them are to be found among those written within the past twenty years, and, in spite of the great number of books put forth by her, no falling off may be noted in comparing her very latest ones with those ten years earlier. While mainly designed for the reading of young people, they are not to be classed among juvenile tales, and in the study of English literature and history they form almost invaluable aids in awakening an interest in the famous people of the past. Such books as Under Salisbury Spire (1889), In Winchester Meads (1891), and Penshurst Castle (1893) might well find a place in the library of every school where English literature and history are taught. A nearly complete list of Mrs. Marshall's books includes Happy Days at Fernbank (1861); Edith Prescott (1863); Rainy Days (1863); Rose Bryant (1863); Helen's Diary, or Thirty Years Ago (1864); Katie's Work (1864); Consideration (1864); Brook Silverstone (1865); Roger's Apprenticeship (1865); Ida, or Living for Others (1865); The Dawn of Life (1866); Milicent Legh (1866); Grannie's Wardrobe (1867); The Old Gateway (1867); Theodora's Childhood (1867); Daisy Bright (1868); Grace Buxton (1868); The Little Peat Cutter (1868); Violet Douglas (1868); Little May's Legacy (1868); Brothers and Sisters (1869); The Story of the Two Margarets (1869); Edward's Wife (1870); Primrose, or the Bells of Old Effingham (1870); Christabel Kingscote (1870); Heights and Valleys (1871); Stellafont Abbey (1871); Three Little Sisters (1871); To-Day and Yesterday (1871); Matthew Frost, Carrier (1872); Between the Cliffs (1873); Mrs. Mainwaring's Journal (1873); Nowadays (1874); A Lily among Thorns (1874); Three Little Brothers (1875); Life's Aftermath (1876); Joanna's Inheritance (1876); Lady Alice, or Two Sides to a Picture (1877); Mrs. Haycock's Chronicles (1877); A History of France (1877); True and Strong (1878); Marjory, or the Gift of Peace (1878); Job Singleton's Heir (1878); A Knight of our Own Day, and Other Verses (1879); Framilode Hall, or Honor is Humility (1879); A Chip of the Old Block (1879); The Rochemonts (1879); Ruby and Pearl (1879); Royal Law (1879); Stories of the Cathedral Cities of England (1879); Heather and Harebell (1880); Light in the Lily (1880); The Birth of the Century, or Eighty Years Ago (1880); Memories of Troublous Times (1880); A Rose without Thorns (1880); A Violet in the Shade (1880); Benvenuta (1881); Dewdrops and Diamonds (1881); Dorothy's Daughters (1881); Constantia Carew (1882); The Dayspring: A Story of the Time of William Tyndale (1882); The Court and the Cottage (1883); In Colston's Days: A Story of Old Bristol (1883); Little and Good (1883); Poppies and Pansies (1883); Sir Valentine's Victory (1883); Heathercliff (1884); Mrs. Willoughby's Octave (1884); In the East Country with Sir Thomas Browne (1884); My Grandmother's Pictures (1884); Silver Chimes (1884); The Two Homes (1884); Over the Down (1884); Cassandra's Casket (1885); Michael's Treasures (1885); The Mistress of Tayne Court (1885); No. XIII, or the Story of the Lost Vestal (1885); Salome (1885); The Story of the Lost Emerald (1885); Under the Mendips (1885); A Fight with the Swallow (1886); In Four Reigns (1886); Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ (1886); Rhoda's Reward (1886); The Roses of Kingwood (1886); The Tower on the Cliff (1886); Dandy Jim (1887); Daphne's Decision (1887); Eaglehurst Towers (1887); Mistress Matchett's Mistake (1887); On the Banks of the Ouse (1887); Only a Bunch of Cherries (1887); The Story of John

Marbeck: A Windsor Organist (1887); Two Swords: A Story of Old Bristol (1887); Alma (1888); Bishop's Cranworth (1888); Bristol Diamonds (1888); Dulcibel's Day Dreams (1888); Houses on Wheels (1888); In the City of Flowers (1888); Oliver's Old Pictures (1888); Our Own Picture Book (1888); The End Crowns All (1889); Laurel Crowns (1889); Under Salisbury Spire (1889); Eventide Light (1890); Shakespeare and his Birthplace (1890); Winifrede's Journal of her Life at Exeter and Norwich (1891); In Winchester Meads (1891); Little Queenie (1892); Bristol Bells (1892); In the Service of Rachel, Lady Russell (1892); New Relations (1893); Pat's Inheritance (1893); Penshurst Castle in the Time of Sir Philip Sidney (1893); Nature's Gentlemen (1893); The Close of St. Christopher's (1894); Kensington Palace in the Days of Queen Mary (1894); Lizette and her Mission (1894); The Master of the Musicians (1895); The White King's Daughter (1895); Abigail Templeton (1896); By the North Sea, or The Protector's Granddaughter (1896); An Escape from the Tower (1896); Only Susan (1896); Sir Benjamin's Bounty (1896); Castle Meadow (1897); A Haunt of Ancient Peace (1897); Lady Rosalind (1897); Up and Down the Pantiles (1896); The Two Henriettas; The First Light on Eddystone; Her Season in Bath; Boscombe Chine; In the Choir of Westminster Abbey (1897); The Lady of Holt Dene; Better Late than Never (1898); Master Martin (1898); Under the Laburnums (1898); and Under the Dome of St. Paul's (1898).

Marryat, Florence (Mrs. Ross-Church) (Mrs. Lean), an English novelist, born in Brighton, July 9, 1837; died in London, Oct. 27, 1899. She was a daughter of Capt. Frederick Marryat, the English novelist, and first married Col. RossChurch, a soldier in the East Indian service, with whom she traveled extensively in India. After his death she became the wife of Col. Francis Lean. From 1872 to 1876 she edited London Society, and a few years later she appeared on the stage in lyric and other rôles, achieving her greatest success as Lady Jane in Patience. She was also favorably known as a lecturer and elocutionist, and made a tour of the United States in 1884 in original monologues. Tom Tiddler's Ground (1886) aims at giving her impressions of America at that time. She was the author of several successful plays, but is best known as a novelist, the entire number of her fictions including 75 titles. A partial list of her novels and collections of tales comprises Love's Conflict (London, 1865); Too Good for Him (1865); Woman against Woman (1865); For Ever and Ever (1866); Confessions of Gerald Estcourt (1867); Gup: Sketches of Anglo-Indian Life (1868); Nelly Brooke (1868); Girls of Feversham (1869); Veronique (1869); Petronel (1870); Her Lord and Master (1871); Sybil's Friend (1873); No Intentions (1874); Open Sesame (1875); Fighting the Air (1875); My Own Child (1876); Her Father's Name (1876); Hidden Chains (1876); A Harvest of Wild Oats (1877); Written in Fire (1878); Little Stephen (1878); The World against a Lie, successfully dramatized in England and played also in America as Della (1878); The Root of All Evil (1879); The Broken Blossom (1879); With Cupid's Eyes (1880); Fairhaired Alda (1880); My Sister the Actress (1881); How they Loved Him (1882); Phyllida (1882); A Moment of Madness and Other Stories (1883); Peeress and Player (1883); The Heart of Jane Warner (1885); The Heir Presumptive (1885); The Master Passion (1886); Spider's Society (1886); A Daughter of the Tropics (1887);

Driven to Bay (1887); The Crown of Shame (1888); Gentleman and Courtier (1888); Scrappie (1888); The Risen Dead; Parson Jones; There is no Death (1891); How Like a Woman; A Lucky Disappointment and Other Stories (1876); The Poison of Asps and Other Stories (1876). She also published the Life and Letters of Captain Marryat (1872). Her novels have enjoyed wide popularity, and some of them have been translated into the principal European languages; but her writing is ephemeral and aims only at the entertainment of the moment.

Matson, William Tidd, English hymn writer, born in Kingsland, Herefordshire, in 1833; died Dec. 24, 1899. He was ordained in the Congregational ministry in 1858, and the greater part of his ministerial labors were devoted to charges in Hampshire. He obtained wide fame as a writer of popular hymns, and his religious verses appear in 45 different hymnals and religious anthologies. His published volumes comprise A Summer Evening Reverie (1857); Poems (1858); Pleasures of the Sanctuary (1865); Sacred Lyrics (1870); Edderline and Poems (1880); and The World Redeemed (1881).

Metford, William Ellis, English inventor, born in Somersetshire about 1825; died in Bristol. He was educated as a civil engineer, held an appointment on an Indian railroad two years after working under Brunel for a long time, returned to England broken in health, and after his recovery devoted his life to the study of the rifle. He introduced the principle of shallow rifling to prevent all leakage of gas and the use of a bullet of hardened lead, since replaced by the steel-cased bullet. His barrel combined with the Lee breech action was adopted by the British Government, but Enfield has since modified his grooving, making the edges square instead of smoothed, which is rendered necessary by the use of cordite and very hard bullets.

Meyer, Rudolf, German political economist, born in Friedberg, Brandenburg, Dec. 10, 1839; died in Dessau, Jan. 11, 1899. He published books treating of the emancipation of the Fourth Estate, the banks of Germany, socialism in Denmark, the causes of American competition, the international crisis in industry and agriculture, and the agrarian question.

Michie, Sir Archibald, Australian statesman, born in Maida Vale, England, in 1813; died in Melbourne, Victoria, June 22, 1899. He was educated at Westminster School, was called to the bar in 1838, and in 1839 went to Sydney, New South Wales, where he became a law reporter, a successful practitioner, and in 1844 the associate of Robert Lowe in the management of the Atlas newspaper. In 1852 he settled in Melbourne, where he practiced law and acted as correspondent to the London Times. When in 1856 responsible government was given to Victoria he was elected to the Assembly, was Attorney-General in 1857, became Minister of Justice in 1863 in the McCulloch Cabinet, served later under McCulloch as Attorney-General, and in 1873 accepted the office of agent general of Victoria in London, which he filled for six years.

Milloecker, Karl, German dramatist, born in Vienna, Austria, May 29, 1842; died there, Dec. 27, 1899. He was graduated at the Vienna Conservatory of Music and became Kappelmeister of the Theater of Gratz in 1864. In 1866 he became musical director of the Harmonie Theater in Vienna, and on the closing of that theater went to Pesth, where he held a similar post three years. In 1869 he returned to Vienna and became Kappelmeister in the Theater an der Wein. He also

edited the Musikalische Presse. He was author of the operettas Der todte Gast, produced at Gratz in 1865; Diana, produced in Vienna in 1866; Der Regimentstambour, Ein Abenteuer in Wien, Drei Paar Schuhe, Die Musik des Teufels, and Das verwanschene Schloss, produced in Vienna in 1878; Gräfin Dubarry (1879); Die Jungfrau von Belleville (1881); Der Bettelstudent (1882); Gasparone, and Der Feldprediger (1884); and Der Vice-Admiral (1886).

Mitchell, Alexander Ferrier, Scottish clergyman, born in Brechin, Scotland, in 1822; died in St. Andrew's in March, 1899. He was graduated at the University of Saint Andrew's in 1841, and from 1868 to 1894 was Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Divinity there. He published The Westminster Confession: A Contribution to the Study of its History (Edinburgh, 1866); The Wedderburns and their Work (London, 1867); The Westminster Assembly: Its History and Standards (1883); The Primitive Church (Edinburgh, 1883); Union of Scotch Presbyterians (1886); and The Catechisms of the Second Reformation (London, 1887).

Mitchell, Peter, Canadian statesman, born in Newcastle, New Brunswick, Jan. 4, 1824; died in Montreal, Oct. 25, 1899. He studied law and was called to the bar in 1848, but soon left the law to engage in lumbering, shipbuilding, and other business enterprises. In 1856 he was sent to the New Brunswick Legislature, and he remained a member of the Assembly until 1860, when he entered the Legislative Council as a life member. The most important incident in Mr. Mitchell's life was the part he played in bringing about Canadian confederation. When it was proposed to unite only the maritime provinces, he served in 1864 as a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference. Later in the same year he attended the Quebec Conference, which drafted the terms of union. In 1866 he was sent to England as a member of the London Conference on the same subject. There he stood by Sir George Cartier as against Sir John Macdonald on the question of a provincial union instead of a legislative union. In the first general election following the passage of the act of union, New Brunswick rejected the confederation. In the interval before the next election Mr. Mitchell redoubled his efforts in behalf of union, and his masterly speeches were undoubtedly the most important factor in bringing New Brunswick into line with the other provinces. When the confederation was accomplished he was appointed to the Senate of Canada by royal proclamation, and became one of the Government leaders in that body. With the forming of the first Dominion Government he took the portfolio of Marine and Fisheries. That department he organized and administered with ability and success. This was a difficult post, as it involved disputes and negotiations between Canada and the United States over the Bering Sea fisheries. He brought about the Halifax arbitration between Great Britain and the United States, which resulted in the payment of $5,500,000 to Canada by the United States. Sir Alfred Smith was Minister of Marine and Fisheries when the arbitration was held, but the actual work had been done by Mr. Mitchell. He resigned from the Senate in 1874, and was elected to the House of Commons. He was again elected in 1882, and sat in the Commons until 1891. He was defeated in 1896 by a small vote. He was for a time president of the Mitchell Steamship Company, and he was an active promoter of the Canadian Pacific Railway. He bought the Montreal Herald in 1885. In 1897 he was appointed Inspector of

Fisheries for the Atlantic Provinces. He published A Review of President Grant's Recent Message to the United States Congress relative to Canadian Fisheries and the Navigation of the St. Lawrence River (1870) and Notes of a Holiday Trip (1880).

Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, English philologist, born in Bombay, Nov. 12, 1819; died in Cannes, France, April 11, 1899. He was a son of the surveyor general of Bombay, and prepared for the Indian civil service, coming out first in his class at Haileybury, then gave up that career in obedience to the wish of his widowed mother after his twin brother had been killed in a border war. Having already studied at Oxford, he returned in 1838, and applied himself to linguistic studies, for which he had shown an early aptitude. He took the scholarship in Sanskrit in 1843, and from 1844 till 1857 was Professor of Sanskrit, Bengali, and Telugu at Haileybury College. In 1860 he was elected Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford. He desired to establish an Indian institute there, and in 1875 and again in 1876 he went to India to seek support for his project, which was finally carried out in 1883. He made another trip to India in that year, having been appointed curator of the institute, to which he presented later his own collection of Oriental books and manuscripts. He published the Lost Ring, a translation of the Sanskrit drama Sakuntala; an English-Sanskrit dictionary and a Sanskrit-English one that cost him twenty years' work; Indian Epic Poetry (1863); Hinduism (1877); Modern India and Indians (1878); Religious Thought and Life in India (1883); The Holy Bible and the Sacred Books of the East (1886); Buddhism (1890); Brahmanism (1891); and Indian Wisdom (1893). He was knighted in 1886.

Moore, Daniel, English clergyman, born in Coventry, June 23, 1809; died in London, May 15, 1899. He was educated at Cambridge, and was ordained in the English Church in 1841. From 1841 to 1844 he was in charge of Christ Chapel, Maida Hill, and from 1844 to 1866 was incumbent of Camden Church, Camberwell. In 1866 he became vicar of Paddington, which office he held until 1895. He had been chaplain ordinary to the Queen from 1870, and a prebendary of St. Paul's from 1880. He was one of the most respected of the clergy in London, in which almost his entire life was passed. He was the author of Daily Devotion (1847); The Christian System Vindicated (2d edition, 1844); Sermons before Cambridge University (1845); Christian Consolation (1848); Discourses on the Lord's Prayer (1852); Family Duties (1856); Golden Lectures (1857-'61); Thoughts on Preaching (1861); The Divine Authority of the Pentateuch Vindicated (1863); The Age and the Gospel (1864); Aids to Prayer (1868); Sermons on Special Occasions (1871); Christ and his Church (1875); Sunday Meditations (1876); Temptation: Its Nature and Limits (1876); The Christian in his Relation to the Church (1880); Meditations for Advent (1884); Christ in All Ages (1886); Thoughts for Church Seasons (1888); The Faithful Departed.

Nicholson, Henry Alleyne, English scientist, born in Penrith, Cumberland. Sept. 11, 1844; died in Aberdeen, Scotland, Jan. 19, 1899. He was educated at the Universities of Göttingen and Edinburgh, and in 1869 was appointed lecturer on natural history in Edinburgh Medical School. In 1871 he became Professor of Natural History and Botany in the University of Toronto, in 1874 Professor of Biology and Natural History in the

College of Physical Science, Durham University, and in 1875 Professor of Natural History in the University of St. Andrew's. In 1877 he was appointed lecturer on geology to the British Museum, and in 1882 became Professor of Natural History at the University of Aberdeen, occupying that chair till his death. His works comprise Essay on the Geology of Cumberland and Westmoreland (1868); A Manual of Zoology (1870); Syllabus of Lectures on Zoology, Geology, and Palæontology (1870); Advanced Text-book of Zoology (1870); Introductory Text-book of Zoology (1871); Introduction to the Study of Biology (1872); Text-book of Geology (1872); Examinations in Natural History (1872); Monograph of the British Graptolitidæ (1872); A Manual of Palæontology (1872); Outlines of Natural History for Beginners (1873); Report on the Paleontology of the Province of Ontario (1874-75); Report on the Fossil Coals, Sponges, and Polyzoa of the Silurian and Devonian Rocks of Ohio (1875); The Nature of Life (1875); The Ancient Life History of the Earth (1877); Structure and Affinities of the Tabulate Corals of the Paleozoic Period (1879); Structure and Affinities of the Genus Monteculipora and its Sub-Genera (1881); Synopsis of the Classification of the Animal Kingdom (1882); Natural History: Its Rise and Progress in Britain (1886); Bibliography of North American Invertebrate Palæontology, with C. A. While (1878); and Silurian Fossils of the Girvan District with R. Etheridge (1879).

Nisbet, John Ferguson, Scottish dramatic critic, born in Lanarkshire, Oct. 28, 1851; died in New Southgate, March 31, 1899. He was for nearly twenty years a writer of special articles for the London Times, and in 1882 succeeded Mowbray Morris as dramatic critic on the Times staff. He was widely read in dramatic literature, possessed sound judgment, and was the author of plays and a treatise on The Insanity of Genius.

Northumberland, Algernon George Percy, Duke of, English statesman, born May 2, 1810; died at Alnwick Castle, Jan. 2, 1899. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and was elected to Parliament at the age of twenty-one from a family borough, which was abolished a year later. He served as lieutenant and captain in the guards, and re-entered Parliament after twenty years as Conservative member for the northern division of Northumberland, which he represented till 1865. He impressed the House by his business ability, and became a lord of the Admiralty in 1858, and vice-president of the Board of Trade in 1859. When his father became duke, in 1865, he exchanged his title of Lord Lovaine for that of Earl Percy, and in 1867 he succeeded to the dukedom. He accepted the office of Lord Privy Seal in 1878, and held it till the Government went out in 1880. He was president of the National Institution and of the National Lifeboat Association.

Novara, Signor Franco (Francis Naish), English singer, born in Wiltshire in 1859; died in London, Jan. 7, 1899. When a boy he was a chorister in Salisbury Cathedral, and, having attracted attention on account of his fine voice, was sent to Italy for a musical education. For several years he sang with opera companies in Italy, and in 1880 was engaged by Mr. Mapleson as the principal basso of the Italian opera in London. His first appearance with this company was as Mephistofele in Boito's Faust at the Academy of Music, New York. He was very successful, and remained with Mapleson, singing the basso rôles in the various engagements of the company in the United States, for two seasons. He then joined the Carl Rosa company in England. He

came again with Mapleson to New York in the season of 1883, and accompanied Patti in her tour of that year. In 1896 he was appointed a Professor of Singing in the Royal Academy of Music, London.

Nubar Pasha, Egyptian statesman, born in Smyrna in 1825; died in Paris, Jan. 14, 1899. He was an Armenian by birth and creed. After studying in Switzerland and France, he betook himself in 1842 to Egypt, where his relative Boghos Bey was minister of Commerce. Through the latter's influence he was appointed reader and interpreter to the Viceroy Mehemet Ali, whose sleepless nights he beguiled by reading books of history. He accompanied Ibrahim Pasha, the heir apparent, on a visit to Constantinople, and during the return voyage he had to exercise great tact and constant vigilance to restrain the already demented prince from ordering the Turkish captain to hang all the Christians of his suite at the yardarm. Nubar won the confidence of Abbas Pasha, who succeeded to the throne in 1850, and when he was sent to London to secure the support of the British Government for the resistance of the Viceroy to the pretensions of the Sultan, his success with Lord Palmerston established his reputation as a diplomatist and led to his appointment as Egyptian agent at Vienna, where he remained till the death of his master, in 1854. Under Said Pasha he conducted the negotiations with the English Government relative to the overland postal route and the railroad across the desert from Cairo to Suez. This was intended by the British to prevent the construction of the Suez Canal, for which Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained a concession, and as French influence was predominant at court Nubar was dismissed in disgrace for his part in the negotiations. When Ismail Pasha succeeded Said in 1863, the opportunity of the wily Armenian came again. The new Viceroy, ambitious to shine among sovereigns, relied implicitly on this accomplished diplomatist and statesman. When Nubar succeeded in obtaining for Ismail the title of Khedive, and permission to change the order of succession in Egypt from the eldest male of the reigning family, as in Turkey, to the eldest son of the reigning Khedive, as in European monarchies, his ascendency over Ismail could not be shaken, although as an Armenian and a Christian, an innovator who set at naught Mohammedan traditions and ideas, he antagonized the ruling caste. It was he who removed the objections of the Porte to the piercing of the isthmus, and who conducted to a successful issue the negotiations that led to the arbitration of the Emperor of the French. He was made first a bey, then a pasha, in spite of his religious disabilities, and received a grant of lands. Ismail's dream of founding a great African empire and his gigantic financial schemes for the economic development of Egypt are generally supposed to have been encouraged and fostered, if they were not suggested, by Nubar, who managed the negotiations connected with the Khedive's enormous borrowings and gained great wealth for himself in the process. He was not a sincere believer even in the independence of Egypt, but seems to have been from conviction or interest a partisan or agent for the upbuilding of English influence, even when this was at the lowest ebb, when French ideas were most in favor, and when Ismail Pasha was at the height of his renown as a powerful and progressive ruler and conqueror. At this period Nubar Pasha obtained the consent of the European powers to a revision of the capitulations to the extent of abolishing consular jurisdiction

and creating in the place of consular courts the mixed tribunals for the trial of civil suits between Egyptians and foreigners or between foreigners. The laws for these tribunals, based on the French code, were drawn up under his own directions. Nubar became Minister of Commerce in 1864, and Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1867. When Ismail Pasha, overtaken by financial embarrassments, learned to distrust him thoroughly he had established such a reputation with foreign governments and so ingratiated himself with the creditors of Egypt that he was repeatedly made Prime Minister in alternation with Sherif Pasha. After being dismissed and sent into exile in 1874, he was recalled and placed at the head of the Government in 1878, when Ismail Pasha conceived the idea of introducing representative institutions and an international control of the finances as the last hope of saving his throne and escaping from bankruptcy. In accordance with this plan, the English Government nominated Sir C. Rivers Wilson to be Minister of Finance, and the French Government M. de Blignières to be Minister of Public Works, in the Ministry of which Nubar Pasha was chief. Demonstrations in the street and protests of the ulemas against Christians being allowed to rule a Mohammedan country gave Ismail a pretext for soon dismissing first Nubar and then his European colleagues. Ismail appointed a ministry of Egyptians, in which his son and heir, Tewfik, was President of the Council. Nubar then set to work to bring about the downfall of his old master. Through his machinations the German Government, although Germans had no great interests in Egypt, threatened armed intervention to enforce a decree of the mixed tribunal which a foreign creditor had obtained against the Egyptian Government. Ismail Pasha discovered, to his consternation, that in the code sanctioned by the powers in 1873 for those tribunals a peculiar clause was inserted giving the court authority to enforce a judgment against the sovereign state by seizing state property. Great Britain and France, seeking to forestall the action of Germany, brought such pressure upon the Porte that the Sultan, as suzerain, deposed Ismail Pasha and made his son Tewfik Khedive. The dual control was then established, with M. de Blignières as Controller General, and Major Baring as the English representative. Nubar did not return to office until after the defeat of Hicks Pasha's army and the consequent evacuation of the Soudan. He was Prime Minister from 1884 till 1888, when he resigned in consequence of a dispute relating to the reorganization of the Ministry of Finance. In April, 1894, after a long dispute between Abbas Pasha, Tewfik's successor, and Lord Kromer, Nubar was induced to accept the premiership again as a sign of the definite establishment of British domination. In November, 1895, he resigned and returned to his Paris residence.

O'Grady, Hubert, English actor and dramatist, born in Dublin, Ireland, 1841; died in Liverpool, Dec. 19, 1899. He was educated by the Christian Brothers, and when a boy was engaged on account of his fine soprano voice for the choruses of oratorios at the Ancient Concert Rooms, Dublin. He was bound to the trade of upholsterer, but after serving nearly seven years he ran away to Liverpool, began to make his living as a minstrel and music-hall singer, and was very successful. He was engaged by Dion Boucicault for the first provincial tour of The Shaughraun, and made his début in the leading rôle at the Theater Royal, Edinburgh, Jan. 21, 1876. His success was instantaneous and remarkable, and

in the following season he produced in Stockton his original Irish drama The Gommoch, in which he played a droll and interesting Irishman of the Handy Andy sort. He continued playing this part two years, and was regarded as the best representative of such characters on the stage. He played a long starring engagement in Dublin in 1880, during which he produced besides his own play several old favorites. For a year he played in the principal towns of Ireland with much profit. In 1881 he produced his own play, entitled Eviction, at the Princess's Theater, Glasgow, with which he had an uninterrupted success for five years, at the end of which time he took his company and scenery to Canada and the United States. On his return to Ireland his play Eviction was interdicted by the Government, to the great increase of his favor with the Irish people. He then produced his second great success, Emigration, in Glasgow, and played it two years. Famine he produced in Dublin, and played four years in the chief cities of Great Britain without the loss of a single night. His next play was The Fenian, which equaled the others in popularity. By this time he had three companies besides his own playing these dramas on the road with great financial support. In 1890 he visited Australia and presented his plays be fore enthusiastic houses nine months. He then spent a year in travel, and in 1893 produced at the Queen's Theater, Manchester, The Priest Hunter, in which he created a character new to the stage. This drama he played two years, when having acquired a fortune he retired in 1896 with the reputation of the best player of Irish character since Boucicault. During his retirement he wrote another play, A Fast Life, and for a time returned to the stage to play the leading part. Pailleron, Édouard J. H., French dramatist, born in Paris, Sept. 17, 1834; died there, April 20, 1899. He was a notary's clerk until he began writing for the theater. His short comedy in verse, entitled Les Parasites, was produced at the Odéon in 1860. In 1861 he wrote Le Mur Mitoyen, a comedy that was very successful. Le Monde ou l'on s'amuse, performed at the Gymnase in 1868, was written in a vein of gay satire that appealed to the taste of the Parisian public. It was followed by Les Faux Ménages, L'Autre Motif, Hélène, Petite Pluie, L'Etincelle, and L'Age Ingrat. In 1881 he made a great hit with Le Monde ou l'on s'ennuie, wittily satirizing the ladies of the fashionable world who had taken to philosophy and flocked to hear the lectures of Prof. Caro at the Sorbonne. The play was taken into the repertory of the Comédie Française, and in 1884 its author was elected to the French Academy. La Souris was also very successful. His last play of importance was Cabotins, produced at the Théâtre Française in 1894, a satire on the Bohemian tendencies of society. His Amours et Haines, a collection of verse, appeared

in 1888.

Pennington, Arthur Robert, English clergyman, born in 1814; died at Utterby, July 19, 1899. He was graduated at Cambridge in 1838, and was ordained in the English Church in the same year. After serving as curate at St. Peter's, Colchester; St. James's, Walthamstow; and St. Dunstan's-in-the-East, London, he became vicar of Utterby, near Louth, in 1845, and held this living until his death. From 1882 he was a prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral. He was the author of Carisbrooke Castle (London, 1853), a book of verse; Henri Arnaud: A Poem (1862); The Agency of God in the History of the Reformation (1869); The Life and Character of Eras

mus (1874), a scholarly, painstaking work; Epochs of the Papacy to the Death of Pius IX (1881); John Wyclif: His Life, Times, and Teaching (1884); Preludes to the Reformation: From Dawn to Dark in Europe (1886); Recollections of Persons and Events (1895); The Papal Conclaves (1897); and The Counter-Reformation in Europe (1899).

Penzance, James Plaisted Wilde, Lord, English jurist, born in London, July 12, 1816; died in Godalming, Dec. 9, 1899. He was educated at Cambridge, was called to the bar in 1839, and obtained a good practice. He became a Queen's counsel in 1855, was appointed counsel for the duchy of Lancaster in 1859, and in 1860 was made a judge of the Court of Exchequer. In 1863 Sir James Wilde succeeded Sir Cresswell Cresswell as judge of the Court of Probate and Divorce, but he resigned in 1872 under the excessive strain of his duties, having been raised to the peerage in 1869. After the passage of the public worship regulation act Lord Penzance was appointed judge to administer it, and also dean of arches and judge of the courts of Canterbury and York. The case of the Rev. Mr. Mackonochie was brought before him, and that of the Rev. Arthur Tooth he entertained until inhibited for want of jurisdiction. In the Ridsdale, Dale, Enraght, and Green cases his decisions were ap proved by the Privy Council of the House of Lords. His suspension of Mr. Mackonochie from ecclesiastical functions for contumacy in continuing ritualistic observances in defiance of judicial injunctions was sustained by the House of Lords, and the attempt of Chief-Justice Cockburn to arrogate to the Queen's Bench the power of overruling the ecclesiastical court was disapproved.

Piccolomini, Maria, Italian singer, born in Sienna in 1834; died in Florence, Dec. 25, 1899. She was a descendant of the famous Tuscan family. She studied under Mazzarelli and Pietro Romani in Florence, and made her début at La Pergola as Lucrezia Borgia in 1852. She was the original Violetta in La Traviata in Turin and Paris. Her ability as an actress more than as a singer made her a great favorite with Italian, French, and English audiences. Her London début was at Her Majesty's Theater as Violetta, May 24, 1856. In 1860 she came to New York and repeated her European triumphs at the old Academy of Music. She was for two years the most popular prima donna of the Italian opera in this country. She returned to London in 1860, where after a series of successes she married the Marquis Gaetani della Forgia in the same year and retired from public life. Her best rôles were Violetta, Norma, Maria in La Figlia del Regimento, Adina in The Elixir of Love, and Zerlina. She returned to the stage in 1863 for four performances in London, and made her last appearance in April of that year as Almina in a new opera of that name.

Polko, Elise, German novelist, born in 1822; died May 15, 1899. She was the daughter of an eminent educator and sister of Eduard Vogel, the African explorer. In her youth she was well known as a public singer, but after her marriage she retired from the stage and devoted herself to writing novels and sketches in which music and musicians are usually prominent. Her Musikalische Märchen, printed in 1852, was translated into English, as were several of her later works.

Ponisi, Madame (Elizabeth Ponisi Wallis), English actress, born in Huddersfield, England, Dec. 18, 1818; died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 13, 1899. She made her first appearance in 1838 at Barnard Castle, England, in a farce called Mr.