"The essential principles of the Universalist faith is: The universal Fatherhood of God; the spiritual authority and leadership of his Son, Jesus Christ; the trustworthiness of the Bible as containing a revelation from God; the certainty of retribution for sins; the final harmony of all souls with God."

The declaration was adopted by a vote of 132 to 10. The Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale was received as a fraternal delegate from the National Conference of Unitarian and other Christian Churches, and addressed the convention. Resolutions were also received from the American Unitarian Association proposing the appointment of a conference committee of five members from each body, to consider concerning a closer co-operation of the two organizations (see article UNITARIANS for the text of the resolutions). The proposal was adopted by a vote of 101 yeas to 25 nays, and the 5 members of the committee to represent the General Conference were appointed.

URUGUAY, a republic in South America. The legislative power is vested in the Congress, consisting of a Senate of 19 members, 1 from each department, elected by indirect suffrage for six years, and a Chamber of Representatives, containing 69 members, elected for three years by the direct suffrage of all adult male citizens who are able to read and write. The President is elected for four years. Juan Luis Cuestas, who was elected Vice-President, succeeded to the of fice of President on the assassination of Idiarte Borda, Aug. 25, 1897. The Cabinet at the beginning of 1899 was composed as follows: Minister of War and Marine, Gen. Gregorio Castro; Minister of the Interior and of Justice, Edoardo Maceachen; Minister of Agriculture, Industry, Public Instruction, and Public Works, Jacobo Varela; Minister of Finance, José R. Mendoza; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship, Dr. Mendilaharzu.

Finances. The revenue for 1894 was $15,376,614; for 1895, $15,120,941; for 1896, $16,042,133; for 1897, $14,257,723; and for 1898, about the same amount. The estimate for 1899 was $15,973,540, of which customs yield $10,061,487, property tax $1,831.689, trade licenses $890,650, factory taxes $470,595, the tobacco tax $463,936, instruction $427,457, stamps $369,668, bank profits $350,000, posts and telegraphs $260,000, and other sources $848,064. The total expenditures were estimated at $15,799,231, of which $341,114 was for the legislative bodies, $67,242 for the presidency, $131,968 for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, $2,365,086 for the Ministry of the Interior, $961,160 for the Ministry of Finance, $1,124,672 for the Ministry of Public Works, $1,918,031 for the Ministry of War and Marine, $5,640,743 for the public debt, $945,636 for railroad guarantees, $1,416,407 for pensions, and $887,173 for various expenses.

Commerce and Production.-The main industry of the country is stock raising. There were 392,246 horses, 15,589 mules, 5,881,402 cattle, and 16,397,484 sheep in 1896, having a total value of 73,038,000. The number of cattle slaughtered in 1897 was 670,900. The wool clip was 33,000 tons. About 300,000 tons of wheat were raised. Of 21,045 farmers, 10,853 owned their farms. Gold mining is carried on in the north, and in the department of Rivera alone 87,336 grammes of the metal were extracted in 1897. Silver, copper, lead, magnesium, and lignite are the other minerals. The annual imports are about $25,000,000 and exports $30,000,000. The chief exports are hides and live animals, sent to Brazil, France, Belgium, England, and the Argentine Re

public. Hides are exported also to the United States, the imports from which country are increasing, consisting of petroleum, lumber, and agricultural implements mainly. The bulk of the imports come from England, the Argentine Republic, Germany, France, and Italy.

Politics.-President Cuestas, who assumed a dictatorship at the beginning of the civil war of 1898, was constitutionally elected on March 1, 1899, after resigning his powers for two weeks into the hands of the president of the Senate. He appointed a new Cabinet, as follows: Minister of War and Marine, Gen. Callorda; Minister of the Interior and Justice, Saturnino Camp; Minister of Agriculture, Industry, Public Instruction, and Public Works, C. M. Peña; Minister of Finance, Dr. Campesteguy; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship, Herrero y Espinosa. The Chambers voted amnesty for all political offenders. Economies were introduced in all departments of the Government, yet on account of the increase in the debt the budget was barely made to balance, revenue for 1900 being estimated at $15,977,000 and expenditure at $15,969,000.

UTAH, a Western State, admitted to the Union Jan. 4, 1896; area 84,970 square miles. The population in 1890 was 207,905; the estimated population in 1895, 247,324. Capital, Salt Lake City.

Government.-The State officers during the year were as follow: Governor, Heber M. Wells, Republican; Secretary of State, James T. Hammond; Treasurer, James Chipman; Auditor, Morgan Richards, Jr.; Attorney-General, A. C. Bishop; Adjutant General, Charles S. Burton; Superintendent of Public Instruction, John R. Park; Coal Mine Inspector, Gomer Thomas; State Engineer, Robert C. Gemmell; Board of Equalization, Robert C. Lund, John J. Thomas, J. E. Booth, and Thomas D. Dee; Board of Labor, John Nicholson, J. S. Daveler; Regents of the University, J. T. Kingsbury, President; Chief Justice, George W. Bartch; Board of Agriculture, J. A. Wright, Secretary; State Art Institute, created in 1899, H. L. A. Culmer, President.

Finances.-The State Auditor showed in his report of June 30 that the balance in the general fund would have been a deficit had not a loan of $50,000 been made to the treasury from the State Bank of Utah. About the middle of July this loan was repaid by an overdraft accommodation of $10,000, extended by Wells, Fargo & Co., at 4 per cent. annual interest. The warrants issued in July amount to $95,772.99, including the $50,000 repaid to the State bank.

Following is the Auditor's statement: Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1899, $485,031.54; receipts for half year ending June 30, $261,738.16; total, $746,769.70; disbursements for half year ending June 30, 1899, $568,063.01; balance in treasury June 30, $178,706.69, distributed to the several funds as follows: State land accounts, $131,867.29; general fund, $40,678.91; district school fund, $6,112.58; trust funds, $47.91; total, $178,706.69; warrants outstanding June 30, $22,970.84; balance less outstanding warrants, $155,735.85.

The total number of failures for 1899 was 149; total assets, $141,139; total liabilities, $329,025; for 1898, total number, 127; total assets, $189,697; total liabilities, $468,182.

Valuation. The total raw products of the farm for 1899 were $7,280,000; total finished products as butter and cheese, wool and mutton, cattle, poultry, etc., $8.724,000; from which deduct the value of food consumed to produce them, $2,500.000, and the total farm products were valued at $13,504,000; total assessed valuation of all

property in the State, $87,361,254; total value of live stock taxed, $7,238.085; number of animals, 1,835,651; total assessed valuation of all railroads in the State, $11,914,287; value of street car companies alone, $350,327; value of telegraph lines, $92,058; telephone property, $144,726; tax levy for State purposes, 4 mills; for schools, 3 mills; making a total of 73 mills.

Beet Sugar.-The Utah County Factory, at Lehi, paid the farmers in 1899 for beets $243,000. The average was 4,400, and the tons produced 52,625. The report for the year ending March 1, 1899, showed that 43,111 tons of beets were worked last year, 11.49 per cent. of sugar was extracted, and 9,999,950 pounds of sugar was produced. The sum of $191,126.84 was paid for beets, $38,421.20 was paid for labor, and $58,318, or 25 per cent., was paid in dividends to the stock holders. The sale of sugar and pulp, including sugar on hand, amounted to $516,437.90, an increase of $95,000 over the previous year. The chief item of expense was in putting in the Osmore process for extracting the sugar from the low products. This yielded a profit of $19,000.

On Oct. 26 the first branch sugar factory to be built in the United States was opened at Springville, 24 miles from Lehi. The juice is extracted from the beets at the Springville branch and piped to Lehi through a 5-inch pipe. The Ogden factory the past year paid to farmers about $150,000 for beets delivered at the factory. About 3,000 acres were devoted to the raising of these beets, and the number of tons harvested was about 31,000. The pulp sells readily to the farmers at 50 cents a ton. Farmers report it as a very satisfactory fattening food for stock.

Bounties. Summit County's clerk sent a verified claim against the State for reimbursement for half of the amount of $1,234.62, paid in May and June for scalps of destructive wild animals. Deducting $5.25 for bounty on 7 coyotes, the remainder represented the premium on 81,958 squirrels at 1 cent each.

The claim of Utah County for bounty paid on muskrats, gophers, pelicans, fishhawks, loons, squaks, fish ducks, and English sparrows for the first six months of the year amounted to $877.32. Irrigation.--After ten years of labor, the Hill's Canal and Irrigation Company completed its task, in April, 1899, and about 10,000 acres of land, the most fertile in eastern Utah, will be reclaimed. A vast quantity of water is yearly permitted to flow into the Gulf of California by way of Price river, which this enterprise will employ in the upbuilding of Castle valley.

Crops. The growing of alfalfa seed has become an important industry in Utah. Fifty dollars an acre is easily made in raising seed for the market. In 1898 125 car loads of seed were shipped out of the State, which, at 5 cents a pound, netted the farmers $187,500. The demand came from all over the United States, and from France, Germany, and Australia. The value this year of the seed produced is $200,000.

"Alfalfa honey" commands the highest price. Sorghum is produced in Utah. The value of the output is about $50,000. Wine, cider, and vinegar show an output of $50,000 more. Dried apples, peaches, plums, and apricots are worth from $50,000 to $75,000 a year.

Utah beats the world for potatoes." is an old saying that has never been successfully challenged. The annual production is about $400,000. The yield of wheat for Utah in 1899 was 3,736,454 bushels, the yield per acre being 20.7 bushels. The yield for 1898 was 5,105,184, valued at $2,756,799, the yield per acre being 28 bushels.

The Utah factories canned 90,000 cases of tomatoes this year, a case containing 24 cans of 21 pounds.

Utah oats averaged during the past six years 34.6 bushels an acre, worth $12. The year 1898 shows the highest yield, also the highest average value, being 39.7 bushels, worth $15.09.

Dairying. In 1890 there were 3 factories in the State; to-day there are about 60 modern butter and cheese factories, representing an investment of $200,000. The factory output in butter and cheese during the year was estimated at $700,000, and the by-products of these factories -skim milk and whey-at between $100,000 and $150,000.

Fish and Game.-The Fish and Game Warden shipped 110,000 mountain graylings from Elk creek, Montana, to the fish hatchery near Murray, Utah, in June. In 1898 150 small bass fry and 200 spawning fish were taken from Utah lake to stock private ponds in the State. By a proclamation of Feb. 10 the President of the United States set aside a reserve of 75,000 acres of land known as Fish Lake plateau in Sevier County. After June 15, midnight, the law prohibiting angling for trout expires, but fishing in closed streams is unlawful. A new hatchery was located in June on 53 acres of land in Big Cottonwood cañon. Elk, antelope, and mountain sheep are nearly extinct in the State. The feathered wild game, except the California quail and a few Eastern quail, are rapidly disappearing. The Dixie quail are found in large numbers in Washington and Kane Counties. The pheasant or ruffed grouse, the prairie chicken, and the sage hen are becoming scarce. There were 130 arrests for violations of fish and game laws, and 104 convictions, in 1897 and 1898, with $457.70 fines reported.

Insane Asylum.-The number of patients in the asylum Sept. 30 was: males, 153; females, 148; total, 301. Admitted during month: males, 2; females, 3; total, 5. Under treatment: males, 155; females, 151; total, 306. Discharged during month: males, 3; females, 4; total, 7. Remaining Oct. 31: males, 152; females, 147; total, 299. Balance on hand Oct. 1, $153.04; received during month, $3,143.06; disbursed, $3,097.45; balance on hand Nov. 1, $385.58.

Land. The amount received from the sale of land during 1898 was $196,319.29; amount invested, $419,688.35; on hand for investment Jan. 1, 1899, $37,265.95; number of preferred claims filed, 1,936; number of acres offered and sold April 9, 636.11; number offered May 14, 5,000 acres, sold 1,880; number offered Dec. 1, in Iron County, 16,939 acres, sold 560; offered in Sanpete County, 16,649.95, sold 2,513.44; offered in San Juan County, 32,659.63 acres, sold 2,400; number of acres of school land appraised for the year, 102,655.19, value $122,821.31. Eastern Utah is at last rid of its greatest plague spot, the notorious "strip" that lies between the Uintah and the Uncampahgre reservations, one and a half miles east of Fort Duchesne. When the surveys were made for these two reservations this strip of land was left out of both, and later became a kind of no-man's land. It is triangular, 3 miles long at its narrowest and 6 miles at the widest point. It contains vast deposits of asphaltum. During the year 106 applications to lease were filed, covering 127,846.33 acres of land, and from these 71 leases were executed, embracing 66,698.63 acres, the ap praised value being $86,458.85, and the annual rental $1,742.56.

Militia. The 250 men of the Utah artillery sailed from Manila for home on July 1, leaving

Mining.-Utah is third on the list of the silver-producing States, having an output of $9,696,969 in 1899, and sixth among gold-producing States, having an output of $3,369,509 in gold. Utah's output of copper in 1898 was 3,750,000 pounds, with an increase in 1899. Wolfram or tungstic ocher was found in the Deep Creek district, and as it is very scarce in the markets of the world it will become a valuable find when railroad facilities permit of its transportation. In 1898 more than 673,297 tons of coal were produced in the State. In the year there were 3 fatal and 14 nonfatal accidents in the coal mines. Utah's total production of coal in 1898 was 673,297 short tons; cash value, $784,787.42.

Mothers' Congress.-The Mothers' Assembly of Utah, familiarly known as the "Mothers' Congress," began its second annual meeting in Assembly Hall, April 10. Kindergarten work, heredity and environment, and the relations between the mother, the child, and the state, engaged most of the attention of the ladies present for the first day's sessions. There was a large attendance, especially at the evening session, many delegates being present from various towns.

Education.-On Jan. 9, 1899, the State Superintendent apportioned the sum of $246,014.48 for 83,113 children of school age, thus giving for each child $2.96. On Dec. 31, 1899, there was $250,245.87 from tax collections in the treasury available for apportionment among the 84,419 children of school age in the State. In Salt Lake County 87 per cent. of the children of school age attended school. The value of the property controlled by the trustees was $183,961.65. Three new buildings were erected in 1899, at a cost of $5,428.33. The average salary paid to teachers was $65.73 for males and $46.48 for females. There were 108 teachers employed, 50 males and 58 females. There were 7,310 children of school age in the county-3,713 boys and 3,592 girls. In Davis County $8,271.78 were apportioned among 2,748 children of school age. Tooele County there were 12 school districts with 1,685 children and 30 teachers. In Ogden County there were 5.390 children of school age.

In

The Auditor's report for July showed receipts on hand, $898.66; loan due Treasurer, $940.07; total disbursements, $3,778.63; warrants paid, $3,778.63. The Davis County Public School Library Association has in active operation the first free circulating library system that has been tried in the State.

The United States Government has granted to the State a 60-acre tract within the Fort Douglas military reservation, on the bench east of and overlooking the city for a university site, conditioned that the institution shall establish itself there before 1904. Four buildings are to be constructed, known as the library, the normal, the museum, and the physical science buildings. The regents of the university asked for $84.200 for the general maintenance of the university proper; for special purposes, $7,150; for State normal school, special, $3,700, kindergarten, $4,600: for branch normal, $15,000. The biennial report of the university showed an attendance during the last two years of 733 students-331 males and 402 females: total number of graduates, 107; normal graduates, 376; registration for 1899, 585

proper; in normal school, 332; kindergarten department, 9; in preparatory school, 114; summer school, 50; grand total, 666. For the maintenance of the Agricultural College for the next two years the sum of $46,605 was asked. The value of the buildings and real estate was $165,800; of the college equipment, $30,222.56; of the experiment station equipment, $7,281.90; of the live stock, $3,091.50.

Mormon Affairs.-In the semiannual conference of the Mormon Church, held at the tabernacle on Oct. 10, the secretary reported the number of schools represented as 1,019; male officers and teachers, 7.524; female officers and teachers, 52,624; grand total for 1898, 116,703; total collections, $17,264.33; balance on hand, $3,986.21 Every one of the 40 stakes of Zion, reaching from Canada to Mexico, was represented in the gathering.

The revenue from church tithing for June, July, August, September, and six days in October was shown to have been $164,900; for the year 1899, the tithings amounted to $700,000 in cash and $800,000 in produce.

Legislative Session. The Legislature was in session from Jan. 10 to March 17, and consisted of 2 Republicans and 16 Democrats in the Senate, with 15 Republicans, 26 Democrats, and 4 Cannon fusionists in the House.

The bills passed and approved by the Governor included the following:

Permitting the use of testimony given by witnesses in criminal cases at subsequent trials when such witnesses are dead or beyond the jurisdiction of the court.

Making the theft of any range or domestic animal, regardless of their value, the crime of grand larceny.

Providing that only property taxpayers who are qualified electors shall be eligible to petition for or vote upon propositions for town incorporations.

Providing for the creation of a State institute of art.

Establishing a branch of the experiment station, under the direction of the State Board of Horticulture, in southern Utah.

Providing for the erection of a hospital for the Utah State School for the Deaf and Dumb at Ogden, and carrying an appropriation of $3,500.

Giving the State Board of Pardons authority to parole prisoners and to reduce the sentences of convicts for good behavior.

Exempting all the wages of a married man for a period of sixty days after date of rendition of judgment.

Making the lien of a docketed judgment subsist for eight instead of five years.

Repealing section 1,499 of the Revised Statutes, which required the doing of $50 worth of work on a mining claim within ninety days from date of posting notice of location.

Providing for the removal of the University of Utah to the site granted by Congress on the western edge of the Fort Douglas military reservation, and providing for the construction of buildings therefor and improvement of grounds at a cost of $200,000.

Political. For two years Utah will have but one representative in the Senate of the United States. The joint session of the Legislature adjourned sine die a few minutes after midnight, March 17, without having elected a Senator; 165 ballots for Senator had been taken without any one of the 8 candidates having received the 32 votes necessary for election.

VENEZUELA, a republic in South America. The legislative power is vested in the Congress, consisting of a Senate of 27 members, 3 from each State, elected for four years, and a House of Representatives numbering 63 members, 1 to 35,000 inhabitants, who are elected for four years by the votes of all adult male citizens. The Congress elects for four years a Council of Government, and for the same term the President of the republic. Gen. Ignacio Andrade was elected President for the term beginning March 4, 1898. The Cabinet in the beginning of 1899 was composed as follows: Minister of the Interior, Gen. Zoilo Bello Rodriguez; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Gen. Juan Calcaño Mathieu; Minister of War and Marine, Gen. A. Fernandez; Minister of the Treasury, M. A. Matos; Minister of Public Credit, C. V. Echeverria; Minister of Education, Dr. B. Mosquera; Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, Dr. J. L. Arismendi; Minister of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, Gen. N. Rolande; Minister of Public Works, Dr. Alberto R. Smith. Finances. The budget for 1899 makes the total revenue 34,542,000 bolivars or francs, of which 25,000,000 bolivars come from customs, 5,292,000 bolivars from internal revenue duties, and 4,250,000 bolivars from State revenues. The total expenditures are made to balance the revenue. The amount of the national debt on June 30, 1898, was 201,419,202 bolivars, of which 66,614,550 bolivars represent the external 3-per-cent. debt, 63,439,430 bolivars the internal consolidated 6-per-cent. debt of 1896, 49,250,000 the 5-per-cent. Venezuelan loan of 1896, 10,565,199 bolivars the 5-per-cent. aqueduct bonds, 7,774,893 bolivars the 3-per-cent. Spanish, French, and German loan, 3,605,773 bolivars warrants repayable at the rate of 1 per cent. a month, and the remainder the debt resulting from the revolution and unpaid balance of older debts.

Forces. The permanent army in 1898, its strength being fixed by the reorganization law of July 30, 1895, consisted of 10 battalions, each composed of 6 companies of 60 men. The fleet comprised 3 steamers.

Commerce and Production.-On the alluvial lands of the coast and the delta of the Orinoco sugar cane, coffee, cacao, grain, and other agricultural products are grown, about a fifth of the total population of the country being employed in their cultivation. On the grassy plains at a higher elevation stock raising is carried on. The herds of cattle are estimated to number 5,000,000 head. The forest regions furnish rubber, copaiba, tonga beans, vanilla, and other commercial products. Gold mining is carried on in the Yuruari territory, half of which is in dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain. In 1897 43,500 ounces were exported. Silver is mined in Bermudes, Lara, and Los Andes. Copper is mined also. Iron is found in abundance, and coal, sulphur, lead, asphaltum, kaolin, and tin could be mined. There are deposits of salt in various places, and these are worked for the Government, which obtained from them a revenue of 1,727,490 bolivars in 1894. The total value of the exports in 1896 was 111.455,143 bolivars. The chief article of export is coffee, the shipments of which in 1897 amounted to 44.667 tons. Of cacao 4,047 tons were exported. Of hides and skins there were exported 3,440,109. The export of rubber was 339

tons; of quina bark, 31,044 kilogrammes. Minor exports were copaiba, tonga beans, fustic, dividivi, feathers, and fish sounds. The value of the coffee exported in 1896 was 85,786,000 bolivars; of cacao, 10,091,000 bolivars; of gold, 11,792,000 bolivars; of hides, 2,957,000 bolivars; of animals, 1,552,000 bolivars. The export of bar gold was 1,353 kilogrammes. The chief imports were provisions, piece goods, hardware, coal, kerosene, timber, and machinery.

Navigation. The number of vessels entered and cleared at the port of La Guayra in 1897 was 312, of 676,500 tons; at Maracaibo, 285, of 78,620 tons; at Ciudad Bolivar, 133, of 58,367 tons. The merchant fleet in 1898 consisted of 11 steamers, of 2,185 tons, and 17 sailing vessels, of 2,760 tons. The merchant marine in 1898 consisted of 17 sailing vessels, of 2,760 tons, and 11 steamers, of 2,185 tons.

Railroads and Telegraphs.-The length of railroads in operation in 1898 was 530 miles, and 1,000 miles more were projected.

The telegraphs in 1898 had a total length of 3,882 miles.

Revolution. A revolution against the administration of President Andrade was started in the province of Los Andes in June, 1899, and in the course of the next two months it spread through the country. Gen. Manuel Hernandez, who headed the first rising, was defeated. He was captured and put in prison in the capital, and his followers were dispersed. Gen. Cipriano, Governor of Los Andes, then assembled an insurrectionary force, and by rapid marches through the passes of the mountains arrived before Barquisimeto, where the scattered forces of Gen. Hernandez joined his army. In August many politicians were arrested. In a battle near Barquisimeto on Aug. 23 the revolutionary forces made prisoners of several battalions of Government troops and captured a large quantity of ammunition. When the President left Caracas to take command of the troops in the field, a new Cabinet was appointed, symptoms of vacillation and defection having been observed among the ministers, one of whom, Zoilo Rodriguez, of the Department of the Interior, was arrested on Sept. 6. Gen. Juan Pietry and Ramon Ayala, members of Congress, after making an energetic protest against the dictatorial acts of President Andrade, fled to Curaçoa to prepare a filibustering expedition in aid of Castro's rebellion. Gen. Rangel Garviras raised the revolutionary standard, invaded the state of Tachira, and captured Colon, San Cristobal, and other important places. Gen. Francesco, with another body of insurgents, operated around San Antonio. Gen. Gutierrez raised a force to attack Guirra.

Gen. Castro had 10,000 men under his immediate command. On Sept. 15 he captured Valencia after a severe engagement with the garrison, which was unable to hold out until Gen. Andrade arrived with re-enforcements. The Government troops were afterward surprised in the plains near Valencia and were put to rout with a loss of more than 1,000 killed or wounded. The revolutionists next occupied Puerto Cabello and Maracay, and advanced on Caracas. The American, British, and French ministers asked their governments to send men-of-war to protect the interests of their citizens. Gen. Andrade concen