Surabaya, City of Work: A Socioeconomic History, 1900-2000Ohio University Center for International Studies/Ohio University Press, 2002 - 541 halaman Surabaya is Indonesia's second largest city but is not well known to the outside world. Yet in 1900, Surabaya was a bigger city than Jakarta and one of the main commercial centers of Asia. Collapse of sugar exports during the 1930s depression, followed by the Japanese occupation, revolution, and independence, brought on a long period of stagnation and retreat from the international economy. Not until the export boom of the 1990s did Surabaya regain prominence as Southeast Asia's leading non-capital-city industrial area. |
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... kretek rollers , PT Gelora , 1987 . Photo by author . Figure 5.4 . Workers leaving the Braat engineering works ,. Industry 273 Labor-intensive industry: female kretek rollers, PT Gelora, 1987.
... kretek producers in East Java . In 1935 the Surabaya firm Sampoerna dis- covered a way to produce machine - made kretek without using paper subject to the 30 percent excise . With this price advantage Sampoerna's output soared from 30 ...
... substantial industrial cluster is the kretek industry , represented by the firm Gudang Garam in Kediri , to the west ( Young 1993 ) .18 TABLE 5.9 Employment by size of establishment , Greater Surabaya 310 Surabaya , City of Work.
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Southeast Asian Studies: Debates and New Directions Cynthia Chou,Vincent Houben Pratinjau terbatas - 2006 |