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custodians were placed in charge of 5 associations; in 3 instances the shareholders went into voluntary liquidation, and in four cases receivers were appointed. The Peoria Savings Loan and Trust Company changed its name to the Bank of Illinois on March 20, 1899.

Board of Agriculture.-The report of the State board showed the corn area, June 30, as 7,126,786 acres, and an average crop yield of 88 per cent. in the northern division, 79 in the central, and 86 in the southern; the spring wheat acreage as 5 per cent. smaller than last year in the northern section, no spring wheat in the central and southern; oats, 4 per cent. larger in the northern division, 3 per cent. larger in the central, and 14 per cent. less in the southern; the acreage of broom corn as last year, but bringing from $100 to $122.50 a ton for choice crops; sorghum 9 per cent. less, and millet 9 per cent. more in the northern part and 11 per cent. less in the southern section; total yield of Irish potatoes, about 2,500,000 bushels; the wool clip, about the same as last year.

Board of Arbitration.-By amendments to the arbitration law the board is now able to compel attendance and testimony of witnesses and to demand the production of all necessary papers and books, thus ascertaining all the facts in each case, and it can also enforce its decision by a rule of the circuit or the county court. In the Pana coal case the board fixed the mining rate, May 30, at 30 cents a ton; for 8-foot entry, $1.533 a yard; for 10-foot entry, $1.38 a yard; for 12-foot entry, $1.23 a yard; and for all entries over 12 feet and up to 18 feet the price shall decrease at the rate of 7.5 cents a foot; "for turning a room, in addition to the mining price, the miner shall be paid $4 for the first 15 feet if the width be not less than 9 feet." The scale of wages was fixed as follows: Blacksmiths, $2.25 a day; dumpers, firemen, and head car trimmers, $1.75; blacksmiths' helpers, $1.65; engine coalers, empty cagers, and self-dumping cagers, $1.60; band pickers, boys, 85 cents; all work not specified, $1.55.

Board of Health.-The number of cattle visited by this board between May and July was 3.061; herds tested, 62, ranging from 5 to 136 animals in each herd; animals condemned, about 1 to each 100 examined. Of the 62 herds examined, 26 were found free from tuberculosis, and 42 of 45 individual cows examined were pronounced healthy.

Board of Pardons. In the year the State board considered 123 applications for pardon, and recommended to the Governor a full and free pardon in 1 case and a commutation of sentence in 19 other cases. There were 2,032 examinations of prisoners for parole; 741 convicts were paroled and 352 received final discharge. The rules of the pardon board require that every application for pardon shall be accompanied by a statement from the trial judge and the State's attorney, as well as the full particulars of the crime. Notice of intention to make application for pardon is sent to each newspaper in the county where the crime was committed, so that a protest against it or a petition approving it may be sent to the board.

Board of Pharmacy. The number of applicants examined by the board during 1898 was 602, of whom 114 were registered as pharmacists, 94 being already registered as assistant pharmacists. The number of assistant pharmacists registered in the year was 145. Of the 66 applications made for registration as assistant pharmacists, 22 were granted certificates, while only 50 of the entire number registered as assistant pharmaVOL. XXXIX.-24 A

cists were registered apprentices. The total number of registered pharmacists was 4,548, or 22 fewer than in the previous year; assistant pharmacists, 1,256; permits issued to retail domestic remedies and proprietary medicines, 1,659, of which 412 were original permits in localities remote from drug stores.

Canal. The drainage canal of Chicago, dug to change the direction of the flow of Chicago river, and thus furnish an outlet for the drainage of the city, was completed Dec. 31, after seven years of hard work, at a cost of $33,000,000. The collateral channel had been finished some time, from a branch of the river in the western part of the city to a point near the main channel. The canal is intended to carry 300,000 cubic feet of water a minute.

Charities. The fifteenth biennial report of the State Board of Charities, covering the two years ending July 1, 1898, gave the cash disbursements as $3,504,749.64; amount on hand, $189,390.69; amount of appropriations undrawn, $1,877,430.34; average number of inmates in all institutions, 8,775; days' board furnished, 6,405,519; average cost per capita, $162.57 per annum. The Western Insane Hospital, at Watertown, has been completed, and has a capacity of 650 patients. For the two years beginning July 1, 1898, there was appropriated by the forty-first Assembly to the several charitable institutions the sum of $3,153,520 for ordinary expenses and $1,193,755 for special purposes. The surplus, March 31, for all the institutions was $170,285.87; number of inmates at beginning of quarter, 9,833; at close of quarter, 9,942; per capita cost of maintenance (gross), $39.46; net per capita cost, $36.12. The net average cost per capita of the various institutions: Northern Insane Hospital, $39.83; Eastern, $37.93; Central, $28.10; Southern, $33.56; Western, $37.13; Asylum for Criminals, $55.53; Deaf and Dumb Institution, $54.60; Institution for Blind, $54.65; Institution for Feeble-minded, $34.19; Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, $27.84; Soldiers' Orphans' Home, $35.12; Soldiers' Widows' Home, $58.64; Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, $54.08; Home of Juvenile Female Offenders, $35.05. The amount of undrawn appropriations in the State treasury Jan. 1 was $957,610.77; March 31, $576,861.59; Sept. 30, $1,420,484.35.

Coal.--According to reports received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the total coal production for the year was 18,599,299 tons; aggregate home value of the product, $14,567,598; number of coal-producing counties, 52; of mines and openings, 881; machines employed in mines, 392; mines using machines, 55; tons undercut by machines, 3,415,635; underground workers, 31,602; total number employees, 35,026; new mines or old mines reopened, 120; mines closed or abandoned, 92; number of fatal accidents, 75, or 6 more than last year. Sangamon County ranked first among the coal-producing counties of the State, with its output of 2,083,572 tons; men employed, 2,507; average working days, 210; total wages paid, $1,174,120; number of kegs of powder used, 73,294. at a retail price to miners of $1.75 per keg.

Education. During the past ten years there has been paid for school purposes, outside of teachers' wages, the sum of $14.015.231.59; for salary of teachers, $44,731,919.54. The State pays annually for the support of common schools the sum of $1,000,000, and in ten years there has been raised by voluntary taxation the sum of $61,000,000, There are about 26,000 public-school teachers in the State.

Fish and Game.-By the new law, which went into effect July 1, no person will be allowed to

seine with a net the meshes of which are less than 2 inches square, and in fish traps the openings must be 2 inches wide. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons or corporation to take, catch, or kill in any manner or by any means whatsoever, in the waters of Lake Michigan, any whitefish or lake trout between the fourteenth day of October in each year and the succeeding thirtieth day of November. All packages containing fish shall be labeled in plain letters on the address side of the package, so as to disclose the fact that said package contains fish and the nature of said fish in said package." In 1896 the output of coarse fish from 32 points on Illinois river was more than 7,000,000 pounds, bringing $207,000. In 1897 a marked increase in aggregate sales was shown, amounting to $249,000. In 1898 there was an aggregate of $500,000, a business interest made possible by enforcing the proper protective laws and rescuing the fish from overflowed lands in bottoms along the rivers where fish left by the receding tide would otherwise perish.

Food Commissioner.-An act to provide for the appointment of a State Food Commissioner, to define his duties and powers and fix his compensation, and to prohibit and prevent adulteration, fraud, and deception in the manufacture and sale of articles of food, was approved April 24, 1899, and in force July 1. It is the duty of the commissioner to enforce all laws regarding the production, manufacture, or sale of dairy products or the adulteration of any article of food, and personally or by his assistants to inspect any article of food made or offered for sale with in the State if for any reason he may have a suspicion that said food is impure, unwholesome, adulterated, or counterfeit. He shall carefully inquire into the quality of the dairy and food products manufactured for sale or sold or exposed for sale in the State, procure samples of the same, and have them submitted to examination or analysis. When food is found adulterated, impure, or unwholesome it shall be his duty to make complaint against the manufacturer or vender thereof in the proper county, and to furnish the prosecuting attorney with evidence to convict thereon. In the term "food" is included all articles-simple, mixed, or compound-which are used for food, candy, drink, or condiment by man or by domestic animals.

Insurance. The statement of the Insurance Superintendent, issued in February, showed the number of companies doing a general fire and marine insurance business to be 201, with an aggregate paid-up capital of $79,158,449.57; admitted assets, $300,318,565.25; liabilities, $198,926,073.25; surplus, $101,412,310.12; total income, $151,491,565.39; total expenditures, $142,864,813.44; losses incurred, $8,211,282.31; premiums received, $13,006,528.30; risks written, $1,306,478,149.10; 125 companies received $10,552,277.55 more than they disbursed, and 76 companies disbursed $1,925,525.60 more than they received, leaving a net excess of receipts of $8,626,751.95.

The number of life insurance companies doing business in the State, as reported April 10, was 208, of which 42 were legal reserve, 40 assessment, 34 accident, and 82 fraternal societies. The 42 legal-reserve companies reported the number of policies issued, restored, and increased since last report as 496,021, amounting to $1,039,479,383.58; policies terminated, 294,452, amounting to $681,565,777.24; total policies in force at close of year 2,406,977, amounting to $5,715,772,665.88: total assets, $1,460,563,472.02; total liabilities, $1,243,264,989.66. The 34 fidelity, surety, and casualty

companies showed a capital of $14,720,000; admitted assets, $95,910,775.15; liabilities, including capital, $79,323,944.03; risks in force Dec. 31, $3,648,280,393.17. The 40 assessment companies reported the number of certificates in force Dec. 31 as 423,015, amounting to $885,514,531.92; assets, $17,068,274.77; liabilities, $5,069,543.43. The 10 accident associations showed total assets, $637,281.54; liabilities, $136,783.39; certificates in force, 67,621, insuring $239,271,498; written during the year, 51,284, insuring $138,447,700. The 82 fraternal societies reported the number of poli cies in force as 1,800,056; total admitted assets, $11,780,013.90; liabilities, $4,191,141.91.

Military. The cost to the State for the military forces on duty at Pana and Virden during the riot was reported by Adjutant-General Reece as $60,386.28, the National Guard having received about $53,000 direct and the remainder for transportation and supplies.

“During_the_past two years the following additional flags have been deposited in the cases in Memorial Hall: The colors of the First Illinois Infantry of the Mexican War; of the Fourth and Sixth Regiments of cavalry; and Company A, Thirteenth Cavalry, civil war." The visitors' book shows the average attendance in this hall for the past year to have been 105 a day, and that every State in the Union was represented on the list, as well as England, Nova Scotia, Japan, Mexico, Cuba, and Ontario.

In the war with Spain 9 regiments of Illinois infantry, 1 of cavalry, 3 divisions of the naval militia, and the signal troop were mustered into the Federal service.

Railroads. The Chicago and Alton was the first railroad in the world to use the Pullman sleeping and dining car. It has a total length of 834 miles in trunk line and branches, with 1,186 miles of double tracks and sidings. The Illinois and Mississippi Valley Terminal Railroad Company was incorporated on June 26, with a capital stock of $100,000.

State Institutions.-The Eastern Normal School, at Charleston, was formally turned over to the trustees Aug. 29. This school was established by an act of the General Assembly that went into effect July 1, 1895. On Sept. 7, 1895, the school was located at Charleston, and in December following a contract for building was signed. The appropriations made by the General Assembly for building and furnishing have amounted to $171,000, and Charleston has given $56,216.72. The General Assembly made an annual appropriation of $33,000 for defraying the ordinary expenses of the school. The University of Illinois in 1896-'97 had a total enrollment of 1,075; in 1897-'98 a total of 1,582, of which number 245 were women. On June 30, 1898, there was a balance on hand of $9,140.69; receipts for the year, $406,622.94, made up of a balance from 1897 of $51,640.70; fees from students, $26,630.95; State appropriations, $210,000; United States Government, $41,419.92; departments and laboratories, $5,162.55; School of Pharmacy, $10,516.94; of medicine, $41,390.25; miscellaneous, $213,366.95; total expenditures for the year, $397,482.25. The report of the College of Agriculture showed the number of students enrolled to be 69, as follows: Farm mechanics, 34; farm crops, 29; history of agriculture, 14; soil physics, 3; bacteriology, 3; stock judging, 58; stock management, 20; milk production, 10; testing, 10; horticulture, 25; orcharding, 3; commercial horticulture, 3: veterinary, 22; clinic, 21; thesis for graduation, 2. From the agricultural experiment station of the University of Illinois has come a

pamphlet giving a history of the experiments with sugar beets. It obtained from Washington a quantity of the best imported seeds, which were distributed to more than 600 farmers in different sections of the State, with directions for sowing and care. The station also grew a quantity of beets on its own soil. The results proved that Illinois can grow large yields of beets of excellent quality. The results of the analysis of 400 samples of beets was published and 19,000 copies were distributed. At Peoria and Pekin a strong company has been organized with a 700-ton factory, and beet growing has now become one of the great commercial questions of the State.

Treasurers' and Assessors' Association.A permanent organization of the county treasurers has been formed, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the revenue laws of the State and to consider any questions of mutual interest to members of the association.

Legislative Session.-Among the bills that became laws were the following:

To enable cities and villages to buy or construct waterworks and to levy taxes for the same. To empower the city board of education to examine teachers for certificates in cities of more than 30,000 and less than 100,000 population.

To insure the better education and compel registration of opticians.

To provide for the appointment of a pure-food commissioner.

To require corporations to report to the Secretary of the State annually, empowering the Secretary to cancel the charters in case of failure to comply with the law.

To allow counties to erect monuments and memorial buildings in memory of their soldiers and sailors.

To prohibit the use of the national flag for advertising.

To tax all corporations 2 per cent. of their gross earnings.

The aggregate amount appropriated by the Assembly for the next two years was $11,500,000, an increase over the last appropriation due to the $600,000 appropriated on account of the Spanish-American War, $200,000 for a new asylum at Peoria, and $100,000 for the Lincoln monument. IMMIGRATION BUREAU. This is one of the latest wheels added to the great machinery of the United States Government. Only during the past twenty years have attempts been made to check the flood of foreign arrivals. The law of 1875, forbidding the landing of criminals and the importation of women for immoral purposes, was the first prohibitory legislation. As the population of the country became more dense and the question of subsistence more anxious a decided jealousy of cheap labor spread throughout the United States, and appeals were made to Congress in behalf of American workmen who were being driven out of employment by the alien influx. In 1882 a bill was passed which imposed a duty of 50 cents for each passenger not a citizen of the United States, to be paid to the collectors of customs by vessels arriving at the different ports. This tax was afterward increased to $1, and constituted the immigration fund, which, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, was employed in regulating immigration and in caring for such helpless foreigners as through accident or failing health became a burden upon public charity. The fears of American workmen were further allayed by the act of 1885 and its amendatory act of 1887, which forbade importation of foreign labor, imposing a fine of $1,000 upon every employer who should

continue to import workmen, and a penalty of $500 upon any steamship company that should connive at such violation of law. It was also provided that the offending immigrant who, allured by the promise of definite work, should arrive at any port was to be promptly carried back at the expense of the steamship company to the place from which he embarked.

On April 19, 1890, Col. John H. Weber, a Federal officer, was sent to New York to take charge of the famous immigrant station at Castle Garden, and administer the restrictive regulations of the General Government. Soon after this movement the Immigration Bureau was recognized as a distinct branch of the Treasury Department, and the entire management of immigration was placed under national control. Hon. W. D. Owen (father of the bill that is known by his name), at the close of his term in Congress, was appointed superintendent of the new bureau. The Owen law, approved March 3, 1891, excluded from admission to the United States all idiots, insane persons, paupers, or persons likely to become a public charge, persons afflicted with any loathsome or contagious disease, persons who had been convicted of felony or infamous crime, and all persons whose ticket or passage was paid for by others, unless it could be satisfactorily proved that such persons did not belong to any of the excluded classes and that they were not contract laborers. This section of the law, however, did not prevent persons living in the United States from sending for a relative at their own expense. Neither were foreigners convicted of political crimes abroad debarred admission.

In 1893 the Marine-Hospital Service began a practice which had important results to the Immigration Bureau. It sent medical inspectors to the principal ports of embarkation in Europe to examine physically all emigrants bound for the United States, and insist upon the strictest precautionary measures of quarantine while America was threatened by an invasion of cholera. Taking this action as an initial movement, the Hon. Herman Stump, member of Congress from Maryland, chairman of the Committee on Immigration, effected the passage of a bill that provided for a complete examination of immigrants abroad prior to their going on board ship. The operation of the Stump law at the present day requires that each master or commanding officer of a vessel intending to bring immigrants to the United States shall furnish to the proper inspectors of immigration lists containing 30 names each, which he has duly signed and certified by cath before the American consul, and which shall state, in answer to the questions at the top of such lists, the full name, age, and sex of each immigrant, whether married or single, the calling or occupation, whether able to read or write, the nationality, the last residence, the seaport for landing in the United States, the final destination, whether having a ticket through to such destination, whether the immigrant has paid for his passage or whether it has been paid by some other person or corporation or society, whether he is in possession of money, and if so whether more than $30 or less than that amount, whether going to join a relative, what relative, his name and address, whether ever before in the United States, whether ever in prison or almshouse or supported by charity, whether a polygamist, whether under contract, express or implied, to perform labor in the United States, and what is the condition of health, mental and physical. This last statement is required to be verified by the ship's surgeon under oath. This method of in

vestigation, conducted at the home of the immigrant, with its thorough probing of hereditary and local conditions, has transmitted a widely diffused knowledge of the classes debarred admission to the United States, and the information thus disseminated deters many from making a fruitless attempt to come to the New World. From motives of self-interest the steamship companies exert themselves zealously to aid in the enforcement of these regulations. Their ticket agents are instructed to be scrupulously careful in the sale of tickets, under penalty of paying the price of deporting rejected persons, and their zealous co-operation with the Government has been further stimulated by recent enactments in Italy and Sweden which give the deported immigrant the right to sue for damages the company that sold him his passage.

It was easily anticipated that immigrants, in order to escape the varied obstacles of the law of 1893, would seek to enter the United States by way of Canada. To counteract this tendency an agreement was promptly entered into with the Canadian transportation companies by land and water, by which it was determined that all immigrants bound for the United States should be landed at five ports-viz., Halifax, Quebec, Point Levis, St. John, and Vancouver-and that at these points United States inspectors should be given every accommodation and facility for segregating the objects of examination, on condition that the duty should be executed as speedily

of the Immigration Bureau, with the title of commissioner general, and in 1896 he was sent by the Secretary of the Treasury to Italy to confer with the ministers of that kingdom in relation to immigration. As a result of this conference the Italian Prime Minister issued a proclamation directing the royal prefects to refuse passports to all applicants included in the classes prohibited by law from entering the United States. That the rules of this edict are being rigorously enforced is convincingly proved by the fact that the bureau constantly receives information of the conviction of ticket sellers for violation of its immigration law in Italy.

The United States maintain 38 immigrant stations, at the following-named ports: Ellis island, New York; Halifax, Nova Scotia; Cincinnati, Ohio; Rouse's Point, N. Y.; Toledo, Ohio; Buffalo, N. Y.; Ogdensburg, N. Y.; Baltimore, Md.; Pittsburg, Pa.; Springfield, Ill.; Port Huron, Mich.; Pembina, N. Dak.; Concord, N. H.; Tacoma, Wash.; San Francisco, Cal.; Suspension Bridge, New York; Portland, Me.; Laredo, Texas; Galveston, Texas; New Orleans, La.; Savannah, Ga.; Boston, Mass.; Chicago, Ill.; Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.; El Paso, Texas; Quebec, Canada; Sumas, Wash.; Philadelphia, Pa.; Eastport, Me.; Cleveland, Ohio: Burlington, Vt.; Key West, Fla.; Norfolk, Va.; Detroit, Mich.; Vanceboro, Me.; West Superior, Wis.; Newport, Vt.; Eagle Pass, Texas. There are 5 immigration commissioners, sta

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as possible and a passport be given to each admitted immigrant identifying him and enabling him to cross the Canadian frontier. To defray these expenses the Canadian transportation companies pay to the United States $1 for every immigrant landed whose destination is the United States.

As a result of its vigorous policy, the Immigration Bureau receives indirect assistance from the German Empire, since the population of many countries in the interior of Europe are obliged to cross this empire in order to reach a seaport, and those immigrants who are rejected by the American officials are liable to become burdens upon the charity of German institutions for the poor. To defend these asylums from being crowded with paupers of other countries, the German minister promulgated an order on Oct. 8, 1893, directing the police on the frontiers of the empire to challenge all emigrants on their way to the seaboard, subject them to examination, and refuse to allow those to proceed who are likely to be rejected by the American authorities. In 1893 Herman Stump was placed in charge

tioned respectively at New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and San Francisco. The number of inspectors employed depends upon the size and importance of the port. The finest immigrant station in the United States (and in the world) was the one maintained for the port of New York at Ellis island, which was destroyed by fire in June, 1897. Since the great wave of foreign elements breaks principally upon the wharf of New York city, as many as 25 inspectors are employed for this port during the busy season. The selection of Ellis island as the site for the immigrant station of New York was made soon after Col. Weber assumed charge at Castle Garden, when it was found necessary to have a more secluded spot for the proper management of applicants for admission to the country. Improvements upon the island were begun at once, and its size was doubled by means of piling and filling until its area was 5 acres. Then a fine plant gradually rose, nearly a million dollars being expended in its construction and equipment. It was first occupied in January, 1891, but additions and improvements were made continually,

so that it was not pronounced completed until a few days before its total destruction. The last work was that of laying the cables to New York for telegraph and telephone communication by way of Governor's island, and the disinfection plant for the washing of immigrants and fumigation of their clothing. Immigrants were transferred from the Barge Office, where they first arrived, to Ellis island by means of a ferryboat, that no other persons were allowed to use except by special permit from the authorities in charge. For the protection of ignorant foreigners from the wiles of land sharks all visits to the station were forbidden except those made upon legitimate business known to the commissioner. Every courtesy was extended to the representatives of charitable societies and to the friends and relatives who came to meet immigrants. In 1893 Dr. Joseph H. Senner succeeded Col. Weber as Commissioner of Immigration for the port of New York. The terrible fire, which was discovered shortly after midnight on June 14, 1897, and which within an hour reduced the Ellis island station to ashes, was not, as it first appeared to be, an unmitigated calamity. A serious mistake had been made in constructing all the buildings of wood, and awful risks were constantly incurred during the six years of the station's existence. Although the whole force of employees was organized into a fire drill, its guardianship extended only over the hours of daylight; by night the cluster of buildings was unprotected. According to the statement of Dr. Senner, the efforts of the fire brigade, had it been there, would have availed nothing against the rapid conflagration of the pine structures. How the fire originated remains a mystery. Some nights there have been as many as 2,000 immigrants on the island, but, fortunately, on the date in question only 170 persons were in the detention house and 44 patients in the hospital. No life was lost. The loss of Government property amounted to about $570,000, since the electric and steamheating plants were saved, as well as a small fireproof house where records were kept. Dr. Senner removed his quarters immediately to the Barge Office, and the agents of the various steamship lines tendered the use of their piers for inspection of immigrants.

As a temporary expedient, the steamboat Narragansett, of the Providence and Stonington line, was chartered and moored to the wharf, its interior being fitted up as a detention house. This steamer can accommodate 800 persons, besides furnishing rooms for a physician, matron, and other attendants; but the work is greatly hampered by such cramped quarters, awaiting the completion of the new buildings now under construction at Ellis island.

Immigrants are not legally recognized as landed until they have passed satisfactorily the inspection at the immigrant stations. This consists of a second physical examination before a marinehospital surgeon and repetition of statements contained on the lists before the registration clerks, when any discrepancy between the answers and the written testimony is carefully noted. Interpreters are at hand to facilitate the work, and it is accomplished as rapidly as possible. The clerks are experts in dealing with human nature, and readily distinguish between the hesitation of nervousness and that of cunning or evasion. Those who are honest and straightforward in their conduct are promptly discharged, while all suspected individuals are removed to detention compartments to await special examination. The investigation of special cases is

conducted before four officials, and the law requires that a favorable decision must be rendered by three of these before an immigrant can be admitted. The dissenting inspector has the right to appeal the case to the commissioner general, who in turn can submit it to the Secretary of the Treasury for consideration. The immigrant is entitled to a speedy hearing, and is either ordered to be deported or granted admission without delay. Representatives of charitable societies are present at his trial, and agents of the steamboat companies are also near by from interested motives. Italy sends officials to watch over the interests of her nationality and see that no Italian is unjustly debarred. If the immigrant asks for an appeal from an adverse decision a record of proceedings is transmitted to headquarters at Washington, and the expense of his board and lodging is charged to the steamship company that transported him. Such immigrants as are ill at the time of arrival are placed in hospitals until sufficiently recovered to travel, where they are maintained at the expense of the steamship company until their examination can be held and judgment rendered.

The operation of the immigration laws extends over the period of a year from date of arrival, and if during such period it is discovered that an immigrant has entered the United States in violation of its express regulations the offending individual can be arrested and returned to his home, the transportation company being forced to defray the expense of his maintenance from the time that the attention of the bureau was called to his case, as well as the cost of his deportation. If from accident or disease an immigrant becomes unable to earn his livelihood within a year after date of arrival, he is removed to a hospital until it is clearly proved that his failing health will make him a permanent burden upon charity, when he is deported, all expenses incurred thereby to be charged to the immigration fund. If his illness is the result of hereditary causes, the cost of his maintenance and return home is paid by the transportation company. The charge for food, lodging, and hospital care is not in excess of the actual cost of furnishing them, since it is desired to make the service self-supporting without profit.

The duties of inspectors specially assigned to the execution of the alien-contract-labor law require them to investigate all complaints of alleged violation and, if necessary, report the of fenders to the Immigration Bureau for prosecution. They are even sent to places where labor strikes growing out of the employment of foreign workmen are pending, and they are instructed to keep in touch with the labor organizations throughout the country as a means of securing information concerning infractions of the law.

Recent experience has shown that the best means of discovering those individuals violating the alien-contract-labor laws is to conduct the inquiry at their place of ultimate destination. During the past year several suspected aliens were followed to Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania, where industrial disputes were in progress between employers and laborers, and were there arrested for violation of law and deported. Strong presumptive evidence also exists of the successful importation of foreign labor under contract into other States, native workmen being displaced. The Immigration Bureau acknowledges its incapacity to deal with these fraudulent enterprises, the qualifications for such work not being those of an ordinary inspector at our immigrant stations, but belonging to a trained po

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