THE

ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA

AND REGISTER OF IMPORTANT EVENTS
OF THE YEAR

1899

EMBRACING POLITICAL, MILITARY, AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS;
PUBLIC DOCUMENTS; BIOGRAPHY, STATISTICS, COMMERCE,

FINANCE, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AGRICULTURE,

AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRY

PREFACE.

In the last volume of this work the most important subject treated was a remarkable war between the United States and Spain. In the present volume the subject probably of greatest interest is also, unfortunately, a conflict of arms. The reader will find it an interesting study to compare and contrast these two wars-the one being a contest between the greatest republic in the world and a comparatively weak monarchy, the other between the greatest empire in the world and two very small republics. Of both, the causes, the processes, and the result so far as reached, will be found clearly set forth in these two volumes.

On the other hand, the reader will be interested to learn what was attempted in the cause of universal peace by the conference at the Hague. A full account, with the text of the convention as adopted, is contained in the article "Netherlands."

In line with this is the benevolent work that goes on every day, in which our country leads the world. If the reader is inclined to take a pessimistic view of our present-day civilization, let him spend a little time on the twenty pages of this volume that are devoted to "Charities of the United States," wherein the subject is taken up by States alphabetically, and every paragraph is crowded with specific facts and figures. Then let him scan the ten pages filled with "Gifts and Bequests," and learn how in the past year $66,000,000 were given for education, charity, and religion, not counting the gifts that were of less value than $5,000. If he is still interested to know what is done for benevolence, let him look at the article "Industrial Missionary Association of Alabama," and at the articles on the religious denominations.

World's fairs are still the fashion, and the one we record in this volume is the "National Export Exposition," held in Philadelphia.

For some knowledge of the progress of the sciences in 1899, the articles "Astronomy," "Chemistry," "Metallurgy," "Meteorology, Physice," "Physiology," and

"Associations for the Advancement of Science" may be consulted.

For the financial situation, see the articles "Financia! Review" and "United States, Finances of," wherein both the facts and the philosophy are set forth. And another element in our national problems may be studied in the article "Immigration Bureau." The "Geographical Progress" of the year is set forth under that title, and "Literature" and the "Fine Arts" have their usual careful record here.

The proceedings of the "Farmers' Congress," which is now an established institution, are written for this volume by Mr. Stahl, secretary of the congress.

The necrological records are longer than usual this year. Among the eminent dead in our own country are the actors John S. Clarke, Charles F. Coghlan, William Davidge, George Edgar, Sara Jewett, and Charles R. Pope, and the famous dramatist and manager Augustin Daly; the artists Mary N. Moran, Louis T. Rebisso, Giovanni Turini, and Edmund A. Willis; the authors Isaac McLellan and Emma D. E. N.

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Southworth; the capitalists John I. Blair, Roswell P. Flower, Henry Hilton, Henry B. Plant, and Cornelius Vanderbilt; the clergymen Charles D. W. Bridgman, Alex- . ander H. Clapp, Moses D. Hodge, Samuel H. Kellogg, Dwight L. Moody, John P. Newman, Charles S. Robinson, Thomas J. Sawyer, and John Williams; the educators Edmund Chadwick, Hezekiah R. Geiger, Ezra O. Kendall, Henry H. Lockwood, James O. Murray, Andrew J. Rickoff, and Eli Thayer; the inventors Ottmar Mergenthaler, Marvin C. Stone, and John P. Thompson; the jurists Nathaniel H. Clement, Charles P. Daly, George F. Danforth, Stephen J. Field, David L. Follett, and James Harlan; the lawyers Robert G. Ingersoll, William Porcher Miles, and Gideon J. Tucker; the naval officers Peirce Crosby, Philip V. Lansdale, Theodorus B. M. Mason, George H. Perkins, and Henry F. Picking; the philanthropists James W. Elwell, Moses G. Leonard, Lewis Miller, Martha B. Stevens, and Elizabeth Thompson; the publishers William H. Appleton, Robert Bonner, Moses W. Dodd, Robert Clarke, Daniel S. Ford, and Effingham Maynard; the scientists Daniel G. Brinton, Hamilton Y. Castner, Elliott Coues, Othniel C. Marsh, and Edward Orton; the statesmen Robert P. Bland, Nelson Dingley, Augustus H. Garland, Garret A. Hobart, and Francis H. Pierpont; and the soldiers Edward Ferrero, George S. Greene, Alexander L. Hawkins, Guy V. Henry, Henry Heth, Guy Howard, Henry W. Lawton, Joseph I. Reynolds, John M. Stotsenberg, William Winthrop, and Horatio G. Wright. We also lost George R. Davis, the director of the great Columbian Exposition, and George Gemünder, the famous violin maker. Sketches of all these and many more are included under the title "Obituaries, American." The foreign necrology also exhibits many serious losses. These include, besides several eminent dramatists and actors of the second grade, the actresses Mary Anne Keeley (almost as old as the century), Sarah Lane, Rose Leclercq, Mademoiselle Rhea, Charlotte Saunders, Sarah Thorne, and Emma Waller. The artists lose Harry Bates, Rosa Bonheur, Sir Arthur Blomfield, Francis Dollman, and Birket Foster; the authors, Grant Allen, Prof. William G. Blaikie, A. K. H. Boyd (the "Country Parson"), Moritz Busch, Victor Cherbuliez, Emil Erckmann, Archibald Lampman, Emma Marshall, Florence Marryat (Mrs. Lean), Monier Williams, Elise Polko, and Johann Strauss, the famous composer; the naval officers, Sir Alexander Armstrong and Howard Colomb; the scientists, Robert Bunsen, John William Dawson, Sir William Flower, Sir Edward Frankland, and Henry Nicholson; the statesmen, Antonio Guzman (ex-President of Venezuela Felix. Faure (President of France), Count Caprivi, Emilio Castelar, Ulises Heureaux (President of Santo Domingo), John Mackenzie, Peter Mitchell, Nubar Pas dose Ristih, and Evil Welti Among the eminent dead that are not included in any of these classes are Father Chiniquy (well known to a past generation asa popular agitate Joseph Chitty, jurist; Oskar Bauman, explorer; and William E. Metford, inventor of a famous rifle. Great Britain lost many good soldiers in South Africa, but only one general, Andrew Wauchope. The careers of all these, and scores of others, are recorded under "Obituaries, Foreign."

Our three full-page portraits this year are of Gen. Henry W. Lawton, the gallant American soldier who was killed in the Philippines; President Kruger, of the South African Republic; and Emile Loubet, the new President of France.

The colored illustrations are a map of China (of interest because of the impending division of that empire), a map of South Africa, and a map showing the growth of the United States by accretions of territory from 1783 to the present day.

The book closes with an index that covers the four volumes of the series.
NEW YORK, May 15, 1900.