there is a sufficient number of patients for clinical instruction. This doubt is not justified by the facts. Of the twenty universities in Germany, all with medical faculties, thirteen are in towns with smaller population than that of New Haven. In this list are included such famous medical schools as those of Bonn, Göttingen, Greifswald, Heidelberg, Tübingen, Würzburg. This comparison does not lose all force even if allowance be made for the special conditions which favor a relatively larger attendance of patients in the German hospitals. A growing city of 80,000 inhabitants should furnish material adequate for the essential needs of clinical instruction. I am informed by those in a position to know that there is sufficient material here for thorough clinical teaching.

Certainly it is desirable to have as large clinical material as possible, but it is an error to suppose that medical schools can flourish only in connection with large metropolitan hospitals. Even for clinical instruction there are not a few advantages associated with the smaller medical schools. Billroth, one of the most distinguished clinical teachers living, advises medical students to avoid the large and crowded universities, and that too in order to obtain their early clinical instruction. Clinical teaching does not consist simply in the exhibition of a large number of cases of disease. Methods of examination are to be taught. The art of obtaining all of the subjective and objective symptoms, the modes of physical examination, the use of electricity, of the laryngoscope and of the ophthal moscope, the application of the microscope and of chemical analysis to diagnosis, in a word all that belongs to the propedeutics of clinical study must be learned. This propaedeutical clinical instruction, which is too much neglected, does not require a large number of patients and can not be satisfactorily imparted to a large class of students. After this careful clinical training, the larger metropolitan hospitals and clinics can

be visited with advantage.

Granted then that the conditions for clinical instruction furnish no obstacle to the development of this medical school, there remain all of the advantages of association with the university.

Here are already established laboratories for all of the natural

sciences, the importance of which for the study of medicine has been emphasized. There are already admirable opportunities for the study of physiological chemistry, which, to the best of my knowledge, is nowhere else in this country so adequately represented.

Laboratories for studies and original investigations in anatomy, physiology, pathology, hygiene, and experimental therapeutics are needed. These above all are the medical subjects which can be cultivated nowhere more successfully than under university influences and in coöperation with other natural sciences. The atmosphere of a university town free from the distractions of a large city is most favorable for the scientific pursuit of these fundamental branches of medicine.

To reap the fruit of these advantages the medical department must receive large pecuniary aid. The Yale medical school has an honorable history; but it can not to-day attain the height of its endeavor or meet the demands for higher medical education without a considerable endowment.

In no other direction could this university expand with greater promise of usefulness and of renown than in the line of liberal support of the highest and most scientific medical education.

ARTICLE II.-THE HISTORIC FORCES WHICH GAVE RISE TO PURITANISM.*

OVER the principal entrance to this church an inscription was placed, not many years ago, by onet who will long be remembered here with affection, which records the fact that "a company of English Christians, led by John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton, were the founders of New Haven," and that "here they built their first house of worship." Underneath this church, where we are now gathered, reposes their dust; yet their blood is still throbbing in the veins of the men and women who are around us. On the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the landing of that company of English Christians on these shores, we cannot but direct our thoughts to them. The impress of what they did is upon all about us. Even these streets, this Green, so much more spacious and convenient than anything which had been planned on this continent before their time, bear testimony to the enlightened views which they had of what a city should be. Even we ourselves, our conceptions of life, our tastes, our very prejudices, are the result, in no small degree, of ideas of right and of duty which led them to brave the sea and all the dangers of an unknown wilderness. To-day that company of English Christians, the forefathers of this town,-walk these streets once more. There is no one so thoughtless, who has not asked himself what manner of men they were. There is no one so well acquainted with their history who will not find that a new consideration of what it was that they undertook to do, and of the results which they accomplished, will serve as an ennobling force to give him fresh inspiration for his own narrower round of duty.

But the story of what that company of English Christians did has been so often told, that I shall not attempt to tell it

* An Address on the occasion of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of New Haven, April, 1888, before the Congregational Club, delivered in the Center Church, by WILLIAM L. KINGSLEY.

+ Rev. Leonard Bacon, D.D.

over again. It has seemed to me that it might better serve the purpose of this hour, and enable us to get a more lifelike conception of the personality of the founders of our town, if I were to recall to your minds what were some of the historic forces which made them what they were. The age which gave them birth was not isolated from those which preceded it. The ages are all interlocked. That which precedes always prepares the way for that which succeeds. Their age was the legitimate outcome of the ages which had gone before, as our age has felt the shaping influences and is the product of the age in which they lived. They were as truly the children of their past as we are of our past. Bear with me then, if I ask you to go back with me for a few moments to a period as far before them as the period of their settlement of New Haven is before us. Such a consideration of some of the historic forces which made them what they were may not be without its value.

If we thus go back two hundred and fifty years before the founding of New Haven, we come to the fourteenth century. I will remind you that this was long before the discovery of America by Columbus. The nations of the continent of Europe had hardly emerged from the chaos of feudal warfare. The great nobles had still so much power that they were the rivals even of their sovereigns, and were ever combining against them or against each other, whenever ambition or some fancied grievance tempted them. The Church too had lost much of the power of a living faith. The ecclesiastical dignitaries had become, to a great extent, as mundane and as ambitious as the nobles. A large part of them had given themselves up to a life of self-indulgence. The gluttony of the monks was proverbial. St. Bernard, centuries before, complained that there were bishops who had so many different kinds of wine on their tables that it was impossible even so much as to taste the half of them. We read of the monks in a certain monastery who complained of their abbot because he had reduced their ordinary dinners from sixteen to thirteen dishes. As for the laity, there was no independent thought among them, no independent action.

But things had begun everywhere to take an upward tendency. The commercial activity, started by the Crusades, had served to break down many of the barriers which had separated the people of different countries. The cities which had their rise in the twelfth century had acquired franchises and privileges, and the burghers had learned many lessons in freedom. Universities had been established, and though the learned doctors who had been trained in them expended their strength in the unprofitable word-splittings of the scholastic philosophy, yet learning was preserved, and the intellects of an ever increasing multitude of students were sharpened into activity. The Christian Church also, so democratic in its organization, which through the Middle Ages had been the protector of the weak against the strong, still, notwithstanding its degeneracy, preached the doctrines of kindness and charity, and was an ever present protest against the excesses of strife and violence.

England, at the period to which we have gone back, was in many respects one of the least important of the States of Europe. In population it was far inferior. The mass of its inhabitants were occupied with the cultivation of the soil. The national wealth consisted in flocks, and herds, and the

harvest of the year. Credit was unknown. To be sure,

English sailors from the Cinque Ports had made themselves at home on the sea. A few manufactures were carried on, though they were of the rudest kind. But compared with the nations of Southern Europe, or with those great cities which were growing up in the Low Countries and in Italy, England held a very inconsiderable position.

Its inhabitants were a coarse and even a brutal people. The grandees of the royal and imperial courts of Italy and of Constantinople, the merchant princes of Venice, of Genoa, of Pisa, of Bruges, and of Antwerp, looked on them as little better than barbarians. They were thoroughly rude and uncultivated. The stock from which they had originally come was a coarse one. No one of the savage tribes which had overrun the Roman Empire was more fierce or more cruel than those Saxons, and Angles, and Jutes, and Frisians, who had come