Railroads.

For earlier and fuller statistics, consult previous volumes of "The Commercial Year Book." ABYSSINIA.-186 miles projected, 70 miles surveyed, 12 miles laid (1898).

ALGERIA. In 1897, there were 2,156 miles open for traffic.

ALSACE-LORRAINE.-In 1897, there were open 1,078 miles, of which 998 miles belonged to the State. ANGOLA.—In 1896, 230 miles were open.

ANHALT.-There are 200 miles.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.-In 1897, 9,270 miles open. In 1896, capital was 510,643,296 dollars, gold; gross receipts, 31,238,326 dollars, gold; expenses, 15,934,466 dollars, gold. 56,331,063 doilars, gold, invested in State railways, 113,311,995 dollars, gold, in guaranteed lines, 257,141,178 dollars, gold, in private lines, and 83,879,062 dollars, gold, in provincial lines. Total cost of construction of lines open for traffic at end of 1894 was 483,508,766 dollars. In 1897, passengers carried, 16,044,389; weight of goods, 9,001,559 tons.

AUSTRIA. In 1897, 10,758 miles. Cost of construction, £230,404,636, or 2,764,855,629 gulden. Passengers carried, 109,461,273; goods carried, 104.491.612 tons; passenger receipts, 60,305,162 gulden; goods receipts, 204,820,054 gulden; miscellaneous, 11,735,306; total, 276,860,522 gulden. Expenses, total, 171,589,842 gulden.

BADEN. In 1896, there were 1,046 miles, of which 871 belonged to the State of Baden, besides 67 miles in neighboring territories. Income, 57,827,729 marks; expenditure, 36,476,669 marks. Capital invested by the State is 475,000,000 marks.

BARBADOS.-24 miles.

BAVARIA.-In 1897, 3,908 miles, of which 3,335 miles belonged to the State.

BELGIUM.-In 1897, 2,851 miles, of which 2,057 miles were State lines and 794 companies' lines, Cost of construction and of extension, State railways, 1,477,671,429 francs; companies' lines leased by State, 10,478,883 francs; total, 1,488,150,312 francs. Passengers carried, State, 91,359,843: companies, 22,993,483. Goods carried, State, 34,462,663 tonnage; companies, 18,173,919. Receipts-Passenger, State, 57,357,792 francs; companies, 12,028,506 francs; goods, State, 109,767,465 francs: companies, 27,574,884 francs; other, State, 3,287,471 francs: companies, 2,730,506 francs. Total, State, 170,412,72 francs; companies, 1,693,356. Expenses, total, State, 107,583,847 francs; companies, 20,202,378.

BOLIVIA.-621 miles now built.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.-In 1897, 481 miles, carrying 1,214,938 passengers and 555,958 tons of goods, total receipts being 2,465,294 florins.

BRAZIL.-In 1897, 8,662 miles open for traffic, 4,963 under construction, 4,670 under survey, and 8,440 miles to be surveyed. Of the lines open, 1,982 were Union lines, 2,430 miles were subventioned lines, 990 miles were non-subventioned lines, and 3,260 miles conceded to or administered by States. Most of the railroads have been constructed with the guarantee of interest (mostly 6 and 7 per cent.) on the capital by the Government. The total cost of the Union lines to the end of 1844 has been 257,674,957 milreis, and the deficit paid from the national Treasury 11,118,481 milreis.

BRUNSWICK.-In 1897, 302 miles.

BULGARIA (including Eastern Rumelia).--In 1897, 600 miles; in Bulgaria proper, 343 miles. CANADA. - For 1895, 1896, and 1897, years ending June 30, the following statistics are shown:

In 1897, of the capital paid up, $149.937,386 represented Federal Government aid, and $46,782,000 aid from Provincial Governments and municipalities.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE -In December, 1897, 1,901 miles of Government railroad, with 89 miles under construction; private railroads, 359 miles; capital expended on Government railways to the end of 1897, £19.323,155; gross earnings in 1897, £3,070,897; expenses, £1,898,316; number of passengers carried in 1897, 9,223,676; tonnage of goods, 1,340,414 (of 2,000 lbs.).

CEYLON.-297 miles open for traffic in 1897, and 215 miles surveyed and projected.

CHILI.- In 1897, 2.661 miles open, of which 1,233 miles belonged to the State and 1,428 miles to companies. The cost of the State lines to the end of 1897 was 82,269,660 pesos. Revenue of State railways in 1897 was 13,259,607 pesos; expenses, 12,878,248 pesos.

CHINA. In 1897, 400 miles.

COCHIN CHINA.-51 miles.

COLOMBIA. - In 1897, 400 miles open, 270 miles unfinished, and 85 miles contracted for.

CONGO INDEPENDENT STATE.-250 miles open.

COSTA RICA.-131 miles.

CUBA.-1,104 miles.

DENMARK.-In 1898, total of 1,530 miles, of which 1,084 were State lines and 446 were companies'. Passengers, State, 14,589,434; companies, 2,473,697. Goods carried, State, 56,315,780 centners 10 lbs.). Receipts, passenger, State, £614,058; goods, £560,489; other, £85,481; total, £1,260,028. Expenses, total, £1,013,976.

EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE (BRITISH).--In 1898, 120 miles open.
ECUADOR.-58 miles.

EGYPT. In 1897, 1,166 miles belonging to the State and 72 miles to companies; total, 1,238 miles. 200 miles under construction, and Government grants for 230 miles.

In 1897, there were 10,742,546 passengers carried, 2,796,096 tons goods. Receipts, £E. 1,892,883; expenses, £E. 859,523.

ENGLAND.-See United Kingdom.

FINLAND. In 1898, 1,535 miles, all of which, excepting 20 miles, belonged to the State. Traffic in 1893, 3,608,065 passengers, and 1,434,99 tons of goous. Total cost to State 10 end of 1896, 195,348, 43 marks; total revenue of same, 17,867,386 marks, and total expenditure, 10,799,742 marks.

FRANCE.-Some general statistics are shown as follows:

Of 28,882 miles owned by the State, 2,817 miles were owned by private companies. In 1896-97, 270.628,000 metric tons of goods, including live cattle, were carried, paying 1,041,790,000 marks. Number of passengers, 646,461,000, yielding 428,142,000 marks. Narrow-gauge lines not included in these figures, but are in the tabular matter.

GREECE.-In 1897, 591 miles open, and 300 under construction.
GUATEMALA.-150 miles open and 210 under construction.

GUIANA (BRITISH).-384 miles.

HAMBURG.-In 1896, 23 miles.

HESSE.-612 miles-all except 24 miles the property of the States of Hesse, Prussia, and Baden. HONDURAS.-60 miles.

HUNGARY.-The following are railroad statistics of Hungary:

In 1897, State lines, 4,752 miles; companies' lines worked by the State, 3,268 miles; companies' mes worked by companies, 1,763 miles; total, 9,784 miles.

For 1897, the statistics for all railroads, State's and companies', were as follows:

The capital expenditure or total cost of construction was 1.241,904,000 florins; passengers carried, 56,982,000; goods carried, 35,724,000 tons; total receipts, 123,158,000 florins; total expenses, 74.594,000 florins.

INDIA. The total length open on March 31, 1898, was as follows: State lines worked by companies, 10,422 miles; State lines worked by State, 5,161; lines worked by guaranteed companies, 2,588: by assisted companies, 894; owned by native States and worked by companies, 919; owned by native States and worked by State railway agency, 146; owned and worked by native States, 953; foreign lines, 73; total, 21,157 miles.

Total capital expenditure to end of 1897 was Rx. 285,211,784. Gross earnings in 1897 were Rx. 25.595,169; passengers carried, 151,263,816, coaching earnings being Rx. 8,858,875, and passenger meage 5,930,916,676. Tonnage of goods, material, and live-stock was 33,598,617 tons, earning Rx. 15,875,883. Total working expenses were Rx. 12,511,163, and net earnings realized Rx. 13,084,006.

The total length open on March 31. 1899, was as follows: State lines worked by companies, 11,078 miles; State lines worked by State, 5,556; lines worked by guaranteed compames, 2,588; assisted companies, 1,101; lines owned by native States and worked by companies, 921; lines owned by native States and worked by State railway agency, 146; lines owned and worked by native States, 1,016; foreign lines, 73; total, 22,491 miles.

Gross earnings in 1898 were Rx. 27,464,235, and total expenses, Rx. 13,064,352.
IRELAND. See United Kingdom.

ITALY.-In 1893, 8,317 miles, of which 5,364 miles were State railroad, 96 miles jointly State and companies', and 3,216 miles of companies'; total, 8,676. In 1892, total receipts, 253,135.975 lire, of which 98,912,077 lire were passenger; expenses, 174,151,182 lire; passengers carried, 50,248,717.

JAMAICA. 185 miles; receipts (1898), £102,170; expenses, £74,592; passengers carried, 356,949. JAPAN.--In 1897-93, State railways, 662 miles; companies', 2,288; total, 2,950 miles. Cost of construction, State, £6,467,927, or 63,793,49 yen; companies', £12,483,414. Passengers carried, State, 27.803,944; companies, 56,649,418. Goods carried, State, 1,570,215; companies, 7,118,173 tons. Receipts, passengers, State, 7.472,343 yen; companies', 10,180,234 yen. Goods. State, 2,144,539 yen; companies, 6,101,107 yen. Total receipts, including others, State, 9,727,490 yen (£986.259); companies', 18, 104,465 yen (£1,835,592). Expenses, State, 4,776,049 yen (£485,252); companies', 8,228,282 yen (£834,256).

LIPPE.-51 miles.

LÜBECK.-In 1896, 29 miles.

LUXEMBURG.-270 miles.

MALTA.-8 miles.

MAURITIUS. - In 1897, 105 miles; revenue, 1,712,322 rupees; expenditure, 1,166,439 rupees.
MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN.-In 1897, 674 miles.

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ.-59 miles.

MEXICO. In 1898, 7,700 miles. In 1896, 26,081,000 passengers carried, 5,084,000 tons goods, gross proceeds being $30,231,000.

NATAL 487 miles open, all Government lines. Total cost of construction to end of 1897, £6,588,507; revenue for 1897, £1,051,359; expenditure. £583,988.

NETHERLANDS.-In 1897, State lines, 982 miles; companies', 917. Cost of construction, State lines, £22,476,000 (269,718,000 gulden). Passengers, State, 11,009,122; companies, 14,013,129. Goods,

State, 6,823,604 tons; companies, 3,596,146 tons. Receipts, passengers, State, 9,594,836 gulden; companies, 8,721,407 gulden; goods, State, 10,551,500 gulden; companies, 6,906,848 gulden. Total, including others, State, 21,389,755 gulden (£1,782,480); companies'. 16,313,851 gulden (£1,359,488). Expenses, total, State, 17,364,000 gulden (£1,447,000); companies, 14,178,687 gulden (£1,181,557).

NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES.-In 1896, 1,112 miles; revenue, 14,048,230 guilders.
NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR.-In 1897, 633 miles.

NEW SOUTH WALES.-In 1898, Government railway statistics were as follows: Lines open, 691 miles. Total expended on construction and equipment, £37,719,402; gross earnings for 1897-98, £3,026,748; working expenses, £1,614,605. There were, at end of 1897, 84 miles of private railways, with capital expenditure £561,981.

NEW ZEALAND. -In 1898, Government lines open 2,055 miles; expenditure amounting to £857,191: revenue, £1,376,008; tonnage of goods carried, 2,628,746, and passengers numbered 4,672,264. Private lines, 167 miles.

NICARAGUA.-91 miles, costing 2,700,000 dollars.

NORWAY. In 1896-97, State lines, 1,120 miles; companies' lines, 93 miles. Cost of construction, State lines, £7.994,600 (143,885,000 kroner), companies', £796,000. Passengers carried, State, 6,796,515 companies, 786,371. Goods carried, State, 1,451,773 tons; companies, 728,575 tons. Receipts from passengers, State, 4,532,318 kroner: companies, 586,782; from goods, State, 4,844,979; companies, 1,464,969; total, including others, State, £530,114 (9,542,058 kroner); compames, £119,699. Expenses, total, State, £397,777; companies, £64,871.

OLDENBURG.-In 1897, 290 miles, all State.

ORANGE FREE STATE. -366 miles, all State. Gross profits in 1897, £504,099.

PARAGUAY.-156 miles. In 1897, gross receipts, 897,755 paper pesos; 491,742 passengers, and 79,875 tons of goods.

PERAK.-96 miles open and 74 under construction.

PERSIA.-6 miles.

PERU.-In 1895, 924 miles, 800 of which belonged to the State. Cost, about £36,000,000.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.-70 miles.

PORTO RICO.-137 miles, and 170 under construction.

PORTUGAL. In 1897, State lines, 518 miles; companies', 823 miles; total, 1,341. Passengers carried, State, 1,550,002; companies, 7,21,643. Goods carried, State, 547,025 tons; companies, 1.307,147 tons. Receipts, passenger, State, 809.385 milreis: companies, 1,917,765 milreis. Goods, State, 1,047,351 milreis; companies, 2,203,425 milreis. Total, including others, State, 1,875,403 milreis (121,966); companies, 4,657,689 milreis (£1,047,962). Expenses, working, State, 953,782 milreis (£214,601); companies, 1,917,452 milreis (£431,427).

PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA.-Delagoa Bay Railroad, 57 miles in the colony, and is continued 290 miles to Pretoria.

PRUSSIA. In 1898, 12,858 miles, of which 12,442 miles are owned or administered by the State and 416 miles by private companies. There are, besides, 105 miles narrow-gauge State railroad and 161 miles private.

QUEENSLAND. In 1897, 2,609 miles, all under the Government. Total cost of construction, £18,016,150. Revenue, £1,122,637, and expenditure, £688,033.

ROUMANIA. In 1897, 1,831 miles, all State.

RUSSIA.-On September 1, 1898, open for traffic, 27,644 miles. Under the Ministry of Ways and Communication, 24,591 miles (16,453 worked by State and 8,138 by private companies); Under the Ministry of War (Transcaspian), 1,027 miles; in Finland, 1,566 miles. In building, 7,426 miles; by the State, 1,061 miles; by Siberian Railway administration, 2,636; by private companies, 3,727; in Finland, 150 miles. To be built, 2,205 miles; by State, 235; by Manchurian Railway, 63; by private companies, 1,917 miles.

The following are the principal items of operating the railroads of Russia, exclusive of the Transcaspian railroads and those of Finland:

The relation of the railroads to the State is shown by the following statement of the revenue and expenditure of the State Treasury in connection with both State and private railroads, in paper roubles:

Balance Improvement Expenses

Deducted.

-16,111,096

-11,887,014

+-25,283,461

The building capital of the whole net belonging to the State was reckoned at 1,346,677,788 roubles in gold and 724,905,895 in paper (=2,744,923,577 paper roubles).

Gross receipts of State railways for 1896, 273,969,819 roubles; expenditure, 157,366,602 roubles. Building capital of private companies reckoned at 485,012,071 roubles in gold and 477,627,778 paper roubles (=1,055,145,885 paper roubles).

Gross receipts in 1896, 140,224,306 roubles: expenditures, 81,851,231 roubles.
Total debt of private companies to the State in 1897, 819,170,204 roubles.

The Trans-Siberian Railway.-The chief road in process of construction is the Trans-Siberian, 4,950 miles in length, which is expected to be completed in 1905, at an estimated cost of 150,000,000 roubles. On December 11, 1895, the first section, from Tchelyabinsk to Omsk, 493 miles, was ready, with the exception of the iron bridge across the Irtysh; the second section, Omsk to the Ob river,

* Exclusive of transfers from one line to another.

388 miles, was ready in October, 1896, and building was begun on the next three sections; Ob to Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, 476 mies (rails aneady hand on December 17, 1895, and traffic opened from the Ob to Bolotnaya, 70 miles); Krasnoyarsk to Irkutsk, 67% miles, and Station Mysovaya, on Lake Baikai, to Syretensk, at the head of navigation on the Amur, 701 miles. At the Pacific end of the railway, the section from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk, 475 miles, was completed in 1897. The branch, Tehelyabinsk to Ekaterinburg, 150 miles, which connects the main trunk with the Middle Urals line, PermEkaterinburg-Tyumen, was opened in 1896. A company has been formed by the Russian Government for building a railroad to connect Transbaikalia (Onon Station) with Vladivostok, via Manchuria. The total length of this line is about 1,273 miles, of which 945 are in Chinese territory. A new great railway, from Perm to Vyatka and thence to Kotlas, on the Northern Dvina, at its junction with the Vychegda, in order to make Arkhangelsk the chief port of West Siberia, is in progress. It will have a length of 619 miles, and its cost is estimated at 35,000,000 roubles. A sum of 129,112,196 roubles has been subscribed for new railways in the budget estimate of 1897, out of which 64,414,762 for the Siberian Railway and works connected with it, and 10,656,047 for local feeding branches.

On the 1st of September, 1897, the first through train from Vladivostok arrived at Khabarovsk. For the construction of a railway ferry across the Baikal Lake, parts of the frame and machinery of a ferry ice-cutter and the machinery for a floating dock have been conveyed to the town of Krasnoyarsk and to the village of Listvinnichnoia, where storehouses and workshops are erected. The general result of the work from 1895 to 1897 is shown as follows: Earthwork, 95,741,462 cubic yards; rails laid, 1,696.61 miles; ballasted, 2,022.81 miles.

The cost of the Siberian Railway up to 1898 has been about $194,000,000.
SALVADOR.-72 miles.

SANTO DOMINGO.-116 miles open.
SAXE-ALTENBURG.-107 miles.

SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA.-173 miles.

SAXE-MEININGEN.-163 miles.

SAXE-WEIMAR.-In 1895, 193 miles.

SAXONY. In 1897, 2,050 miles State lines, 170 miles being in neighboring territories. In addition there are 25 miles of private companies, but worked by the State.

SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.- 15 miles State lines.
SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT.-In 1896, 42 miles.
SCHWARZBURG-SONDERSHAUSEN.-49 miles.

SCOTLAND.-See United Kingdom.

SELANGOR.-71 miles.

SENEGAL.-In 1898, 246 miles.

SERVIA. In 1897, 354 miles. Cost of construction to 1894, 98,955,980 dinars.

SIAM.-In 1893, 58 miles open, 165 miles under construction, 136 miles under survey, etc. SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC.-In 1898, 774 miles open, 270 under construction, 252 projected. SOUTH AUSTRALIA.-In 1897, 1,870 miles Government lines, paying 3 per cent. profit thereto. SPAIN. In 1897, 8,020 miles private lines, but nearly all have obtained guarantees or subventions from the Government. In 1894, there were carried 34,046,201 passengers. The traffic receipts amounted to 199,764,876 pesetas, and working expenses, 92,190,390 pesetas (£3,687,616).

SOUDAN (French).-94 miles.

SUNGEI UJONG.-23 miles open, and 14 miles under construction.

SWEDEN. In 1897, State lines, 2,283 miles; companies', 4,067 miles. Cost of construction, State, 327,099,959 kroner (£18,172,220); companies' (1896), £17,332,000. Passengers carried, State, 8,521,784; companies (1896), 12,630,720. Goods carried, State, 5,8-4,823 tons; companies (1896), 11,364,837 tons. Receipts, passenger, State, 14.023,923 kroner; companies (1896), 9,371,826 kroner; goods, State, 21,785,874 kroner; companies (1896), 23,057,468 kroner. Total receipts, inc.uding other, State, 36,102,158 kroner (£2,005,675). Total expenses, State, 20,677,214 kroner (£1,148,734); companies (1896), 17,070,678 kroner.

SWITZERLAND.-In 1897, 2,313 miles. Cost of construction, 1,141,093,146 francs. Passengers carried, 52,958,694. Goods carried, 13,049,553 tons. Receipts from passengers 49,971,075 francs, and from goods 68,019,951 francs; total, including other, 124,084,175 francs. Total expenses, 75,263,964 francs. TASMANIA. In 1897, 495 miles open.

TONGKING.-64 miles.

TRINIDAD.-84 miles open.

TUNIS.-883 miles, of which 866 belong to the State.

TURKEY. In 1897, 2,542 miles open. Amount of guarantee paid by the State to companies was

£T.659,000.

UNITED KINGDOM.—In 1898, 21,659 miles, of which 15,007 belonged to England and Wales, 3,476 to Scotland, and 3,176 to Ireland.

Of the total capital at end of 1898, the English railroads had £936,135,328, Scottish £158,982,782, and Irish £39,350,352. Receipts, England and Wales, £81,780,501: Scotland, £10,873,318; Ireland, £3,598,682. Working expenditure, or all railroads, £50,192,424. Totals for the United Kingdom are:

URUGUAY.-In 1896, 1,026 miles open and 190 miles under construction.
VENEZUELA.-In 1898, 505 miles open, 1,000 miles under consideration.

VICTORIA. In 1896, 3,122 miles, all belonging to the State. Total cost of lines to 1895, £38,102,855.

Gross receipts in 1896, £2,401,392; expenditure, £1,546,475; number of passengers carried in 1896, 40,993,798, and weight of goods and live stock, 1,163,722 tons; train mileage, 8,989,391 miles.

WALDECK.6 miles.

WALES.-See United Kingdom.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA. There were 1,361 miles open in 1897, including 391 miles of private lines, 276 miles under construction, and 230 under survey.

WÜRTTEMBERG.-In 1896, 993 miles, of which 956 belonged to the State, 22 miles to private persons, and 15 miles to neighboring States.

Import Duties Collected in Foreign Countries.

TOTAL AMOUNT OF IMPORT DUTIES COLLECTED IN THE RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES.