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Fisheries for the Atlantic Provinces. He published A Review of President Grant's Recent Message to the United States Congress relative to Canadian Fisheries and the Navigation of the St. Lawrence River (1870) and Notes of a Holiday Trip (1880).

Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, English philologist, born in Bombay, Nov. 12, 1819; died in Cannes, France, April 11, 1899. He was a son of the surveyor general of Bombay, and prepared for the Indian civil service, coming out first in his class at Haileybury, then gave up that career in obedience to the wish of his widowed mother after his twin brother had been killed in a border war. Having already studied at Oxford, he returned in 1838, and applied himself to linguistic studies, for which he had shown an early aptitude. He took the scholarship in Sanskrit in 1843, and from 1844 till 1857 was Professor of Sanskrit, Bengali, and Telugu at Haileybury College. In 1860 he was elected Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford. He desired to establish an Indian institute there, and in 1875 and again in 1876 he went to India to seek support for his project, which was finally carried out in 1883. He made another trip to India in that year, having been appointed curator of the institute, to which he presented later his own collection of Oriental books and manuscripts. He published the Lost Ring, a translation of the Sanskrit drama Sakuntala; an English-Sanskrit dictionary and a Sanskrit-English one that cost him twenty years' work; Indian Epic Poetry (1863); Hinduism (1877); Modern India and Indians (1878); Religious Thought and Life in India (1883); The Holy Bible and the Sacred Books of the East (1886); Buddhism (1890); Brahmanism (1891); and Indian Wisdom (1893). He was knighted in 1886.

Moore, Daniel, English clergyman, born in Coventry, June 23, 1809; died in London, May 15, 1899. He was educated at Cambridge, and was ordained in the English Church in 1841. From 1841 to 1844 he was in charge of Christ Chapel, Maida Hill, and from 1844 to 1866 was incumbent of Camden Church, Camberwell. In 1866 he became vicar of Paddington, which office he held until 1895. He had been chaplain ordinary to the Queen from 1870, and a prebendary of St. Paul's from 1880. He was one of the most respected of the clergy in London, in which almost his entire life was passed. He was the author of Daily Devotion (1847); The Christian System Vindicated (2d edition, 1844); Sermons before Cambridge University (1845); Christian Consolation (1848); Discourses on the Lord's Prayer (1852); Family Duties (1856); Golden Lectures (1857-'61); Thoughts on Preaching (1861); The Divine Authority of the Pentateuch Vindicated (1863); The Age and the Gospel (1864); Aids to Prayer (1868); Sermons on Special Occasions (1871); Christ and his Church (1875); Sunday Meditations (1876); Temptation: Its Nature and Limits (1876); The Christian in his Relation to the Church (1880); Meditations for Advent (1884); Christ in All Ages (1886); Thoughts for Church Seasons (1888); The Faithful Departed.

Nicholson, Henry Alleyne, English scientist, born in Penrith, Cumberland. Sept. 11, 1844; died in Aberdeen, Scotland, Jan. 19, 1899. He was educated at the Universities of Göttingen and Edinburgh, and in 1869 was appointed lecturer on natural history in Edinburgh Medical School. In 1871 he became Professor of Natural History and Botany in the University of Toronto, in 1874 Professor of Biology and Natural History in the

College of Physical Science, Durham University, and in 1875 Professor of Natural History in the University of St. Andrew's. In 1877 he was appointed lecturer on geology to the British Museum, and in 1882 became Professor of Natural History at the University of Aberdeen, occupying that chair till his death. His works comprise Essay on the Geology of Cumberland and Westmoreland (1868); A Manual of Zoology (1870); Syllabus of Lectures on Zoology, Geology, and Palæontology (1870); Advanced Text-book of Zoology (1870); Introductory Text-book of Zoology (1871); Introduction to the Study of Biology (1872); Text-book of Geology (1872); Examinations in Natural History (1872); Monograph of the British Graptolitidæ (1872); A Manual of Palæontology (1872); Outlines of Natural History for Beginners (1873); Report on the Paleontology of the Province of Ontario (1874-75); Report on the Fossil Coals, Sponges, and Polyzoa of the Silurian and Devonian Rocks of Ohio (1875); The Nature of Life (1875); The Ancient Life History of the Earth (1877); Structure and Affinities of the Tabulate Corals of the Paleozoic Period (1879); Structure and Affinities of the Genus Monteculipora and its Sub-Genera (1881); Synopsis of the Classification of the Animal Kingdom (1882); Natural History: Its Rise and Progress in Britain (1886); Bibliography of North American Invertebrate Palæontology, with C. A. While (1878); and Silurian Fossils of the Girvan District with R. Etheridge (1879).

Nisbet, John Ferguson, Scottish dramatic critic, born in Lanarkshire, Oct. 28, 1851; died in New Southgate, March 31, 1899. He was for nearly twenty years a writer of special articles for the London Times, and in 1882 succeeded Mowbray Morris as dramatic critic on the Times staff. He was widely read in dramatic literature, possessed sound judgment, and was the author of plays and a treatise on The Insanity of Genius.

Northumberland, Algernon George Percy, Duke of, English statesman, born May 2, 1810; died at Alnwick Castle, Jan. 2, 1899. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and was elected to Parliament at the age of twenty-one from a family borough, which was abolished a year later. He served as lieutenant and captain in the guards, and re-entered Parliament after twenty years as Conservative member for the northern division of Northumberland, which he represented till 1865. He impressed the House by his business ability, and became a lord of the Admiralty in 1858, and vice-president of the Board of Trade in 1859. When his father became duke, in 1865, he exchanged his title of Lord Lovaine for that of Earl Percy, and in 1867 he succeeded to the dukedom. He accepted the office of Lord Privy Seal in 1878, and held it till the Government went out in 1880. He was president of the National Institution and of the National Lifeboat Association.

Novara, Signor Franco (Francis Naish), English singer, born in Wiltshire in 1859; died in London, Jan. 7, 1899. When a boy he was a chorister in Salisbury Cathedral, and, having attracted attention on account of his fine voice, was sent to Italy for a musical education. For several years he sang with opera companies in Italy, and in 1880 was engaged by Mr. Mapleson as the principal basso of the Italian opera in London. His first appearance with this company was as Mephistofele in Boito's Faust at the Academy of Music, New York. He was very successful, and remained with Mapleson, singing the basso rôles in the various engagements of the company in the United States, for two seasons. He then joined the Carl Rosa company in England. He

came again with Mapleson to New York in the season of 1883, and accompanied Patti in her tour of that year. In 1896 he was appointed a Professor of Singing in the Royal Academy of Music, London.

Nubar Pasha, Egyptian statesman, born in Smyrna in 1825; died in Paris, Jan. 14, 1899. He was an Armenian by birth and creed. After studying in Switzerland and France, he betook himself in 1842 to Egypt, where his relative Boghos Bey was minister of Commerce. Through the latter's influence he was appointed reader and interpreter to the Viceroy Mehemet Ali, whose sleepless nights he beguiled by reading books of history. He accompanied Ibrahim Pasha, the heir apparent, on a visit to Constantinople, and during the return voyage he had to exercise great tact and constant vigilance to restrain the already demented prince from ordering the Turkish captain to hang all the Christians of his suite at the yardarm. Nubar won the confidence of Abbas Pasha, who succeeded to the throne in 1850, and when he was sent to London to secure the support of the British Government for the resistance of the Viceroy to the pretensions of the Sultan, his success with Lord Palmerston established his reputation as a diplomatist and led to his appointment as Egyptian agent at Vienna, where he remained till the death of his master, in 1854. Under Said Pasha he conducted the negotiations with the English Government relative to the overland postal route and the railroad across the desert from Cairo to Suez. This was intended by the British to prevent the construction of the Suez Canal, for which Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained a concession, and as French influence was predominant at court Nubar was dismissed in disgrace for his part in the negotiations. When Ismail Pasha succeeded Said in 1863, the opportunity of the wily Armenian came again. The new Viceroy, ambitious to shine among sovereigns, relied implicitly on this accomplished diplomatist and statesman. When Nubar succeeded in obtaining for Ismail the title of Khedive, and permission to change the order of succession in Egypt from the eldest male of the reigning family, as in Turkey, to the eldest son of the reigning Khedive, as in European monarchies, his ascendency over Ismail could not be shaken, although as an Armenian and a Christian, an innovator who set at naught Mohammedan traditions and ideas, he antagonized the ruling caste. It was he who removed the objections of the Porte to the piercing of the isthmus, and who conducted to a successful issue the negotiations that led to the arbitration of the Emperor of the French. He was made first a bey, then a pasha, in spite of his religious disabilities, and received a grant of lands. Ismail's dream of founding a great African empire and his gigantic financial schemes for the economic development of Egypt are generally supposed to have been encouraged and fostered, if they were not suggested, by Nubar, who managed the negotiations connected with the Khedive's enormous borrowings and gained great wealth for himself in the process. He was not a sincere believer even in the independence of Egypt, but seems to have been from conviction or interest a partisan or agent for the upbuilding of English influence, even when this was at the lowest ebb, when French ideas were most in favor, and when Ismail Pasha was at the height of his renown as a powerful and progressive ruler and conqueror. At this period Nubar Pasha obtained the consent of the European powers to a revision of the capitulations to the extent of abolishing consular jurisdiction

and creating in the place of consular courts the mixed tribunals for the trial of civil suits between Egyptians and foreigners or between foreigners. The laws for these tribunals, based on the French code, were drawn up under his own directions. Nubar became Minister of Commerce in 1864, and Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1867. When Ismail Pasha, overtaken by financial embarrassments, learned to distrust him thoroughly he had established such a reputation with foreign governments and so ingratiated himself with the creditors of Egypt that he was repeatedly made Prime Minister in alternation with Sherif Pasha. After being dismissed and sent into exile in 1874, he was recalled and placed at the head of the Government in 1878, when Ismail Pasha conceived the idea of introducing representative institutions and an international control of the finances as the last hope of saving his throne and escaping from bankruptcy. In accordance with this plan, the English Government nominated Sir C. Rivers Wilson to be Minister of Finance, and the French Government M. de Blignières to be Minister of Public Works, in the Ministry of which Nubar Pasha was chief. Demonstrations in the street and protests of the ulemas against Christians being allowed to rule a Mohammedan country gave Ismail a pretext for soon dismissing first Nubar and then his European colleagues. Ismail appointed a ministry of Egyptians, in which his son and heir, Tewfik, was President of the Council. Nubar then set to work to bring about the downfall of his old master. Through his machinations the German Government, although Germans had no great interests in Egypt, threatened armed intervention to enforce a decree of the mixed tribunal which a foreign creditor had obtained against the Egyptian Government. Ismail Pasha discovered, to his consternation, that in the code sanctioned by the powers in 1873 for those tribunals a peculiar clause was inserted giving the court authority to enforce a judgment against the sovereign state by seizing state property. Great Britain and France, seeking to forestall the action of Germany, brought such pressure upon the Porte that the Sultan, as suzerain, deposed Ismail Pasha and made his son Tewfik Khedive. The dual control was then established, with M. de Blignières as Controller General, and Major Baring as the English representative. Nubar did not return to office until after the defeat of Hicks Pasha's army and the consequent evacuation of the Soudan. He was Prime Minister from 1884 till 1888, when he resigned in consequence of a dispute relating to the reorganization of the Ministry of Finance. In April, 1894, after a long dispute between Abbas Pasha, Tewfik's successor, and Lord Kromer, Nubar was induced to accept the premiership again as a sign of the definite establishment of British domination. In November, 1895, he resigned and returned to his Paris residence.

O'Grady, Hubert, English actor and dramatist, born in Dublin, Ireland, 1841; died in Liverpool, Dec. 19, 1899. He was educated by the Christian Brothers, and when a boy was engaged on account of his fine soprano voice for the choruses of oratorios at the Ancient Concert Rooms, Dublin. He was bound to the trade of upholsterer, but after serving nearly seven years he ran away to Liverpool, began to make his living as a minstrel and music-hall singer, and was very successful. He was engaged by Dion Boucicault for the first provincial tour of The Shaughraun, and made his début in the leading rôle at the Theater Royal, Edinburgh, Jan. 21, 1876. His success was instantaneous and remarkable, and

in the following season he produced in Stockton his original Irish drama The Gommoch, in which he played a droll and interesting Irishman of the Handy Andy sort. He continued playing this part two years, and was regarded as the best representative of such characters on the stage. He played a long starring engagement in Dublin in 1880, during which he produced besides his own play several old favorites. For a year he played in the principal towns of Ireland with much profit. In 1881 he produced his own play, entitled Eviction, at the Princess's Theater, Glasgow, with which he had an uninterrupted success for five years, at the end of which time he took his company and scenery to Canada and the United States. On his return to Ireland his play Eviction was interdicted by the Government, to the great increase of his favor with the Irish people. He then produced his second great success, Emigration, in Glasgow, and played it two years. Famine he produced in Dublin, and played four years in the chief cities of Great Britain without the loss of a single night. His next play was The Fenian, which equaled the others in popularity. By this time he had three companies besides his own playing these dramas on the road with great financial support. In 1890 he visited Australia and presented his plays before enthusiastic houses nine months. He then spent a year in travel, and in 1893 produced at the Queen's Theater, Manchester, The Priest Hunter, in which he created a character new to the stage. This drama he played two years, when having acquired a fortune he retired in 1896 with the reputation of the best player of Irish character since Boucicault. During his retirement he wrote another play, A Fast Life, and for a time returned to the stage to play the leading part.

Pailleron, Édouard J. H., French dramatist, born in Paris, Sept. 17, 1834; died there, April 20, 1899. He was a notary's clerk until he began writing for the theater. His short comedy in verse, entitled Les Parasites, was produced at the Odéon in 1860. In 1861 he wrote Le Mur Mitoyen, a comedy that was very successful. Le Monde ou l'on s'amuse, performed at the Gymnase in 1868, was written in a vein of gay satire that appealed to the taste of the Parisian public. It was followed by Les Faux Ménages, L'Autre Motif, Hélène, Petite Pluie, L'Etincelle, and L'Age Ingrat. In 1881 he made a great hit with Le Monde ou l'on s'ennuie, wittily satirizing the ladies of the fashionable world who had taken to philosophy and flocked to hear the lectures of Prof. Caro at the Sorbonne. The play was taken into the repertory of the Comédie Française, and in 1884 its author was elected to the French Academy. La Souris was also very successful. His last play of importance was Cabotins, produced at the Théâtre Française in 1894, a satire on the Bohemian tendencies of society. His Amours et Haines, a collection of verse, appeared in 1888.

Pennington, Arthur Robert, English clergyman, born in 1814; died at Utterby, July 19, 1899. He was graduated at Cambridge in 1838, and was ordained in the English Church in the same year. After serving as curate at St. Peter's, Colchester; St. James's, Walthamstow; and St. Dunstan's-in-the-East, London, he became vicar of Utterby, near Louth, in 1845, and held this living until his death. From 1882 he was a prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral. He was the author of Carisbrooke Castle (London, 1853), a book of verse; Henri Arnaud: A Poem (1862); The Agency of God in the History of the Reformation (1869); The Life and Character of Eras

mus (1874), a scholarly, painstaking work; Epochs of the Papacy to the Death of Pius IX (1881); John Wyclif: His Life, Times, and Teaching (1884); Preludes to the Reformation: From Dawn to Dark in Europe (1886); Recollections of Persons and Events (1895); The Papal Conclaves (1897); and The Counter-Reformation in Europe (1899).

Penzance, James Plaisted Wilde, Lord, English jurist, born in London, July 12, 1816; died in Godalming, Dec. 9, 1899. He was educated at Cambridge, was called to the bar in 1839, and obtained a good practice. He became a Queen's counsel in 1855, was appointed counsel for the duchy of Lancaster in 1859, and in 1860 was made a judge of the Court of Exchequer. In 1863 Sir James Wilde succeeded Sir Cresswell Cresswell as judge of the Court of Probate and Divorce, but he resigned in 1872 under the excessive strain of his duties, having been raised to the peerage in 1869. After the passage of the public worship regulation act Lord Penzance was appointed judge to administer it, and also dean of arches and judge of the courts of Canterbury and York. The case of the Rev. Mr. Mackonochie was brought before him, and that of the Rev. Arthur Tooth he entertained until inhibited for want of jurisdiction. In the Ridsdale, Dale, Enraght, and Green cases his decisions were approved by the Privy Council of the House of Lords. His suspension of Mr. Mackonochie from ecclesiastical functions for contumacy in continuing ritualistic observances in defiance of judicial injunctions was sustained by the House of Lords, and the attempt of Chief-Justice Cockburn to arrogate to the Queen's Bench the power of overruling the ecclesiastical court was disapproved.

Piccolomini, Maria, Italian singer, born in Sienna in 1834; died in Florence, Dec. 25, 1899. She was a descendant of the famous Tuscan family. She studied under Mazzarelli and Pietro Romani in Florence, and made her début at La Pergola as Lucrezia Borgia in 1852. She was the original Violetta in La Traviata in Turin and Paris. Her ability as an actress more than as a singer made her a great favorite with Italian, French, and English audiences. Her London début was at Her Majesty's Theater as Violetta, May 24, 1856. In 1860 she came to New York and repeated her European triumphs at the old Academy of Music. She was for two years the most popular prima donna of the Italian opera in this country. She returned to London in 1860, where after a series of successes she married the Marquis Gaetani della Forgia in the same year and retired from public life. Her best rôles were Violetta, Norma, Maria in La Figlia del Regimento, Adina in The Elixir of Love, and Zerlina. She returned to the stage in 1863 for four performances in London, and made her last appearance in April of that year as Almina in a new opera of that name.

Polko, Elise, German novelist, born in 1822; died May 15, 1899. She was the daughter of an eminent educator and sister of Eduard Vogel, the African explorer. In her youth she was well known as a public singer, but after her marriage she retired from the stage and devoted herself to writing novels and sketches in which music and musicians are usually prominent. Her Musikalische Märchen, printed in 1852, was translated into English, as were several of her later works.

Ponisi, Madame (Elizabeth Ponisi Wallis), English actress, born in Huddersfield, England, Dec. 18, 1818; died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 13, 1899. She made her first appearance in 1838 at Barnard Castle, England, in a farce called Mr.

and Mrs. Pringle. She had previously married James Ponisi, an actor of the company, which was very poor and used to make its way on foot from town to town. For twelve years she continued in the provinces, rising slowly into recognition until she attracted the attention of Mr. Macready, whom she supported for a week as leading lady of the theater at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Her first appearance in London was at the Surrey Theater, Dec. 26, 1848. She soon became the leading lady of that house, and remained there until 1850, when she came to the United States and made her American début at the Walnut Street Theater, Philadelphia, Oct. 7, as Mariana in Sheridan Knowles's The Wife. She played seven parts in her first week. She was transferred to the old Broadway Theater, where she made her first appearance, Nov. 11, 1850, as Lady Teazle. She was the leading woman of that theater until its removal in 1859. She played at Niblo's Garden as Zanine in The Cataract of the Ganges in December, 1853, and as Oberon in February, 1854. Edwin Forrest declared her Lady Macbeth the best on the stage. Her last part at the Broadway was Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra. In October, 1859, Dion Boucicault, who had written the part of Mrs. Cregan in the Colleen Bawn especially for her, engaged her for the production of that play at Laura Keene's Theater. The great success of the play kept her for a long time in that part. She then joined Edwin Forrest as the leading woman of his plays for several tours. She was the original Pompadour in Narcisse at Niblo's in 1863. In 1870 she played the Duchess with Fechter in The Duke's Motto at Niblo's, and she was the leading woman of that theater in the season of 1870-'71. In 1871 Mme. Ponisi was engaged for Lester Wallack's stock company as the representative of the grandes dames of its great repertory, and she retained that place until the death of Mr. Wallack ended the organization. To enumerate the rôles played by Mme. Ponisi in the course of the years she passed in the Wallack company would be to make a history of Wallack's Theater for a quarter of a century. After the Wallack company closed its career Mme. Ponisi played with Mrs. Potter in "Twixt Axe and Crown for a short time at Wallack's (Thirtieth Street), and only occasionally thereafter in New York. Her last appearance was at the Academy of Music, New York, April 6, 1893. She was divorced from her first husband in 1855, and married Samuel Wallis, Feb. 10, 1858. Possiet, Constantin Nicolavich, Russian admiral, born in 1819; died in St. Petersburg, May 8, 1899. He entered the navy at an early age, gained a reputation by his treatises on gunnery, and was the inventor of improvements in naval ordnance that enabled the fleet to co-operate with the army in the conquest of the mountaineers in the Caucasus, whose strongholds were on the coasts of the Black Sea. He was governor of the Grand Duke Alexis (now commander in chief of the navy) from 1858 till 1874, and then Minister of Ways of Communication till 1888, and the originator in that office of extensive improvements in the harbors and water ways of the empire. An accident to the train on which the Czar was riding occasioned his retirement. As president of the Russian association for saving life at sea and on internal waters he initiated the establishment of most of the lifeboat stations. For the last ten years of his life he was a member of the Council of State.

Price, Sir Rose Lambart, English author, born in Trengwainton, Cornwall, July 26, 1837; died in Pontyclun, Wales, April 17, 1899. He VOL. XXXIX.-43 A

served in the English army in India during the mutiny in 1857, and later in China, retiring in 1874 with the rank of major. In 1876 he published The Two Americas: An Account of Sport and Travel, with Notes on Men and Manners, which was deservedly popular.

Rechberg, Bernhard, Austrian statesman, born in Ratisbon in 1806; died Feb. 27, 1899. He was attaché to the legations in Berlin, London, and Brussels, then minister at Stockholm, and afterward at Rio de Janeiro. In 1847 he was appointed Austrian minister to the Germanic Confederation, and in this capacity he presided over the federal Diet at Frankfort. In 1859 he was called into the Cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs while the Italian war was in progress. The heavy task of treating for peace at Villafranca and at Zurich thus fell to him. He had also to direct the long negotiations relating to the Schleswig-Holstein question, which ended only in a war with Prussia, but he was forced to resign before the war came, and the Austrian army was defeated.

Reynolds, Joseph Williams, English clergyman, born in 1821; died in January, 1899. He was trained for business life, but entered the Church and was ordained to the curacy of St. Peter's, Belper, in 1849. In 1854 he was appointed principal of the Operative Jewish Converts' Institution. In 1859 he became the incumbent of St. Stephen's, Spitalfields, London, and subsequently rector of St. Anne's and St. Agnes's, London, from 1882. He was a prebendary of St. Paul's from 1880. He published The Miracles of Our Lord and Saviour (London, 1865); The Supernatural in Nature (1878); The Mystery of Miracles (1881); My Growth in the Divine Life (1883); The Mystery of the Universe (1884); and The World to Come: Immortality a Physical Fact (1888).

Rhea, Mademoiselle (Mlle. Hortense BarbeLoret), Belgian actress, born in Brussels, Sept. 4, 1844; died in Montmorency, France, May 5, 1899. She was the daughter of a wealthy organ builder, who died while she was a child, and was soon followed by his wife. She was educated under the care of guardians in the Ursuline Convent in Paris, and began to study for the stage soon after leaving school. Her début was made at the Theatre de la Monnaie, Brussels, in Les Doigts de Fée. After a season she was engaged as leading young woman of the Théâtre Française, Rouen, where she played for another season, and went to Paris, playing with success at the Vaudeville, and subsequently making a tour of France. She went on a tour in Russia in the early seventies, and after a successful engagement in St. Petersburg was engaged as leading actress of the Imperial Theater there, in which she began in 1876 a very prosperous career which lasted five years. On the assassination of the Emperor Alexander II, March 13, 1881, the Imperial company was disbanded and Rhea went to England. She placed herself under the tutelage of John Ryder, and after one month's study made her debut as Beatrice in Much Ado about Nothing at the Gaiety Theater, London. Harry Sargent engaged her for a tour of the American cities. Her first appearance in the United States was at the Park Theater, Brooklyn, as Camille, Nov. 14, 1881. She was not very successful at first, principally on account of the difficulty with which she spoke English, but after a somewhat disappointing tour she entered into an engagement in 1882 with Arthur B. Chase, under whose direction she made several tours that were profitable. Her repertory consisted of Adrienne Lecouvreur, Camille, Pygma

lion and Galatea, The Country Girl, A Dangerous Game, The School for Scandal, Frou-Frou, and L'Aventuriere. She was the first actress to present in English a play on the subject of Napoleon, and it is said that her success in this particular had much to do with the renewed interest in him in the United States. Josephine, Empress of the French, adapted by William Harris, was first presented by Rhea at Buffalo, Sept. 2, 1882. This play afforded her the best opportunities of her career, and she played it almost continuously until about two years before her death. She played occasionally during that time The New Magdalen, The Lady of Lyons, The Queen of Sheba, and Nell Gwynn. Her last performance was in Hagerstown, Md., April 2, 1898.

Righton, Edward Corrie, English actor, born in London in October, 1838; died there, Jan. 1, 1899. He was the son of Thomas Collins Righton, an artist. When fifteen years old he went on the stage at Sadler's Wells Theater, and for several seasons he played small parts. For a few years he gave monologue entertainments in England and the United States, and in 1871 he assumed the management of The Court Theater, London. For two years of his management he played with success low comedy parts in a great number of new plays. He subsequently appeared in many of the London theaters, and was very successful as Dogberry in Much Ado about Nothing, Tony Lumpkin in She Stoops to Conquer, Bob Acres in The Rivals, and Touchstone in As You Like It. During the season 1877-'78 he managed the Globe Theater, London, and produced the successful plays Stolen Kisses and Dearer than Life. Until 1881 he played with his own company in the provinces, and in that year returned to London to play Mr. Parmenter Blake in Pinero's Imprudence. In 1887 he became a member of the Conway-Farren company. Beerbohm Tree's production of The Merry Wives of Windsor, Sept. 13, 1888, he played Parson Evans. In the Lyceum production of The Dead Heart, September, 1889, he played Toupet the Barber. Oct. 16, 1890, he was again with Mr. Tree at the Crystal Palace, playing Moses in The School for Scandal. He contributed poems to periodicals and wrote a play called Insurance Money. His pen name was Corrie Burns. His last appearance was May 24, 1899, when he recited his own poem Just what I was when a Boy at a hospital benefit.

In

Ristich, Jovan, Servian statesman, born in Kragujevatz in 1831; died Sept. 4, 1899. He studied in Berlin, Heidelberg, and Paris, and on his return to Servia became a clerk in the Ministry of the Interior, rose to the head of his department, and was sent by Prince Milosh in 1860 on a mission to Constantinople. He was diplomatic agent there in 1862 when the Turkish garrison in Belgrade bombarded the town, and conducted the negotiations that resulted in 1867 in the evacuation by the Turks of all the Servian fortresses. This success made him so popular that Prince Michael appointed him Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs in a Conservative Cabinet, although he was a Liberal. His speedy resignation increased his popularity, and after the Prince's assassination in 1868 he was appointed regent, with Blaznavatz and Gavrilovich as co-regents, until Prince Milan should attain his majority. He was the leading spirit of the regency, especially after the death of Blaznavatz, and was the chief author of the Constitution of 1869, which was replaced in 1888 by a Radical Constitution, and then put in force again in 1864 by King Alexander after his coup d'état.

He obtained from the Sultan Abdul Aziz a recognition of the hereditary rights of the Obrenovich dynasty, thus paving the way for the subsequent recognition of Servian independence. His Austrophil policy made the friends of Russia his enemies and caused an estrangement between Servia and Montenegro. Consequently he resigned the post of Prime Minister when Prince Milan reached his majority in 1872. He came into power again in 1876, was at the head of the Government during the war with Turkey, and in 1878 was sent as the Servian representative to the Congress at Berlin. The incorporation in Servia of the districts of Nish, Vranja, and Pirot, and the final recognition of Servian independence were gratifying to the Servians, but they and the Montenegrins were equally disappointed when Austria was allowed to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina. He adopted a hostile attitude toward Austria after his return, leaning upon Russia, and broke off negotiations with the dual monarchy for a commercial treaty. Austrian influence compelled him in 1880 to resign his offices of Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, and he remained out till 1887, when he was the head of a short-lived Liberal Cabinet. As such he carried through a revision of the Constitution of 1869. When King Milan abdicated in 1889 Ristich became a member of the regency appointed to conduct affairs during the minority of Prince Alexander. He took the side of the ex-King in his conflict with Queen Natalie, whom he forcibly expelled from Servia. In 1893 the young King dismissed his regents and declared himself of age. Ristich was out of favor until 1896, when he was once more called upon to form a ministry, having been chosen leader of the Liberal party in 1895 as the man best fitted to cope with the difficulties of the Balkan situation at that critical time. retired after a brief tenure of office. He was a good linguist and the author of two volumes on Servian life and literature, written in German when he was a young man; also of papers on Servian history, the result of investigations in the Paris archives. He lived sumptuously in a Belgrade mansion, having accumulated a fortune.

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Rittner, Eduard, Austrian statesman, born in Bursztyn, Galicia, in 1845; died in September, 1899. He was Professor of Canon Law and afterward rector of the University of Lemberg, taking little part in politics until he was called in 1895 to the Ministry of Public Instruction in the Kielmansegg Cabinet. In the Cabinet of Count Badeni he was retained as a representative of Galicia, but without a portfolio. He was a Deputy for Galicia in the Reichsrath and a member of the Galician Diet.

Roberts, Sir Randal Howland, English actor and author, born in the County Cork, Ireland, March 28, 1837; died in Clapham, England, Oct. 3, 1899. He was the fourth baronet of his succession, a retired captain of the 33d Regiment of the British army. He served in the Crimean War and the Indian mutiny. When the FrancoPrussian War broke out in 1870 he went to the Continent as war correspondent, with the Prussian forces, of the London Telegraph. His début both as an actor and as a dramatist occurred at the Olympic Theater, London, May 15, 1876, in his own comedietta Under a Veil. He became a favorite player of light, genteel comedy parts. He was a member of the company of the Olympic Theater for a season, and was subsequently in the United States one season. He wrote short plays of considerable merit, and was also author of popular military and sporting novels and histories. His best-known works are Riverside, or the

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