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lice inspector or detective. Recommendation is made that a detective force be placed at the disposal of the Commissioner of Immigration to act at the great centers of mining, manufacture, and other industries and report upon their investigations to headquarters at Washington. One definite reform has resulted, however, from the measures adopted to enforce the alien-contract lawa check has been given to the padrone system, and many Armenians, Syrians, and Italians of the lower classes have been freed from a servile obedience to the padrones who have clandestinely landed them within our country to serve as peddlers, mendicants, fruit sellers, or street musicians. No official records were kept of the influx of foreign population prior to 1820, but it is estimated by good authorities that the number of immigrants arrived in the United States from the close of the Revolutionary War up to 1820 was 250,000. The number in each year from 1820 to 1855 was as follows, some slight discrepancies being produced in the figures by change of the official end of the year from Sept. 30 to Dec. 31 and back again: 1820, 8,385; 1821, 9,127; 1822, 6,911; 1823, 6,354; 1824, 7,912; 1825, 10,199; 1826, 10,837; 1827, 18,875; 1828, 27,382; 1829, 22,520; 1830, 23,322; 1831, 22,633; 1832, 60,482; 1833, 58,640; 1834, 65,365; 1835, 45,374; 1836, 76,242; 1837, 79,340; 1838, 38,914; 1839, 68,069; 1840, 84,066; 1841, 80,289; 1842, 104,565; 1843, 52,496; 1844, 78,615; 1845, 114,371; 1846, 154,416; 1847, 234,968; 1848, 226,527; 1849, 297,024: 1850, 369,980; 1851, 379,466; 1852, 371,603; 1853, 368,645; 1854, 427,833; 1855, 200,877; total, 4,212,624.

Before 1856 the official statistics of the arrivals of passengers from foreign countries do not distinguish those intending to make their permanent residence in this country from merely transient sojourners, but there were during that time comparatively few of the latter. It has been estimated that 98 per cent. of the alien arrivals prior to 1856 were immigrants.

The arrivals of immigrants in the United States from 1856 to 1899 were as follow: 1856, 195,857; 1857, 246,945; 1858, 119,501; 1859, 118,616; 1860, 150,237; 1861, 89,724; 1862, 89,007; 1863, 174,524; 1864, 193,195; 1865, 247,453; for the six months ending June 30, 1866, 163,594; for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1867, 298,967; 1868, 282,189; 1869, 352,768; 1870, 387,203; 1871, 321,350; 1872, 404,806; 1873, 459,803; 1874, 313,339; 1875, 227,498; 1876, 169,986; 1877, 141,857; 1878, 138,469; 1879, 177,826; 1880, 457,257; 1881, 669,431; 1882, 788,992; 1883, 603,322; 1884, 518,592; 1885, 395,346; 1886, 334,203; 1887, 490,109; 1888, 546,889; 1889, 444,427: 1890, 455,302; 1891, 560,319; 1892, 623,084; 1893, 502,917; 1894, 314,467; 1895, 279,948; 1896, 343,267; 1897, 230,832; 1898, 229,299; 1899, 311.715.

From these figures it may be seen that the year of the largest immigration was 1882, when the number of arrivals at our ports aggregated 788,992. The next largest volume was in 1881, when the number was 669,431. The arrivals for 1892 numbered 623,084, showing an increase in volume over every year since 1883. The marked decrease in immigration during the past six years has been attributed to the unpropitious conditions of

trade and business, but there can be no doubt that the migratory disposition of European peasantry toward this country has been restrained by the unsuccessful attempts of so many of the prohibited classes to gain admission. This is especially noticeable in the marked decrease of immigrants from Russia and Austria until 1899, when the figures representing arrivals from these countries increased. Other causes are at work.

Canada and the South American republics are offering substantial inducements to newcomers, such as bounties and land grants. Large numbers of persons are leaving the ports of Genoa and Marseilles for Brazil and the Argentine Republic, where they immediately become producers of the staples that come into direct competition with our own.

Another fact is worthy of consideration in contemplating the large number of arrivals in the United States. Only about half of those who come remain in the country as permanent residents. Some aliens come and go so often that old officials at the immigrant stations recognize them, yet they are each year listed as new arrivals. For example, out of the 230,832 arrivals during the fiscal year 1897 as many as 1,880 were debarred admission on account of belonging to the prohibited classes. Deducting from the remainder those who came to join families and those who had been here before, only 88,666 were left, representing those who came to seek a new home in the United States.

Th arrivals of immigrants by decennial periods furnishes the following interesting table:

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During the decade 1881 to 1890 an aggregate of 5,246,613 immigrants arrived, which number is 34 per cent. of the entire arrivals during the period of six decades comprised between 1820 and 1880.

In the early history of the immigration movement, from 1821 to 1860, more than half of the influx to this country was from England and Ireland, but there has been since 1820 almost a constant increase of immigration from nearly all countries. France is an exception to this rule. During the decade 1871 to 1880 the total immigration from France to the United States was 72.206, and in the ten years from 1881 to 1890 it was 50.464. The increase in the number of immigrants from Italy. Austria, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Germany, Norway, and Sweden has been very marked. During the past year the arrivals from Italy-viz., 77,419 constitute nearly one fourth of the entire immigration. It is interesting to note the proportion of each of the leading nationalities in the grand aggregate of 16,611,060 arrivals from 1821 to 1892 inclusive:

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A new system of tabulation has been adopted in the statistical statement of 1899, which shows the race to which immigrants belong distinct from the country whence they embark for the United States. In dealing with large figures this distinction of races makes a vast change in the reports of immigration, for out of the 60,982 supposed Russians that entered our country in 1899 about 5,383 were Germans, 15,517 were Poles, 1,012 were Scandinavians, 24,275 were Hebrews, 120 were Bohemians, and 14 were English. As great discrepancies regarding the real nationalities of immigrants no doubt exist in the reports of former years.

Immigrants of all nations come under the jurisdiction of the Immigration Bureau, with the exception of those from China, who are dealt with by the Chinese Bureau. Immigration from that country reached its maximum in the years from 1869 to 1882 inclusive. During the decade ending 1880 it amounted to 123,201, and in the two years 1881 and 1882 it aggregated 51,469. The law excluding Chinese laborers went into effect Aug. 6, 1882, and subsequent years show a decrease annually from thousands to fewer than a hundred. The large figures registered by the Chinese Bureau recently indicate that Chinese of other occupations than laborers are seeking our shores. Since 1891 the arrivals from China have averaged 2,000

a year.

On the Pacific coast the Japanese arrivals are exciting general interest and attracting the same prejudice which led to the Chinese-exclusion act. The Japanese immigrant has no family, and he works for wages that would scarcely keep a white laborer from starvation. He is steadily lowering the standard of living in California and other States, and the immigration laws can not check his progress, since he can not be included within any of the prohibited classes. He is not a beggar, he always brings money enough with him to last until he can secure employment, and it can not be proved that he had entered into any contract to perform labor prior to coming to the United States, because he knows that the lowest rate of wages in America is higher than what he can obtain in his own country. The Japanese movement to the United States began in 1861 with a single arrival, and after a total cessation for four years 7 more arrived in 1866. During the first decade, 1861 to 1870, the total immigration of Japanese was 218; during the second decade, 1871 to 1880, it was 149. In 1892 the number of arrivals was 1,498, of which 41 were females; in 1899 they aggregated 2.844.

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By comparison of the ages of immigrants from different nationalities the following general statement has been reached: Ireland, Hungary, and Italy furnish the largest percentages of immigrants between the ages of fifteen and forty, being respectively 78, 74, and 69 per cent. Italy at the same time furnishes much the largest percentage of immigrants more than forty years of age-namely, about 15 per cent.-while the average percentage of all other countries is about 10. The next largest percentage of immigrants who have passed the prime of life is furnished by Austria, this proportion being about 11 per cent. The lowest percentage of those above the age of forty years is in the immigration from Irelandnamely, about 7 per cent. of the whole. The highest percentage of children under fifteen years of age comes from Germany, and is about 26 per cent; the lowest from Ireland, being about 14 per cent.

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The occupations of immigrants are classed as "professional," which embraces musicians, teachers, clergymen, artists, lawyers, physicians, etc.; 'skilled occupations," embracing those engaged in forty or more different trades, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, machinists, printers, miners, tailors, dressmakers, etc.; "miscellaneous," which includes farmers, merchants, laborers, servants, etc.; and "without occupation." From consideration of the character of the foreign population which sought the United States during the decade from 1881 to 1890 (which comprises the largest number of arrivals of any decade), a fair estiImate of the whole may be obtained. The professional class forms a very inconsiderable proportion, or 0.51 per cent. of the total immigration. The skilled also make up a very small proportion-in fact, but 10.30 per cent. of the whole number. The class denominated "miscellaneous" constitutes 39.63 per cent. of the whole. The largest class, which represents 47.34 per cent. of all, is made up of those who have no occupations.

Since the immigration law of 1893 went into operation this condition of affairs has been ameliorated. The number of immigrants having no occupation has greatly diminished.

Immigrants who are citizens of and come from foreign contiguous territory are inspected the same as other aliens; but they are expressly exempted from payment of the head tax, and therefore derive no benefits from the immigration fund. Along our northern frontier large numbers arrive On Aug. 3, 1897, the Hon. Terence V. Powderly, and depart after finding temporary employment who for fifteen years had been grand master workranging from six months to a few days. No man of the Knights of Labor, was appointed by statistics are prepared in relation to these transi- President McKinley Commissioner General of Imtory aliens. They are principally thrifty, indus- migration. The recommendations made by Mr. trious people, and their presence for the express Powderly in the annual reports of his bureau for purpose of obtaining work has excited bitter 1898 and 1899 show a comprehensive grasp of the jealousy on the part of the trades unions. Urgent immigrant subject, and prove him to be still an protests have been sent to the Immigration Bu- energetic friend of the American workingman. reau and to Congress requesting that laws be He calls attention to the decided tendency of enacted excluding Canadians from seeking em- immigrants to crowd into our great cities, and ployment in the United States. Canada threatens suggests that concerted measures be adopted by to retaliate and assume a similar unfriendly atti- the States in which these large centers of poputude toward United States citizens who desire lation are located to distribute foreign arrivals to engage in business within her territory, and in such a manner as to utilize their labor where the legislative bodies of both countries have the it is needed, and avoid those disturbances of the subject under consideration. The same condi- peace which result from aggregation of strangers

in any community. The rigor of our immigration laws has resulted in many ingenious devices on the part of foreigners to avoid their operation. Some of the most objectionable classes are securing cabin transportation to escape the vigilant inspection exercised over the steerage a fact which points to the necessity of requiring from steamship companies complete manifests of all foreign passengers, whether traveling first or second class or in the steerage. Others gain admission by booking on board ships as seamen merely to be discharged at American ports and landed by foreign consuls, in accordance with the laws of navigation and treaty agreements between the United States and their respective countries. A more flagrant abuse is the fraudulent securing of naturalization papers by persons who then claim the custody of their alleged families, such action being taken after the latter had been refused a landing because they belonged to some class expressly excluded by law. Instances of this kind caused trouble repeatedly during the past year.

It is recommended by the Commissioner of Immigration that an alien on landing be required to state whether it is his ultimate intention to renounce allegiance to his own country; his affirmative answer to this question to be entered of record and used at the expiration of five years' residence in verifying his asserted right to naturalization. Canada continues to present an open door for the return of aliens who have been excluded from the United States. Contract laborers enter our ports alleging that their destination is Canada, travel thither, and immediately return across the boundary. In addition to this fraudulent practice, our people are subjected to still more injurious foreign contact, for there is practically no rejection of diseased persons at Canadian ports. The only remedy for these evils appears to be the withdrawal of our officials from these ports, to locate them at certain selected points along our northern boundary, through which border stations alone should aliens be admitted. A similar carelessness or incompetence in the medical inspection maintained at transatlantic ports has resulted in the embarkation for the United States of a number of diseased immigrants (most notably those afflicted with contagious trachoma or granulated eyelids), and request has been made that surgeons of the United States Marine-Hospital Service, whose ability and energy in maintaining a strict quarantine have been thoroughly tested during seasons of dangerous epidemics, be sent abroad to examine into the physical condition of foreigners desiring to come to this country.

The annexation of Hawaii without a previous change in the municipal legislation of those islands except the extension thereto of the Chinese-exclusion act threatens to complicate further the work of regulating immigration to this country. It has been ascertained that since July 7, 1898, 25,000 Japanese have been brought to Hawaii under contract to work on the sugar plantations; and it is asserted that members of the Territorial Government have been making arrangements with the officials of Italy for an unlimited importation of Italian peasants. This indiscriminate introduction of the lowest class of aliens into a Territory of the United States is a menace to our people which fills the Immigration Bureau with grave apprehension, and it asks to be authorized to examine and reject, at its discretion, all foreigners coming to our shores from Hawaii, although they may claim to be residents of that Territory. Cuba, Puerto Rico,

and the Philippines are already subjected to immigration regulations under military authority, and it is believed that no embarrassment will arise in the handling of immigrants therefrom when civil governments have been established in those islands.

INDIA, an empire in southern Asia, under the sovereignty of the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland on the basis of a personal union, and governed under general acts of the British Parliament by a Governor General in consultation with and under instructions from the Secretary of State for India in the British Cabinet. The Governor General, or Viceroy, is advised by a Council of 5 ordinary members, besides the commander in chief of the forces, who are appointed for five years. The Legislative Council, which is composed of the members of the Governor General's Council and 16 additional members appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of certain public bodies, has power to make laws, subject to the approval of the Governor General and the Secretary of State, for all persons within British India, for all British subjects in the native states, and for native Indian subjects of the Queen in all parts of the world. British India is divided for purposes of administration into the presidencies of Madras and Bombay, each of which has a Governor, the lieutenant governships of Bengal, the Northwest Provinces and Oudh, the Punjab, and Burmah, and the chief commissionerships of Assam and the Central Provinces. Each of the governors and lieutenant governors has his Legislative Council, those for the Punjab and Burmah having been established in 1898.

The Governor General is George Nathaniel Curzon, created Baron Curzon of Kedleston, who was appointed to succeed the Earl of Elgin in September, 1898. The members of the Supreme Council in the beginning of 1899 were Sir James Westland, M. D. Chalmers, Major-Gen. Sir E. H. H. Collen, Sir A. C. Trevor, C. M. Rivaz, and C. E. Dawkins. The commander in chief of the forces was Gen. W. G. S. Lockhart. Sir A. E. Havelock was Governor of Madras, Lord Sandhurst Governor of Bombay, Sir John Woodburn Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, Sir A. P. MacDonnell Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Provinces and Oudh, Sir W. M. Young Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, and Sir F. W. R. Fryer Lieutenant Governor of Burmah.

Area and Population. British India comprises Bengal, with Orissa, Behar, and Chota Nagpur; Bombay and Sind, with Aden; Madras; the Northwest Provinces and Oudh; the Punjab; Lower and Upper Burmah; the Central Provinces; Assam; the minor provinces of Ajmere-Merwara, Coorg, British Baluchistan, and the Andaman Islands; and the Berars, temporarily under British administration. The total area is 964,993 square miles, and the population in 1891 was 221,172,952, of whom 112,542,739 were males and 108.630,213 females. The native states under British control are Hyderabad; Baroda; Mysore, restored to native rule in 1881; Kashmir; the Rajputana states, chief of which are Udaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaipur and its feudatories, Bhartpur, Dholpur, Alwar, Jhalawar, Tonk, and Kotah; the Bombay states, of which the principal ones are Cutch, Kholhapur and dependencies, and Khairpur in Sind; the Madras states of Travancore and Cochin; Bastar and other states in the Central Provinces; the Central India states of Indore, Rewa, Bhopal, Gwalior, and minor states; Kuch Behar, Hill Tipperah, and numerous other Bengal states: Rampur, Garhwal, and other

states in the Northwest Provinces; the Punjab states of Patiala, Bahawulpur, Jind, Nabha, Kapurthala, Mandi, Sirmur, Maler Kotla, Faridkot, Chamba, Suket, Kalsia, and others; Sikkim; and the Shan States of Burmah. The total area of the native or feudatory states is 594,610 square miles, and their population in 1891 was 65,950,398, of whom 34,184,557 were males and 31,865,922 females. This does not include tribes on the frontiers of Sikkim, Burmah, the Shan States, Rajputana, and British Baluchistan, among which a population of 607,710 was enumerated. Nepaul, where the Gurkha troops are enlisted for the Indian army, is an independent state in which the British refrain from interfering, having an area of 54,000 square miles and a

different languages and dialects are spoken, is ethnically divided into 195,460,000 Aryo-Indians, 52,960,000 Dravidians, 7,290,000 Tibeto-Burmans, 2,960,000 Kolarians, 1,330,000 Iranians, and 27,000,000 others, including 400,000 gypsies, 710,000 Sinitec, 230,000 Annamites, 180,000 Khasis, 180,000 Shans, 50,000 Semites, and 250,000 Europeans. The principal languages are Hindu, spoken by 85,680,000 persons; Bengali, spoken by 41,340,000; Telugu, spoken by 19,800,000; Mahrathi, spoken by 18,890,000; Punjabi, spoken by 17.720,000; Tamil, spoken by 15,230,000; Gujarati, spoken by 10,620,000; Kanarese, spoken by 9,750,000; Uriya, spoken by 9,010,000; Burmese, spoken by 5,560,000: Malayalum, spoken by 5,430,000; Urdu, spoken by 3,670,000; Sindhi, spoken by

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tions showed that 171,735,000 were dependent on agriculture, 25,468,000 on earth work and general labor, 14,576,000 on the preparation and sale of food, drink, and stimulants, 12,611,000 on making textile fabrics and dress, 11,220,000 on personal, household, and sanitary services, 5,672,000 on the learned and artistic professions, 5,600,000 on service in the state and local administrations, 4,686,000 on commerce, 4,293,000 on working in wood, cane, and matting, 3,953,000 on transportation and storage, 3,821,000 on working in metals and precious stones, 3,646,000 on provision and care of cattle, 3,522,000 on light, firing, and forage, 3,285,000 on working in leather and horn, making boxes, etc., 2,361,000 on making glass, pottery, and stoneware, 1,438,000 on building trades, 1,155,000 on producing articles of supplementary requirement, 664,000 on military and naval defense, 500,000 on the service of foreign states, 392,000 on the gathering and preparation of drugs, dyes, gums, etc., 147,000 on vehicles and vessels, 141,000 on sport and amusements, 1,563,000 on undefined and disreputable callings, and 4,774,000 on their independent means. The registration of vital statistics is attempted throughout British India, though in some of the provinces the records are very imperfect. The official reports for 1896 show a birth rate per 1,000 of 43 in the Punjab, 38.03 in Bengal, 36.76 in Bombay, 34.5 in the Northwest Provinces and Oudh, 33.69 in Assam, 32.27 in Lower Burmah, 31.72 in the Central Provinces, and 29.9 in Madras. The death rate was 49.31 in the Central Provinces, 36.33 in Assam, 34.17 in Bengal, 33.32 in the Northwest Provinces and Oudh, 31.69 in Bombay, 31.5 in the Punjab, 23.63 in Lower Burmah, and 20.6 in Madras. The number of coolie emigrants in 1896 was 12,390, most of them bound for Demerara, Trinidad, Mauritius, and other British tropical colonies. The population of the principal cities of India in 1891 was as follows: Calcutta, 861,764; Bombay, 821,764; Madras, 452,518; Hyderabad, 415,039; Lucknow, 273,028; Benares, 219,467; Delhi 192,579: Mandalay, 188,815; Cawnpur, 188,712; Bangalore, 180,366; Rangoon, 180,324; Lahore, 176,854; Allahabad, 175,246.

Finances. The revenue in 1897 was Rx 94,129,741, and the expenditure was Rx 95,834,763, of which Rx 69,600,508 were expended in India and Rx 26,234,255 in Great Britain. The loss by exchange was Rx 10,438,419, making the sterling expenditures in England £15,795,836, offset to the extent of £327,107 of receipts in England, on which the gain by exchange was Rx 216,163. The revenue collected by the Government of India was Rx 17,131,376, and expenses of the General Government were Rx 22,241,456; revenue of the Central Provinces Rx 2,178,831, and expenses Rx 1,768,753; revenue of Burmah Rx 5,883,624, and expenses Rx 4,222,271; revenue of Assam Rx 1,322,549, and expenses Rx 899,538: revenue of Bengal Rx 20,957,055, and expenses Rx 9,794,785; revenue of the Northwest Provinces and Oudh Rx 10,165,235, and expenses Rx 6,281,637; revenue of the Punjab Rx 8,042,650, and expenses Rx 4,874,948; revenue of Madras Rx 13,563,169, and expenses Rx 9,549,378; revenue of Bombay Rx 14, 341,982, and expenses Rx 9,967,742. The land revenue, which was Rx 26,200,955 in 1896, declined, in consequence of famine, to Rx 23,974,489 in 1897, but recovered in 1898, in which year it was Rx 25,932,300, according to the revised estimates. The opium revenue has fallen, as a result of the extension of the poppy culture in China, from Rx 8,515,462 in 1888 to Rx 5,179.700 in 1898. The salt tax produced Rx 8,592,400 in 1898. The expenditure for the army has doubled since the

For

Indian mutiny, amounting in 1898 to Rx 27,073,000. Railroads, which cost Rx 22,801,300 to operate in 1898, yielded a revenue of Rx 22,167,300. The revenue of the post office, telegraphs, and mint was Rx 3,348,300, and the expense was Rx 2,878,000; the revenue of irrigation works was Rx 3,591,100, and the expense Rx 3,138,200. Civil salaries in 1898 amounted to Rx 15,721,300, and miscellaneous civil charges to Rx 5,724,500. The charges of collection were Rx 8,991,000. famine relief and insurance Rx 5,414,200 were charged to that year. The result of the widespread famine and scarcity and of military operations on the northwest frontier was a deficit in the year's accounts of Rx 5,283,100. The cost of the famine to the Government, adding the loss of revenue to Rx 7,470,000 spent on famine relief in 1897 and 1898, is estimated at Rx 14,240,000, not including Rx 1,850,000 of suspended revenue and Rx 1,370,000 lent to cultivators for the purchase of seed. The budget estimate of revenue for 1899 was Rx 99,085,400, and of expenditure Rx 98,194,000. The land revenue was estimated at Rx 27,568,200; opium, Rx 5,329,800; salt, Rx 8,728,000; stamps, Rx 4,855,900; excise, Rx 5,717,300; provincial rates, Rx 3,860,000; customs, Rx 4,590,500; assessed taxes, Rx 1,892,900; forests, Rx 1,735,600; registration, Rx 462,200; tribute, Rx 919,400; interest, Rx 929,800; post office, telegraphs, and mint, Rx 3,203,900; civil departments, Rx 1,733,000; miscellaneous, Rx 918,600; railroads, Rx 21,823,600; irrigation, Rx 3,228,100; buildings and roads, Rx 678,700; military departments, Rx 909,900. The expenditures for interest on the debt were set down as Rx 3,378,600; refunds and compensations, Rx 1,880,100; charges of collection, Rx 9,330,800; post office, telegraphs, and mint, Rx 2,932,000; civil salaries, Rx 15,694,800; miscellaneous civil charges, Rx 5,777,600; famine relief and insurance, Rx 1,099,200; railroad construction, Rx 5,800; railroad revenue account, Rx 23,921,400; irrigation, Rx 3,213,100; buildings and roads, Rx 6,021,500; the army, Rx 25,055,900. The sum total is Rx 98,310,800, from which are deducted Rx 116,800 of expenditures from provincial balances. The famine grant of Rx 1,500,000 a year, to obtain which the salt duties and other taxes were increased, was di verted for many years to strategical railroads and other military purposes. The estimates for 1899 provide for the expenditure of the full amount under the head of famine relief and insurance and on railroads for the transportation of food supplies in times of scarcity. Extraordinary expenditures on railroads and irrigation not charged against revenue amounted to Rx 4,604,600 in 1898 and Rx 5,749,300 in 1899.

In the financial year ending March 31, 1899, the gold liabilities to England were reduced £2.695,000. There was a reduction of Rx 1,973,000 in the annual expenditure, and an increase of Rx 1,658,200 in the revenue. The year closed with the surplus of Rx 4,759,400, the largest ever realized. The land revenue, opium, the salt duty, customs, and other branches of revenue showed an unexpected and, after a famine, a remarkable improvement. For 1900 the revenue was estimated at Rx 62,477,000, and expenditure at Rx 58,544,400. The unremunerative debt of India at the end of 1899 amounted to only £31,689,000. The total public debt of British India on March 31, 1897, amounted to Rx 237,325,160, of which Rx 113,883,233 represent the permanent debt in England, Rx 109,115,053 the permanent debt in India, and Rx 14,326,874 the unfunded debt in India. The accounts for 1898 closed with a deficit of Rx 5,630,000, which was Rx 350,000 more than

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