Fingal's cave, in Staffa, one of the Western islands of Scotland. Its sides are formed of ranges of basaltic columns, which are almost as regular as hewn stone. The grotto of Antiparos, on the island of the same name, in the Archipelago, is celebrated for its magnificence. The passage at the entrance glitters, in the torch-light, as if it were studded with diamonds. The roof is adorned with stalactites, many of them 20 feet long, and hung with festoons of various forms and brilliant appearance. In some parts, immense columns descend to the floor; others present the appearance of trees and brooks turned to marble. The Peak cavern, in Derbyshire, England, is also a celebrated curiosity of this kind. It is nearly half a mile in length, and, at its lowest part, 600 feet below the surface. The caves of Kirkdale, in England, and Gailenreuth, in Germany, are remarkable for the quantities of bones of the elephant, rhinoceros and hyæna, found in them. The mine of fluor spar, in Castleton, Derbyshire, passes through several stalactic caverns. Other caverns in England contain subterraneous cascades. In the rock of Gibraltar, there are a number of stalactic caverns, of which the principal is St. Michael's cave, 1000 feet above the sea. The most famous caves in Germany are those of Baumann and Bielstein, in the Hartz. (See Buckland's Reliquiæ Diluviana, London, 1823.) The most celebrated caves in the U. States are Madison's cave, in Rockingham county, Virginia, extending 300 feet into the earth, and adorned with beautiful incrustations of stalactites; Wier's cave, in the same county, extending 800 yards, but extremely irregular in its course and size. Near Corydon, Indiana, is a cave, which has been explored for the distance of several miles, celebrated for producing Epsom salts. In Kentucky and Tennessee, caves are numerous, which appear to have been used as burial-places. In the north-west part of Georgia is a cave, called Nickojack cave, 50 feet high and 100 wide, which has been explored to the distance of three miles. A stream of considerable size runs through it, which is interrupted by a fall. Caves are sometimes found which exhale poisonous vapors. The most remarkable known is the Grotto del Cane, a small cave near Naples. In Iceland, there are many caves, formed by the lava from its volcanoes. In the volcanic country near Rome, there are many natural cavities of great extent and coolness, which are sometimes resorted to as a refuge from the heat. The grottoes in the Cevennes mountains

in France are both numerous and extensive, and abound in objects of curiosity. In South America is the cavern of Guacharo, which is said to extend for leagues.

CAVE, Edward, an English printer, the founder of the Gentleman's Magazine, was born in 1691. His first occupation was that of clerk to a collector of the excise in the country. He then went to London, and put himself apprentice to a printer. When his indentures expired, he obtained a place in the post-office, and employed his leisure in writing for the newspapers. He published, in January, 1731, the first number of the Gentleman's Magazine, which has continued till this day, amid the crowd of magazines which have been established since. Cave was deprived of his place in the post-office on account of his having resisted some abuses relative to the privilege of franking letters. He died January 10, 1754.

CAVENDISH, Thomas; an eminent navigator in the reign of Elizabeth. Having consumed his property by his early extravagances, he collected three small vessels for the purpose of making a predatory voyage to the Spanish colonies. He sailed from Plymouth in 1586, took and destroyed many vessels, ravaged the coasts of Chile, Peru and New Spain, and returned by the cape of Good Hope, having circumnavigated the globe in 2 years and 49 days, the shortest period in which it had then been effected. In 1591, he set sail on a similar expedition, in which his principal success was the capture of the town of Santos, in Brazil. After suffering many hardships, he died, in 1592.

CAVENDISH, William, duke of Newcastle, was born in 1592, and educated by his father, on whose death he was raised to the peerage. On the approach of hos tilities between the crown and parliament, he embraced the royal cause, and was invested with a commission, constituting him general of all his majesty's forces raised north of the Trent, with very ample powers. With great exertions, and the expenditure of large sums from his private fortune, he levied a considerable army, with which, for some time, he maintained the king's cause in the north. In military matters, he depended chiefly on his principal officers, whilst he himself indulged in the courtly pleasures and literary society to which he was attached. He obtained a complete victory over lord Fairfax on Adderton-heath, and, on the approach of the Scotch army, and its junction with the parliamentary forces, threw himself into York. Having been relieved by

prince Rupert, he was present at the battle of Marston-moor, after which he left the kingdom. He returned, after an absence of 18 years, and was rewarded for his services and sufferings with the dignity of duke. He died in 1676.

CAVENDISH, William, first duke of Devonshire, was the son of William, third earl of Devonshire. He was born in 1640, and instructed with great care in classical literature. On various occasions, he distinguished himself by his spirit and valor, and, in 1677, began that opposition to the arbitrary measures of the ministers of Charles II, which caused him to be regarded as one of the most determined friends of the liberties of his country. Intimately connected with lord Russel, he joined him in his efforts for the security of free government and the Protestant religion. On the trial of lord Russel, he appeared as a witness in his favor, and offered to assist him in escaping, after he had been sentenced to death, by changing clothes with him in prison. In 1684, having succeeded to his father's title, and being regarded as one of the most formidable opponents of the arbitrary designs of king James II, attempts were made to intimidate him, but without success. Having been insulted by a minion of the king, he dragged him from the chamber by the nose in the royal presence. He took an active part in promoting the revolution, and was one of the first who declared for the prince of Orange. His services were rewarded with the dignity of duke of Devonshire. He still, however, maintained an independent bearing in parliament. He died in 1707.

CAVENDISH, Henry, born 1731, the son of lord Charles Cavendish, and grandson of the second duke of Devonshire, devoted himself exclusively to the sciences, and acquired a distinguished rank among those learned men who have most contributed to the progress of chemistry. He discovered the peculiar properties of hydrogen, and the qualities by which it is distinguished from atmospheric air. To him we owe the important discovery of the composition of water. Scheele had already observed that, when oxygen is mixed with double the quantity of hydrogen, this mixture burns with an explosion, without any visible residuum. Cavendish repeated this experiment with the accuracy for which he was distinguished. He confined both the gases in dry earthen vessels, to prevent the escape of the product of their combustion, and found that this residuum was water, the weight of

which was equal to the sum of the weights of the two gases. Lavoisier confirmed this conclusion in later times. The same spirit of accuracy in his experiments led Cavendish to another discovery, which had escaped Priestley. The latter had observed that a quantity of atmospheric air, confined in a tube, through which the electric spark was transmitted, lost in volume, and formed an acid, which reddened the tincture of litmus; but he carried this experiment no farther. Cavendish repeated the experiment, by confining in the tube a solution of pure potash, which absorbed the acid, and thus proved it to be nitric acid. The analysis of the air, which remained in the tube after the experiment, showed that the weight of the oxygen and azote, which had disappeared, was equal to the weight of the acid thus formed. He easily determined the proportion of the azote to the oxygen, which was 2:4. It was found, also, that, when both gases, sufficiently pure, were mixed in that proportion, and exposed to the electric spark, the mixture disappeared entirely, by which his discovery was completely confirmed. Cavendish distinguished himself no less in natural philosophy, by the accuracy of his experiments. possessed, also, a profound knowledge of the higher geometry, of which he made a very happy use in determining the mean density of the earth. He found it to be 5 times greater than the density of water -a conclusion which differs but little from that obtained by Maskelyne in another way.

He

He was a member of the royal society at London, and, in 1803, was made one of the eight foreign members of the national institute of France. Cavendish was probably the richest among the learned, and the most learned among the rich, men of his time. An uncle left him a large fortune in 1773. This increase of wealth made no change in his character and habits. Extremely regular and simple in his manner of living, he was liberal in encouraging science, and in his private charities. His large, well-chosen library was open for the use of learned men. He died in London, March, 1810, and left £1,200,000 sterling to his relations. His writings consist of treatises in the Philosophical Transactions, from 1766 to 1792. They are distinguished by acuteness and accuracy.

CAVIARE (ickari) is made in Russia from the roe of sturgeons, belugas, and many other fish. The roe is separated from the skin which encloses it, salted, and, after eight days, pepper and finely

minced onions are added. It is then dried, and serves as a relisher with toasted bread or bread and butter. The best caviare is that from the Crimea. From Kerch and Jenikale, in that province, 1500 barrels are annually exported to Moldavia and the countries on the Danube.

CAXAMARCA, or QUAXAMARKA; a province of Peru, bounded N. by Jaen, E. by Chacapoyas, S. E. by Caxamarquilla, S. by Huamachuco, W. by Sana and Truxillo; population, 46,000. The country is generally mountainous. It abounds in fruits and cattle. The inhabitants are, for the most part, Indians, and chiefly weavers.

Caramarca; a town of Peru, capital of a province of the same name; about 70 miles from the Pacific ocean, 280 N. Lima; lat. 7° 3′ S.; lon. 78° 35′ W.; population, 12,000. It was, at one time, a royal city, where the emperor Atahualpa was put to death, after having been defeated and imprisoned by Pizarro.

CAXTON, William; an Englishman, memorable for having first introduced the art of printing into his native country. He was born in Kent, about 1410, and served an apprenticeship to Robert Large, a London mercer. On the death of his master, Caxton went to the Netherlands, as agent for the mercers' company, in which situation he continued about 23 years. His reputation for probity and abilities occasioned his being employed, in conjunction with Richard Whitchill, to conclude a treaty of commerce between Edward IV and Philip duke of Burgundy. He appears subsequently to have held some office in the household of duke Charles, the son of Philip, whose wife, the lady Margaret of York, distinguished herself as the patroness of Caxton. Whilst abroad, he became acquainted with the then newly discovered invention of printing. (See Faust, John.) At the request of the duchess, his mistress, he translated from the French a work, which he entitled the Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, by Raoul le Feure, which he printed at Cologne, 1471, in folio. This book, considered as the earliest specimen of typography in the English language, is esteemed very valuable. At the famous sale of the duke of Roxburgh's library, in 1812, a copy was purchased by the duke of Devonshire, for £1060 10s. After this, he printed other works abroad, chiefly translations from the French; and, at length, having provided himself with the means of practising the art in England, he returned thither, and, in 1474, had a press at Westminster abbey, where he printed the Game and Playe of the Chesse, gen

erally admitted to be the first typographical work executed in England. Caxton continued to exercise his art for nearly 20 years, during which time he produced between 50 and 60 volumes, most of which were composed or translated by himself. Caxton died about 1492, and was buried, according to some accounts, at Campden, in Gloucestershire; though others state his interment as having taken place at St. Margaret's, Westminster.

CAYENNE, or FRENCH GUIANA; a province or colony in South America, belonging to France; bounded N. and N. E. by the Atlantic ocean, E. and S. by Brazil, and W. by Dutch Guiana; between lat. 1° 50 and 6° N.; population, 17,331, of which only about 1000 are whites. This country was first colonized by the French in 1635; in 1654, it was taken by the English, and, in 1676, by the Dutch; but, in 1677, it was restored to the French. The coast of the country is generally low, marshy, and subject to inundation. The soil, in many parts, is very fertile, though in others dry, sandy, and soon exhausted. The climate resembles that of the West Indies, though it is more salubrious. The most noted article of produce is Cayenne pepper, the fruit of the capsicum baccatum Other productions are coffee, sugar, cotton, cocoa, indigo, maize, cassia and vanilla.

Cayenne; an island of South America, belonging to France, on the coast of the above province, separated from the main land by the river Cayenne, which is about 300 miles in length. The island is 18 miles long and 10 broad, and has a fertile soil.

Cayenne; a town of South America, on the north point of the above island, at the mouth of the river Cayenne. It is the capital of the French colony of Cayenne, has a large and convenient port, and contains about 200 houses. Lat. 4° 56′ N.; lon. 52° 16′ W.

CAYENNE PEPPER, or CAPSICUM. Capsicum is the name of several species of South American and Indian plants, easily known by their hollow pods, of a shining red or yellow color, which contain many small, flat and kidney-shaped seeds. The principal species are, heart or bell-pepper (capsicum grossum), Guinea pepper (capsicum annuum) and bird-pepper (capsisicum baccatum). All the species of capsicum possess the same general qualities. In hot climates, but particularly in the East and West Indies, and some parts of Spanish America, the fruit of these plants is much used for culinary purposes. It is eaten in large quantities, both with animal and vegetable food, and is mixed,

in greater or less proportion, with almost all kinds of sauces. The Cayenne pepper used in cookery is made from the fruit of different species of capsicum. This fruit, when ripe, is gathered, dried in the sun, and then pounded; and the powder is mixed with a certain portion of salt, and kept for use in closely-stopped bottles. It is very generally used as a poignant ingredient in soups and highly-seasoned dishes. Its taste is extremely acrid, and it leaves a durable sensation of heat on the palate, which is best removed by butter or oil. When taken in small quantities, Cayenne is a grateful stimulant; and, in medicine, it is used both externally and internally, to promote the action of the bodily organs, when languid and torpid; and it is said to have been found efficacious in many gouty and paralytic cases. The Guinea pepper, or annual capsicum, is considered the most hardy of this whole tribe of plants; and, in many parts of the south of Europe, its fruit is eaten green by the peasants at their breakfasts, and is preferred by them to onions or garlic. The fruit of all the species may be used in domestic economy, either as a pickle, or when dried before a fire, and ground to powder in a common peppermill, as Cayenne pepper. (See Capsicin.) CAYES, LES, OF AUX CAYES; a seaport town on the south coast of Hayti; 30 miles S. S. E. Port-au-Prince; lat. 18° 13′ N.; lon. 74° 31′ W. This town, a few years since, contained 12 or 15,000 inhabitants. It is now very much reduced. The harbor is inferior, but the surrounding country is fertile.

CAYLUS (Anne Claude Philippe de Tubières, &c.), count of, an archæologist, born Oct. 31, 1692, ut Paris, received an education equally solid and splendid. After having served in the army during the war of the Spanish succession, he left the service in 1715, accompanied Bonac on his embassy to Constantinople the following year, and visited Greece, Troy, Ephesus, Byzantium and Adrianople. In 1717, he returned to Paris, according to the wish of his mother, and began here to arrange his extensive collections. He commenced a great work on Egyptian, Grecian, Etruscan, Roman and Gallic antiquities, with numerous plates. He was a member of the academy of painting and of the academy of inscriptions, and divided his labors between them. He made a chemical examination of the ancient method of encaustic painting, investigated the mode of painting on marble, the art of hardening copper, the mode by which the Egyptians raised great weights, the mummies, paint

ing on wax, and many other subjects. If he has sometimes misunderstood the ancient authors, and committed some errors with respect to ancient monuments, he has, nevertheless, treated with great success of the processes and materials employed in the arts by the ancients. He died in 1765. Integrity, simplicity and disinterestedness were united in his character with occasional traits of dogmatism. He has left numerous works, tales as well as antiquarian researches. Among the latter is his Recueil d'Antiquités Egyptiennes, &c. (Paris, 1752-67, 7 vols.). Caylus was also an industrious and skilful engraver, and has furnished a collection of more than 200 engravings, after drawings in the royal cabinet, and a great number of heads, after the first masters. His mother, niece of Mad. de Maintenon, made herself known by a spirited little work-Mes Souvenirs. CAYMAN. (See Alligator.)

CAZOTTE, Jacques, an author, distinguished by facility and liveliness of style, born in 1720, at Dijon, studied with the Jesuits, and went, in 1747, to Martinico. On his return to France, he lost $50,000 in letters of exchange upon the order of the Jesuits, to whose superior, Lavalette, he had sold his possessions in Martinico. The lawsuit which he commenced, on this occasion, may be considered as the beginning of all the proceedings against the Jesuits in France. Cazotte shone in society among the beaux esprits. His romance of chivalry, Olivier, published in 1763, and, subsequently, his Diable amoureux, the Lord Impromptu, and Euvres morales et badines, are proofs of his rich imagination, and his talent for writing with ease and precision. Being received into the order of Martines de Pasqualis, Cazotte lost himself in cabalistic dreams. With the assistance of Dom Chavis, an Arabian monk, he translated four volumes of Arabian Tales—a continuation of the Arabian Nights, forming the 37th and 40th volumes of the Cabinet des Fées. Though at the age of 70 years, he wrote them at midnight, after his return from the circles in which he had been visiting. Chavis dictated the outlines, and Cazotte wrought up the stories. He completed the task in two winters. The comic opera Les Sabots he composed in one night. In the revolution, which he opposed with all his power, he was thrown into the prisons of the Abbaye, with his daughter Elizabeth, in 1792. When the massacre of the prisoners took place, Sept. 2 and 3, Cazotte being delivered into the hands of the assassins, his daughter cast herself between him.