winter, 942; in summer, 1,779; of male teachers in winter, 1,025; in summer, 171. Average wages of teachers per month, including board, males $30.05, females $16.59. The capital of School Fund, September 30, 1859, was $2,046,397,32; revenue divided for the year, $131,830 ; divided to each scholar $ 1.25. Capital of Town Deposit Fund, $ 763,662 ; revenue used for schools, $ 45,819; 1 per cent tax for schools, $72.342; number of districts assessing a property tax for schools, 252; property tax for schools, about $84,419; revenue of local funds for schools, $ 15,207; number of districts assessing rate-bills, 691 ; estimated amount assessed by rate-bills, $38,381. School-houses erected within the year, 52; estimated cost, $ 49,022. School-houses in very good condition, 798; in very bad condition, 240. Schools of two grades, 110; of three or more grades, 47. Schools furnished with outline maps, 756; with library, 535; with Holbrook's apparatus, 554. Aggregate number of volumes in the school libraries, $39,472; aggregate expended for support of schools, including cost of new school-houses and repairs, $479,981. Lecturers were employed to visit the districts, and to lecture upon topics calculated to improve parents, teachers, and scholars. 8 Teachers' Institutes were held during the year; 691 members were in attendance.

Mode of Managing Schools. — Towns elect a board of school visitors of 3, 6, or 9 members, for three years, whose terms of office are so arranged that the term of one ends each year. If any town has a permanent school fund, it chooses annually a school-fund treasurer, who gives bond and takes charge of the fund. No new district can be formed containing less than 40 persons between 4 and 16 years of age. The income of the school fund is divided among towns in proportion to the number of children between 4 and 16 years of age in each town on the first Monday of January in each year. No district can have any portion of the public money, unless there has been a school therein kept by a qualified teacher at least six months in the year, and visited twice each season by the visitors of the towns; and unless the district committee certify that the public money received the previous year has been faithfully applied to the payment of teachers, and for no other purpose; nor shall towns receive any portion of it unless they report seasonably each year to the Superintendent of Schools. Towns must raise by taxation a sum of not less than three cents on the $100 of the Grand List, for the support of schools. School visitors take the general superintendence of the schools, and receive for the time actually employed therein $1.25 a day. Any school district raising $10 for a school library shall receive a like sum from the State; and the further sum of $5 annually, if $ 5 are annually raised by it for such purposes.

State Normal School. - This institution is at New Britain, and has David N. Camp, the Superintendent of Schools, for its Principal. It was opened for scholars May 15, 1850, and from that time to May, 1860, 1,745 pupils were connected with it. 138 have received the diploma of the school. During the last year, 231 pupils have been in attendance; their average age was 19.3. The number is limited to 220 at any one term, selections to be one from each school society. Tuition free. In Hartford, Middletown, and New London there are high schools, and in Norwich there is a free academy.

State Reform School, West Meriden. — Edward W. Hatch, Superintendent. This institution was opened for the reception of pupils March 1, 1854. From that time to April 1, 1860, 308 boys were received. In the school April 1, 1859, 119; 14 were received during the year, and 45 discharged, escaped, or died, leaving in the school, April 1, 1860, 81. Of the 308 committed, 182 were for theft, 14 for burglary, 41 for vagrancy, and 36 for stubbornness. 144 were committed during minority, 81 for two years or less, 23 for three years, 10 for five years, 7 for six years, 2 for ten years. 40 were born abroad, 262 were natives of the United States. Of those born in America, 49 were of Irish parentage, 2 of German, and 9 of English. 36 are colored. The average age of the boys when committed was nearly 13 years. The Legislature, in 1857, provided that no child should be sent there under ten years, nor for a period less than nine months. The grade-system is adopted. Records are kept, and the standing of each boy is determined by his daily conduct. The school is divided into four grades, and each grade into four classes. The discipline is maintained by promotion or degrading, by withholding food, by confinement, and, if necessity requires it, by corporal

punishment. The time is allotted, school, 4 hours; work at some mechanical employment or on the farm, 6 hours; meals and play, 3 hours; the rest in sleep. There has already been gathered a library of 1,300 volumes. The buildings, when completed, are intended to accommodate from 300 to 350 pupils. The farm has 1614 acres of land. The ordinary expenses of the year were $14,173. By the act of 1857, the expense of each pupil was charged to the town from which he was sent; but in 1860, the legislature repealed those provisions and enacted that $1 a week should be paid from the State treasury for the support of each pupil.

Births, Marriages, and Deaths. During the year ending December 31, 1859, there were 11,259 births, -5,897 males, and 5,284 females, and 78 sex not stated. There were reported 98 illegitimate births and 107 plurality births. Marriages, 8,773, of which 982 were between parties of foreign birth, and 261 between natives and foreigners. The parties to 3,276 marriages resided in the State; in 372, the husband was a non-resident; in 99, both were non residents; in 31, the residence is not stated. Deaths, 6,533, -males 3,080, females 3,089, sex not stated 364. 1,058 died of consumption, 347 of pneumonia, 170 of dropsy, 44 of scrofula, 17 of cholera, 195 of cholera infantum, 169 of croup, 107 of dysentery, 73 of erysipelas, 307 of typhus fever, and 285 of scarlatina. Returns were received from every town, though imperfect in some instances.

Retreat for the Insane, Hartford. - John S. Butler, M. D., Physician and Superintendent. The whole number of patients, April 1, 1859, was 215, of whom 105 were males and 110 females; 168 (80 males and 88 females) were admitted in the course of the year; making 383 in all, 185 of whom were males, and 198 females. 156 were discharged during the year, leaving in the Retreat, April 1, 1860, 227, -109 of whom were males, and 118 females. Of the 156 patients discharged, 70 were recovered, 37 improved, 29 not improved, and 20 died. The whole number admitted, from the opening of the institution, in 1824, to April 1, 1860, is 3,575. 3,348 have been discharged; of whom 1,713 have recovered, and 367 have died. The terms of admission are, for patients belonging to the State, with the usual accommodations, $3 per week; for those belonging to other States, $4 per week. Extra accommodations and attendance are furnished at a corresponding additional charge. No patient is admitted for a shorter term than three months, and payment for that term only must be made in advance to a manager. Subsequent payments are payable quarterly to the Steward. For admission, apply to either of the Managers, or to the Superintendent. The Managers are Gideon Welles, William T. Lee, and Russell G. Talcott, of Hartford. The ordinary expenses of the institution for the year were $ 40,653; receipts for support of patients, $45,816.

American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, Hartford. -Rev. William W. Turner, A. M., Principal. During the year ending May, 1860, there were 264 different pupils, 144 males and 120 females. Of these 26 were supported by friends, 46 by Maine, 15 by New Hampshire, 28 by Vermont, 93 by Massachusetts, 13 by Rhode Island, and 43 by Connecticut. For full statistics of the institution for 40 years, see the American Almanac for 1858, pp. 258, 259. The cost for each pupil, for board, washing, fuel, tuition, and the incidental expenses of the school-room, is $100 per annum. In sickness, the necessary extra charges are made. Payment must be made six months in advance, and a satisfactory bond for punctual payment will be required. Applicants for admission must be between 8 and 25 years of age, of good natural intellect, capable of forming and joining letters with a pen legibly and correctly, of good morals, and free from any contagious disease. Applications for the benefit of the legislative appropriations in Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts should be made to the Secretaries of those States respectively, stating the name and age of the proposed beneficiary, and the circumstances of his parent or guardian. In the State of Rhode Island they should be made to the commissioners of the funds for the education of the deaf and dumb; and in Vermont and Connecticut, to the Governor. In all cases, a certificate from two or more of the selectmen, magistrates, or other respectable inhabitants of the township or place to which the applicant belongs, should accompany the application. The time of admission is the close of the summer vacation, or the third Wednesday of September. The expenses of the institution are about $ 40,000 a year.

State Prison, Wethersfield. — Daniel Webster, Warden. Number of convicts, March 31, 1859, 203; received during the year, 48; discharged, 72; leaving in confinement, March 31, 1860, 179. 52 were discharged by expiration of sentence, 13 were pardoned, and 7 died. Of those remaining in prison, 168 are males (144 white and 24 colored), 9 are females (5 white and 4 colored), and 2 are Indian half-breeds, sex not stated. Of the 179 prisoners, 12 were committed for murder, 10 for manslaughter, 2 for arson, 8 for other burnings, 7 for attempt to kill, 87 for burglary and theft, 3 for horse-stealing, 1 for adultery, 2 for rape, 6 for passing counterfeit money, 10 for forgery, 31 for perjury. 154 are natives of the United States, 25 are foreigners. The males are employed in making cabinet-work, cutlery, and shoes; and the females in washing, cooking, making and mending clothing, and binding boots. There is a library belonging to the prison of about 1,030 volumes, which are circulated among the prisoners every week. Instruction in the rudiments of learning is also given them. There is a Sunday school connected with the prison. The receipts for the year were $17,851.06; the expenditures, $ 16,183.15; excess of receipts, $1,667.91.

Idiocy. The Commissioners on Idiocy, appointed in 1855, from the returns then obtained estimated there were from 1,100 to 1,200 idiots in the State. For the details of these returns, see the American Almanac for 1857, p. 258.

The term of office of the Secretary of State, who is appointed by the Governor, is four years. The State Treasurer and Auditor are elected by the Legislature for two years. The Attorney-General is appointed by the Governor, and holds office for five years. The pay of members of the Legislature is $3 a day and mileage. The pay of the Speaker of each House is $ 4 a day and mileage, and of the Clerk of each branch $3 a day and fees. The sessions are biennial. A session commences in January, 1861.

rior Court.

The Orphans' Court consists of the Chancellor and a Judge of the Supe The Clerks of the Court are, John D. Bird, of Newcastle Co : James F. Allee, of Kent Co.; Isaac J. Jenkins, of Sussex Co.; and eac is paid by fees.

The Chancellor and Judges are appointed by the Governor, and ho} office during good behavior.

FINANCES.

The expenditures of the State in 1858 were $41,927.66; the receipts, including loans at balance of previous year, $ 60,725.18, and were from corporation taxes, dividends, and inte est on loans, licenses, &c. The balance in the Treasurer's hands was $18,797.52. T: State has as permanent resources, invested capital $ 109,250, and school fund $440,505 83, in all, $549,755.83. The receipts and expenditures since are substantially the same. For the number and condition of the banks in this State, in January, 1860, see the table, ante, page 231.

Ea

Common Schools. - The system provides a free school within reach of every famil The districts are laid off, numbered, and incorporated. 233 of them are organized. district entitles itself to a portion of the fund by establishing a school, and contributing wards its support not less than $ 25. But any district may lay a tax on itself of $300; (by a special vote) may increase it to any sum deemed necessary for school purpose » Towns or populous districts may unite their resources and form schools of higher grade. the only condition is that they shall be free. The number of free schools in operation in tl. State in 1856 was 233; number of scholars (in a white population of 71,169), 11,468; a erage length of schools, 7.6 months; receipts from school fund, $27,452.69; and contributions, $53,057.02. Expended for support of free schools, tuition, $47,822.15; contingencies, $30,430.99.

Census of 1860. -The population by the Federal census, is as follows:- Newcastle Co., ree, 54,604, slaves, 254; Kent Co., free, 27,697, slaves, 203; Sussex Co., free, 28,241, slaves, 1,348. Total, free, 110,542, slaves, 1,805. The number of slaveholders in Newcastle Co. is 92; in Kent Co., 80; in Sussex Co., 443, making a total in the State of 615. In 1850, the total population was 91,532, being 89.242 free and 2,290 slaves. By counties, the population in 1850 was as follows:- Newcastle Co., free, 42,386, slaves, 394; Kent Co., free, 22,469, slaves, 347; Sussex Co., free, 24,387, slaves, 1,549.

VI. FLORIDA.

Capital, Tallahassee. Area, 59,268 sq. m. Population, 1860, 145,€94.

Government for the Year 1861.

Term expires.

Salary.

MADISON STARKE PERRY,* of Alachua Co., Governor, Oct. 1861, $1,500† [and $500 annually for expenses of residence. of Leon Co., Sec. of State, July, 1863, F. & $600

F. L. Villepigue,

T. W. Brevard,

C. H. Austin,

Hugh Corley,

John Finlayson,

of Tallahassee, Comptroller, Jan. 1863,

of Tallahassee, Treasurer,

of Tallahassee, Register of Public

66

1,100

800

$3 a day.

Lands, and Sup't of Schools, $ 1,200 and travelling expenses.
of Jefferson Co., President of the Senate,
of Leon Co., Speaker of the House,
of Hillsborough Co., Secretary of the Senate,
of Leon Co., Clerk of the House,

John B. Galbraith,
Jos. E. Bowden,

3 a day.

5 a day.

5 a day.

Robert B. Hilton, The members of the General Assembly are chosen on the first Monday of October, biennially. The Assembly meets biennially on the fourth Monday in November. The last Assembly met in November, 1860. The Governor is elected by the people, by a plurality vote for four years. The Secretary of State, Comptroller, and Treasurer are chosen for two years; the Register of Public Lands and Superintendent of Public Schools, for four years.

JUDICIARY.
Supreme Court.

of Palatka,

of Tallahassee,

66

Mat. Papy,

The Supreme Court holds four sessions annually; one in Tallahassee, on the first Monday in January; one in Jacksonville, on the third Monday in February; one in Tampa, on the first Monday in March; and one in Marianna, on the third Monday in March. When any one or two of the judges of the Supreme Court are disqualified from sitting in any cause, the vacancy is filled by a corresponding number of the Circuit Judges, who, in such case, constitute a part of the Supreme Court. The judges of the Supreme Court and of the Circuit Court are elected by the people for the term of six years.

Circuit Courts.

Term expires. Salary. Benj. A. Putnam, of St. Augustine, Judge, East'n Cir't, Jan. 1, 1866, $ 2,500

* John Milton, of Marianna, has been elected Governor for four years from October, 1851. The salary of the Governor has been raised to $2,500 and house-rent, to take effect

on the expiration of the term of office of the present incumbent.