happy.
Bella, Italian, beautiful.

Benedicta, Latin, blessed.

Bernice, Greek, bringing victory.

Bertha, Greek, bright or famous.

Bessie, short form of Elizabeth, q. v.

Blanch, French, fair.

Bona, Latin, good.

Bridget, Irish, shining bright

Camilla, Latin, attendant at a sacrifice.

Carlotta, Italian, same as Charlotte, q. v.

Caroline, feminine of Carolus, the Latin of Charles, noble spirited.

Cassandra, Greek, a reformer of men.

Catherine, Greek, pure or clean.
Cecilia, Latin, from Cecil.
Cecily, a corruption of Cecilia, q. v.
Charity, Greek, love, bounty.
Charlotte, French, all noble.
Chloe, Greek, a green herb.

Christiana, Greek, belonging to Christ.
Clara, Latin, clear or bright.
Clarissa, Latin, clear or bright.
Constance, Latin, constant.

Dagmar, German, joy of the Danes.
Deborah, Hebrew, a bee.

Lucy, Latin, feminine of Lucius.
Lydia, Greek, descended from Lud.
Mabel, Latin, lovely or lovable.
Madeline, form of Magdalen, q. v.
Magdalen, Syriac, magnificent.
Margaret, Greek, a pearl.
Maria, Marie, forms of Mary, q. v.
Martha, Hebrew, bitterness.
Mary, Hebrew, bitter.

Matilda, German, a lady of honor.
Maud, German form of Matilda, q. v.

May, Latin, month of May, or dim, cf
Mary, q. v.

Mercy, English, compassion.

Dorothea or Dorothy, Greek, the gift of Mildred, Saxon, speaking mild.

Diana, Greek, Jupiter's daughter.

Dorcas, Greek, a wild rose.

God.

Minnie, dim, of Margaret, q. v. Naomi, Hebrew, alluring.

Nest, British, the same as Agnes.

Eliza, Elizabeth, Hebrew, the oath of God. Nicola, Greek, feminine of Nicholas.

Ellen, another form of Helen, q. v.
Emily, corrupted from Amelia.
Emma, German, a nurse.

Esther, Hesther, Hebrew, secret.

Eudoia, Greek, prospering in the way.
Eudora, Greek, good gift.

Eudosia, Greek, good gift or well-given.
Eugenia, French, well-born.
Eunice, Greek, fair victory.

Eva, or Eve, Hebrew, causing life.
Fanny, diminutive of Frances, q. v.
Fenella, Greek, bright to look on.
Flora, Latin, flowers.

Florence, Latin, blooming, flourishing.
Frances, German, free.

Gertrude, German, all truth.
Grace, Latin, favor.

Hagar, Hebrew, a stranger.

Hadassah, Hebrew, form of Esther, q. v.
Hannah, Hebrew, gracious.

Harriet, German, head of the house.
Helen, or Helena, Greek, alluring.
Henrietta, fem, and dim. of Henry, q. v.
Hephzibah, Hebrew, my delight is in her.
Hilda, German, warrior maiden.
Honora, Latin, honorable.
Huldah, Hebrew, a weazel.
Isabella, Spanish, fair Eliza.

Jane, or Jeanne, fem. of John, q. v.
Janet, Jeanette, little Jane.
Jemima, Hebrew, a dove.

Joan, Hebrew, fem. of John, q. v.
Joanna, or Johanna, form of Joan, q. v.
Joyce, French, pleasant.
Judith, Hebrew, praising.

Julia, Juliana, feminine of Julius, q. v.
Katherine, form of Catherine, q. v.
Keturah, Hebrew, incense.

Kezsiah, Hebrew, cassia.

Laura, Latin, a laurel.

Lavinia, Latin, of Latium.

Letitia, Latin, joy or gladness.
Lilian, Lily, Latin, a lily.

Lois, Greek, better.

Louisa, German, fem. of Louis, q. v. Lucretia, Latin, a chaste Roman lady.

Olive, Olivia, Latin, an olive.
Olympia, Greek, heavenly.
Ophelia, Greek, a serpent.

Parnell, or Petronilla, little Peter.
Patience, Latin, bearing patiently.
Paulina, Latin, feminine of Paulinus.
Penelope, Greek, a weaver.
Persis, Greek, destroying.
Philadelphia, Greek, brotherly love.
Philippa, Greek, feminine of Philip.
Phoebe, Greek, the light of life.
Phyllis, Greek, a green bough.

Polly, variation of Molly, dim. of Mary, q. v.
Priscilla, Latin, somewhat old.

Prudence, Latin, discretion.

Pysche, Greek, the soul.

Rachel, Hebrew, a lamb.

Rebecca, Hebrew, fat or plump.
Rhoda, Greek, a rose.

Rosa, or Rose, Latin, a rose.

Rosalie, or Rosaline, Latin, little Rose.
Rosalind, Latin, beautiful as a rose.
Rosabella, Italian, a fair rose.

Rosamond, Saxon, Rose of

peace.

Roxana, Persian, dawn of day.

Ruth, Hebrew, trembling, or beauty. Sabina, Latin, sprung from the Sabines. Salome, Hebrew, perfect.

Sapphira, Greek, like a sapphire stone.

Sarah, Hebrew, a princess.

Selina, Greek, the moon.

Sibylla, Greek, the counsel of God.
Sophia, Greek, wisdom.

Sophronia, Greek, of a sound mind
Susan, Susanna, Hebrew, a lily.
Tabitha, Syriac, a roe.

Temperance, Latin, moderation
Theodosia, Greek, given by God
Tryphena, Greek, delicate.
Tryphosa, Greek, delicious.
Victoria, Latin, victory.
Vida, Erse, feminine of David.
Ursula, Latin, a she bear.
Walburga, Saxon, gracious.
Winifred, Saxon, winning peace.
Zenobia, Greek, life from Jupiter

A PLIABLE LANGUAGE.

The flexibility of the English language is in no way better illustrated than by the use made of it by sportsmen in designating particular

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