53. Lawyers. Imprisoned persons. All persons enjoying the confidence of the magistrates or parties may be counsellors or lawyers. Every imprisoned person shall be forthwith provided with a counsellor.

54. State Treasuries. The State treasury, as well as the County and Town treasuries, shall be filled by direct taxation. The State treas ury being the sub-treasury of the United States treasury, it shall be lawful for the Congressional quota to have a preference over all other State payments.

55. State Treasury and Treasurer. The State Treasurer shall be ap. pointed by the Governor, by whom he may be removed according to law. He shall serve for two years, shall give security, and receive a salary fixed by law.

56. County Treasurer. The County Treasurer shall be appointed by the County Commissioners; he shall give security, serve for two years; is. like all other subordinate officers, re-eligible, and may be emoved according to law.

57. Town Treasurer. The Town Treasurer shall be appointed by the Selectmen; he shall give security, and serve two years. He may be removed according to law

58. No money shall be drawn from any public treasury without appropriation laws.

59. Publicity. The financial accounts of towns, counties, and states shall be published every year.

60. All sessions of the Legislature and Courts shall ordinarily be public. They may be closed in extraordinary instances. The treasury accounts shall likewise be open to the inspection of tax payers.

61. Installment. All public officers in towns, counties, and states, also all jurors, instead of an oath, shall give and sign the following official promise

"I promise to fulfill my duties in conformity with the Constitution and Laws of the State and the Union, according to the best of my ability."

62. Public and Common Law. It shall be American public and common law:

a. That each actual primitive settler or pioneer on wild, unpossessed and unappropriated land, generally called government land or domain, shall be entitled to acres, of which he shall be obliged to give up as much land as is required for public works, as land, stone, water, or iron, roads, or similar improvements, without compensation. b. That a town containing over 2,000 voters, shall be divided into two towns; a county containing over 20,000 voters, into two coun and a state containing over 200,000 voters, into two states.

ties;

c. That no law. act, or resolution shall be passed allowing or granting charters, incorporation rights, creating public debts, indirect taxes, or interfering in any way with the liberty of education, instruction and honest useful industry of the people.

d. That no state shall embark, directly or indirectly, in any business of a private character, or which may, or which may not he done by the freemen in towns or counties, or shall give bonds for such business; coin any money, or authorize paper money, under whatever name of form.

D

e. That there shall never be any resort to arms among freemen about state affairs.

f. That any persons making use of physical violence against unarmed public officers in the discharge of their official duties, shall, besides the deserved punishment, forfeit all political constitutional rights, until restored by a special vote of the town in which he resides. g. That, if a person under arrest can find no bail, the courts shall continue the trial without any delay.

h. That no law shall be passed prescribing capital punishment, excessive bail, or other inhuman treatment.

i. That in general no law shall be valid, interfering, in any way, with the rights of self-government.

63. Alterations of the Constitution. Alterations of this Constitution take place, either by a two-thirds vote of the Legislature, approved by the qualified voters, or, after twenty-five years from its establishment, by a direct resolution of the voters on the question of amending and altering the Constitution by a Convention.

Date.

B.

PLAN OF A FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.

In order to secure the rights and blessings of Self-government, the Freemen in the different States of

have entered into a Con

federation of States, and established the following

FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.

1. Confederated States. The Confederation entered into under the name of the United States of conprises at present the following States, viz.,

2. Congress. There shall be a Congress of the United States of with certain Legislative, Judicial, and Executive powers.

3. The business belonging exclusively to Congress, in general, is,— a. Protection of the fundamental rights of self-government, viz., lib. erty of education, instruction and industry; promotion of humanity by maintaining peace and justice at home and abroad, and preservation of the Union.

b. Establishing uniform principles in regard to cultivation of va cant wild land, and the size of a primitive lot, and of towns, counties, and states.

c. Coining money, regulating its value, and regulating weights and

measures.

d. Raising funds for the Congressional treasury by drafts on the State treasuries, in conformity with the appropriation laws.

e, Adjusting and deciding disputes among the States.

f. Establishing an United States Tribunal.

g. Appointing consuls and special agents, and receiving consuls and foreign ministers.

h. Organizing the national defences in case of hostile invasion, if

the freemen of the whole Union shall decide in favor of defensive

war.

i. Representing the Union abroad, and acting in all instances, where conflicts between the States and the Union, and the Union and foreign states require it.

k. Admitting new States into the Union if they have adopted this Constitution and established a State Constitution in conformity with the principles of self-government, and if the annexation has been approved by the qualified voters of the Union.

1. Convening once every year (second year,) on the first Monday of —, at the Capitol of the Union, and as often as the President thinks an extra session to be necessary.

4. Legislature. The federal legislative power is vested in the Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

5. Representatives. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every year (second year,) by the qualified

voters.

6. Elections. About ten thousand qualified voters shall be entitled to one Representative. Each State shall elect at least two Representatives. No State shall elect more than twenty Representatives. In all elections plurality of votes shall decide.

7. The House of Representatives shall consist of not more than four hundred members.

8. Qualified. No person shall be a Congressional Representative or Senator who has not been before a member of a State Legislature. 9. Speaker. Impeachment. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and have the right of impeachThe speaker shall have a casting vote.

ment.

10. Senate. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislatures thereof for six years.

11. The Senators are divided as equally as may be, into three classes. They occupy their seats for respective two, four, and six years, so that one third shall be chosen every second year. Vacancies shall be filled by the Legislatures, and temporarily by the Governors.

12. Vice President. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate; he shall have only the casting vote.

13. Powers of Senate. The Senate shall have the power to try all impeachments, to appoint their own officers, and also a temporary President in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.

14. Choosing Representatives and Senators. The elections of Representatives shall take place on the first Monday of and that of

Senators at times when the Legislatures are in session.

15. House Jurisdictions. Each House shall have the jurisdiction over its members during the time of sessions, and of their qualifica tions. Two thirds shall decide and do business, (quorum.)

(The Rules of both Houses may be annexed in an Appendix.)

16. Questions. In all questions of importance the yeas and nays shall be recorded.

17. Compensation. The members of Congress shall receive a com. pensation for their services, according to law.

18. Offices Forbidden. No member of Congress shall be elected to any office of the United States, created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during his time of election.

19. Veto. Alt bills of both Houses must be approved and signed by the President. If he does not return the bill within ten days, Sunday excepted, it shall be a law; if he returns it with his veto, the bill with his objections may be reconsidered, and, if approved by a twothird vote, become a law. The same shall take place with orders and resolutions of both Houses, except the resolution on the question of adjournment.

20. Treasury. The treasury of the United States shall be filled by direct taxes raised by the State treasurers. The quota of the Congress shall have a preference before all other payments from the State treasuries. The treasury accounts shall be published from time to time.

21. Appropriation Laws. Financial bills may originate in either House. Payments by the treasurer can be made only in conformity with appropriation laws.

22. Unconstitutional Laws. Any law enacted by Congress beyond their authority may be declared unconstitutional by the United States tribunal.

23. Tribunal. The judicial power of the United States shall belong to the United States Tribunal, consisting of five members.

24. Jurisdiction. They shall have original jurisdiction

a. In all cases affecting consuls, or other public agents and ministers. b. In all cases where the Union or a State shall be a party.

c. In all cases arising under the Constitution.

They shall have only appellate jurisdiction in cases between parties of different States, and foreign citizens and citizens of the United States.

25. Trials before the United States Tribunal shall be without juries, except at the instance of the parties.

26. This Tribunal shall have, for the dispatch of business, the right to select a County Court of any State, to try the cases belonging to its jurisdiction.

27. Common Law. It shall give, from time to time, its opinion to Congress on the state of the laws and jurisprudence throughout the Union; its decisions in law shall be the principal basis of American public and common law.

28. Duration of Office. The members of this Tribunal shall hold their offices during good behavior.

29. Foreign Laws. Reference to foreign laws shall not be allowed in questions belonging to its jurisdiction.

30. No Circuit Court. This Tribunal is no Circuit Court. manent seat is where Congress meets.

Its per

31. President. The executive power of the Federal Congress shall be vested in a President of the United States of, and in case of vacancy, in the Vice President; and if both should be out of office, by that person who shall be declared acting President by Congress in joint ballot. Plurality of votes shall decide.

32. Office Time. The President shall hold his office during the term of four years, together with the Vice President. He is not re-eligi

ble after the expiration of four years. but later. once more.

33. Qualification. No person shall be President who has not been a

member of Legislatures, Congress, or the higher Courts, for at least

35. Salary. The salaries of both the President and Vice President and other officers of Congress, shall be fixed by law.

36. Installation. Before entering his office, the President shall give and sign the following official promise,

That he will faithfully execute the office of the President of the United States, and will, to the best of his ability, preserve the Constitution of the United States of

37. Consuls. The President shall appoint and remove all federal officers, consuls, and special agents, in conformity with laws regulat. ing this power, and shall receive foreign diplomatists.

38. War. The President shall be, in case of a hostile foreign invasion, which could not be prevented by negotiation, Commander-inChief of all the forces of the Union. He shall not be allowed to call to arms, until the qualified voters of the Union have decided in favor of defensive war.

39. If war has been resolved upon by the voters, all male persons, able to bear arms, from eighteen to forty years of age, shall be, so far as necessary, mustered into service for self defence. The armed men in towns shall elect their officers and commanders; these shall elect the county officers and commanders, and these last the commander of the State forces. The President shall give the commissions. All shall lay down their arms when ordered by the President or respective Governors. 40. No armed force shall be used beyond the limits of the United States.

41. No land shall be acquired by force of arms.

42. Annexation. Applications for the admission of new States into the Union shall be transmitted to the President, who shall lay them, together with the accompanying documents, as constitution, census, approbation of the Federal Constitution, &c., before Congress. If both President and Congress have no objections, the question of admission shall be brought before the qualified voters for ratification, and if their decision be favorable, the annexation shall take place, otherwise not.

43. Self-Government. The freemen of the United States of

are pledged not to admit any other form of government than that which is founded upon the principle of self-government with representative forms.

44. Laws. The legislative bodies, courts and tribunals in the United States shall do all in their power to render the laws and judicial proceedings simple and uniform all over the Union.

45. Public Faith. Full faith and credit shall be given, in each State, to the public Legislative acts, judicial records, and executive documents of every other State,

46. Public and Common Law. It shall be (American) public and common law

a. That each actual primitive settler or pioneer on wild, unpossessed and unappropriated land shall be entitled to acres, of which he shall be obliged to give as much land as is required for public works, p*