The cabinet is a council formed of the chief ministers of state, who formulate and carry out a policy. The cabinet was known in England as early as 1690. In the United States the members of the cabinet are the heads of departments, who act in an advisory relation to the President. They are the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. The salary of a cabinet officer is $8,000.

The two legislative houses of Norway combined are called the Storthing or Storting. It is elected once in three years, and for business purposes divides itself into two chambers-the Lagthing and the Odelsthing (the legislative house and the "house of commons"). All bills originate in the Odelsthing, and are sent up to the Lagthing for approval or disapproval. If assented to they are submitted to the king. If the king dissents, they are returned to the Storthing (or combined house), and whatever passes the Storthing thrice becomes law, whether the king approves it or not.

A tariff is a table of duties charged on the imports or exports of a country. The word is said to be derived from the Moorish port of Tarifa, where duties were levied on African commerce. In Great Britain the tariff imposes no export duties, and applies only to import duties levied for purposes of revenue. In the United States, also, the term is applied exclusively to import duties, which are fixed by Congress, and levied for purposes of protection. The McKinley tariff, placing a high duty upon all foreign imported goods, with the view of protecting native manufactures of the United States, came into operation October, 1890. Protective tariffs are in operation in most of the continental countries Canada, and Australia.

The Cincinnati Association is a society or order founded in the United States (1783) by the officers of the War of Independence, "to perpetuate their friendship, and to raise a fund for relieving the widows and orphans of those fallen during the war." It derived its name from the appellation given to those who, with Washington at their head, had left their rural occupations (like Lucius Quintus, Cincinnatus, 458 B.C.), to fight for their country. The badge of the society is a bald eagle, having on its breast a figure of the Roman Dictator receiving the military ensigns from the senators. It is suspended by a dark blue ribbon, emblematic of the union of France and America. Motto: Omnia relinquit servare rempublicam. In several states the order still exists, and holds triennial meetings of its delegates.

The term "Whig" in United States history denotes those who in the colonial and revolutionary periods were opposed to the British rule; and also it is the name adopted in 1834 by the survivors of the old National Republican party, after its overwhelming defeat by Jackson in 1832. Jackson's bold action in dismissing members of his cabinet, and his relentless war upon the United States Bank, made him in their eyes a tyrant little less hateful than George III, and the old name of Whig was chosen as expressive of their revolt against one-man power. Webster, Clay, and other National Republicans and old Federalists readily accepted the name, under which they were defeated in 1836, and in 1840 won their first great victory in the return of President Harrison. The party died in 1852, slain by the hands of its own dissatisfied members.

The Ku-Klux Klan (1868-1871) was a secret society of ex-Confederate soldiers. "Ku-Klux" is meant to represent the click in cocking a rifle. The "Klan" was an offset of the "Loyal League," and its ostensible object was to "repress crime and preserve law in the disturbed Southern States." In 1871 Congress, resolved to put down the association, suspended the Habeas Corpus Act (under what is generally called "The KuKlux Law") in nine counties of South Carolina. This law and the employment of the military brought the "Klan" to an end.

The legislative assembly of France is divided into Right and Left. The Right includes the Legitimists, the Orleanists, and the Imperialists. The Left includes the Republicans and the Radicals. The Legitimists are those who favored the fortunes of the older branch of the Bourbon family, represented till 1883 by the Comte de Chambord, who was called by them "Henri V." The Orleanists favored the Louis Philippe branch of the Bourbon family. On the death of the Comte de Chambord, in 1883, the Legitimists and the Orleanists became united. The Imperial ists favor the family of Napoleon. The Legitimists used to constitute the "Extreme Right," the Orleanists the "Right Center." The Radicals sit in the "Extreme Left," and the Republicans in the "Left Center."

WHAT IS TAMMANY?

Tammany, Tamendy, or Tammenund was an Indian chief of the Delaware nation who lived about the middle of the seventeenth century. He was a great friend of the whites, and was famous in tradition for so many other virtues that in the latter days of the Revolution he was facetiously adopted as the patron saint of the new republic. A society called the Tammany Society was founded in New York city, May 12, 1789, originally for benevolent purposes, but it ultimately developed into a mere political engine, becoming the principal instrument of the managers of the Democratic party in New York City. The number of the general committee arose to over 1,400, delegates ultimately being sent from each district and precinct; and finally a central "committee on organization" was chosen from this unwieldy body, whose chairman was "boss" of the hall. The most notorious of these "bosses" was William M. Tweed, whose gigantic frauds, and those of the "ring" of which he was the chief, were finally exposed in 1871; Tweed was convicted, and died in gaol while suits were pending against him for the recovery by the city of $6,000,000. This catastrophe sadly crippled the power of Tammany, but its influence in politics was by no means killed even then, and it has since, with its leaning towards a protective tariff, proved a constant source of insecurity and danger to the Democratic party at large. Its influence was thrown into the scale against Hancock, successfully, in 1880, and against Cleveland, unsuccessfully, in 1884; and the organization is still strong enough to carry its candidate for the mayoralty, even against a combination of opposing forces.

WHEN ARE YOU TWENTY-ONE?

The question sometimes arises whether a man is entitled to vote at an election held on the day preceding the twenty-first anniversary of his birth. Blackstone, in his " Commentaries," book 1, page 463, says: "Full age in male or female is 21 years, which age is completed on the day preceding the anniversary of a person's birth, who, till that time, is

an infant, and so styled in law." The late Chief Justice Sharswood, in his edition of Blackstone's 66 Commentaries," quotes Christian's note on the above as follows: "If he is born on the 16th day of February, 1608, he is of age to do any legal act on the morning of the 15th of February, 1629, though he may not have lived twenty-one years by nearly 48 hours. The reason assigned is that in law there is no fraction of a day; and if the birth were on the last second of one day and the act on the first second of the preceding day twenty-one years after, then twenty-one years would be complete; and in the law it is the same whether a thing is done upon one moment of the day or another." The same high authority (Sharswood) adds in a note of his own: A person is of full age the day before the twenty-first anniversary of his birthday."

ABOUT STATE ELECTION.

State elections are held in the various States as follows: Alabama and Kentucky, first Monday in August; Arkansas, first Monday in September; Georgia, first Wednesday in October; Louisiana, the Tuesday after the third Monday in April; Maine, second Monday in September; Oregon, first Monday in June; Rhode Island, first Wednesday in April; Vermont, first Tuesday in September. All others occur on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Presidential elections are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.

THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT SYSTEM.

In the New England colonies the practice of secret voting was in vogue from the very first, and it has now been adopted throughout the United States. It is prevalent also in the self-governing English colonies in Canada and Australia, and in most, if not all, the countries of Europe which have adopted parliamentary institutions-in France, Germany, Italy, etc. While it may with substantial justice be maintained that open voting is theoretically the best at elections of every kind, on the ground that the suffrage being a public trust, it should be openly and manfully exercised with the full sense of responsibility, secret voting is now generally regarded as practically the most satisfactory method. Though it is not a perfect safeguard against bribery and intimidation, it has proved to be very effective. Since its adoption elections have proceeded with greater quietness, order and with comparatively little corruption.

The peculiar system of the secret ballot known as the Australian system took its name from its being practiced first in New South Wales, a prominent Australian colony. Its distinguishing feature is that the names of all candidates are printed on one ticket, and that the voter must cross out the names of all those he does not wish to vote for.

Many of our States have adopted this system of voting, with slight modifications, varying with the different States. Most of them, however, have adopted what is styled the single or "blanket" ballot. All the names in nomination are printed on one sheet, the voter's choice to be indicated by marking. There are two methods used of grouping the names of the candidates. The Australian plan arranges the titles of the offices alphabetically, the names of the candidates and usually their party connection being attached.

The other form groups all names and offices by parties. It is illustrated by the following diagram of a ballot:

Democratic.
О

For Governor.

John B. Altgeld.

Republican.
O

For Governor.
Joseph W. Fifer.

R. R. Sink. □ N. M. Barnett. The voter of a straight ticket marks a cross in the circle at the head of his ticket. The voter who scatters marks the squares opposite the the names of all the candidates on the tickets.

THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.

The President and Vice-President of the United States are chosen by officials termed "Electors" in each State, who are, under existing State laws, chosen by the qualified voters thereof by ballot, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in every fourth year preceding the year in which the Presidential term expires.

The Constitution of the United States prescribes that each State shall "appoint" in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress; but no Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be an elector. The Constitution requires that the day when electors are chosen shall be the same throughout the United States. At the beginning of our Government most of the electors were chosen by the Legislatures of their respective States, the people having no direct participation in their choice; and one State, South Carolina, continued that practice down to the breaking out of the Civil War. But in all the States now the Presidential electors are, under the direction of State laws, chosen by the people.

The manner in which the chosen electors meet and ballot for a President and Vice-President of the United States, is provided for in Article XII of the Constitution. The same article prescribes the mode in which the Congress shall count the ballots of the electors, and announce the result.

The procedure of the two houses, in case the returns of the election of electors from any State are disputed, is provided in the "Electoral Count" act, passed by the Forty-ninth Congress.

The Constitution defines who is eligible for President of the United States, as follows:

No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of 35 years.

The qualifications for Vice-President are the same.

The Electoral Count" act directs that the Presidential electors shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their election. It fixes the time when Congress shall be in session to count the ballots as the second Wednesday in February succeeding the meeting of the electors.

The Presidential succession is fixed by chapter 4 of the acts of the Forty-ninth Congress, first session. In case of the removal, death, resignaion or inability of both the President or Vice-President, then the Secretary of State shall act as President until the disability of the President or Vice-President is removed or a President is elected. If there be no Secretary of State, then the Secretary of the Treasury will act; and

the remainder of succession is: The Secretary of War, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, Secretary of the Navy, and Secretary of the Interior. The acting President must, upon taking office, convene Congress, if not at the time in session, in extraordinary session, giving twenty days' notice.

HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN.

The right to vote comes from the State, and is a State gift. Naturalization is a Federal right, and is a gift of the Union, not of any one State. In nearly one half the Union aliens who have declared intentions vote and have the right to vote equally with naturalized or native-born citizens. In the other half only actual citizens may vote. The Federal naturalization laws apply to the whole Union alike, and provide that no alien male may be naturalized until after five years' residence. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege upon him, and he may vote in one State (Minnesota) four months after landing, if he has immediately declared his intention, under United States law, to become a citizen.

The conditions under and the manner in which an alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States are prescribed by Sections 2165-74 of the Revised Statutes of the United States.

DECLARATION OF INTENTION.- The alien must declare upon oath before a Circuit or District Court of the United States, or a District or Supreme Court of the Territories, or a court of record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction, and a seal and clerk, two years at least prior to his admission, that it is, bona fide, his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or State, and particularly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject.

OATH ON APPLICATION FOR ADMIISSON.-He must, at the time of his application to be admitted, declare on oath, before some one of the courts above specified, "that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, State or sovereignty, and particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, State or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject," which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the court.

CONDITIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP.-If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to which the alien has applied that he has resided continuously within the United States for at least five years, and within the State or erritory where such court is at the time held one year at least; and that during that time "he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same," he will be admitted to citizenship.

TITLES OF NOBILITY.-If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the same at the time of his application.

SOLDIERS.-Any alien of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who has been in the armies of the United States and has been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration of intention, provided that he has resided in the United States at least one year previous to his application, and is of good moral character.

MINORS.-Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen: but he must make a declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the court that for two years next preceding it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen.

CHILDREN OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS.--The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the age of sixteen years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof.